Bayt Nuba

{{pp-extended|small=yes}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Bayt Nuba | native_name = بيت نوبا | native_name_lang = ar | other_name = Bait Nuba, Beit Nubah, Beit Nouba | settlement_type =  | etymology = "House of Nuba"<ref>Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/286/mode/1up 286]</ref>  | pushpin_map = Mandatory Palestine | pushpin_map_caption = Location within Mandatory Palestine | image_map = {{Historical map series|default=2|date1=1870s|date2=1940s|date3=modern|date4=1940s with modern overlay|width=225}} | map_caption = A series of historical maps of the area around Bayt Nuba (click the buttons) | pushpin_mapsize = 200 | coordinates = {{coord|31|51|12|N|35|1|57|E|type:city_region:PS|display=inline,title}} | grid_name = Palestine grid | grid_position = 153/139  | subdivision_type = Geopolitical entity | subdivision_name = Mandatory Palestine | subdivision_type1 = Subdistrict | subdivision_name1 = Ramle  | established_title1 = Date of depopulation | established_date1 = 7 June 1967 (?) | established_title2 = Repopulated dates   | blank_name_sec1 = Cause(s) of depopulation | blank_info_sec1 = Expulsion by Israeli forces | blank3_name_sec1 = Current Localities | blank3_info_sec1 = Mevo Horon }}

'''Bayt Nuba''' ({{langx|ar|بيت نوبا}}) is a depopulated Palestinian Arab village, located halfway between Jerusalem and Ramla. During the 1967 Six Day War, Israeli troops ethnically cleansed<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mundinger |first=Ulla |title=Walking on Ruins: The Untold Story of Yalu |journal=Jerusalem Quarterly |volume=69 |year=2017 |page=22 |doi=10.70190/jq.I69.p22 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>Davis, U. (2004). APARTHEID ISRAEL AND THE JEWISH NATIONAL FUND OF CANADA.</ref><ref>Petersen, Kim. "Canada: The Honest Broker?."</ref><ref>Kanj, Jamal Krayem. ''Children of catastrophe: Journey from a Palestinian refugee camp to America''. Garnet Publishing Ltd, 2010.</ref> Bayt Nuba and replaced it with the Jewish-only settlement of Mevo Horon.<ref name="jpost">{{cite news |last=Keinon |first=H |title=Palestinians campaign to regain 'occupied' Latrun |url=https://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/Palestinians-launch-campaign-to-regain-occupied-Latrun-315782 |newspaper=Jerusalem Post}}</ref><ref name="JPS">{{Cite journal |date=Autumn 1973 |title=Palestinian Emigration and Israeli Land Expropriation in the Occupied Territories |journal=Journal of Palestine Studies |publisher=University of California Press on behalf of the Institute for Palestine Studies |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=106–118 |doi=10.1525/jps.1973.3.1.00p0131i |jstor=2535530}}</ref><ref name="google1" />

==History== Historically identified with the biblical city of Nob mentioned in the Book of Samuel,<ref name="LeStrangep415" /> that association has been eschewed in modern times.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Boaz Zissu | title = Excavations near Nahmanides Cave in Jerusalem and the question of the identification of Biblical Nob | journal = Israel Exploration Journal | volume = 62 | year = 2012 | pages = 54–70}}</ref> The village is mentioned in extrabiblical sources including the writings of 5th-century Roman geographers, 12th-century Crusaders and a Jewish traveller, a 13th-century Syrian geographer, a 15th-century Arab historian, and Western travellers in the 19th century.

The Israeli settlement of Mevo Horon was established on its lands in 1970.<ref name="google1">[https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:lWDnajg4NN0J:www.nion.ca/pdf/latrun-40-years-later.pdf+yalo+jordan+village+population&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESihja_bise16cuqZUyvYfKdPJkOdRsHpNQ8p6eLpkO-grooLTvYbiMqwA3TE02CAwTL4xOtFQj_Y0bG8jZdkTAmbVmJpXMkIgpodhPibDmbby59w42nWZAN-3yWhWGaodnW45AN&sig=AHIEtbS8xTtoY4ynI5T782aBcomrTDfnqAAl-Haq Legal Brief]</ref>

==History== The name Bayt nūbā /Bēt nūba/ in its current form, is of Aramaic extraction, with the 2nd component is from Aram. nwb’ “the fruit”.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marom |first1=Roy |last2=Zadok |first2=Ran |date=2023 |title=Early-Ottoman Palestinian Toponymy: A Linguistic Analysis of the (Micro-)Toponyms in Haseki Sultan's Endowment Deed (1552) |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0cs6f5k5 |journal=Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins |language=en |volume=139 |issue=2}}</ref>

5th century Christian scholar, Eusebius of Caesarea, mentioned the village in his ''Onomasticon'', under the name ''Beth Annabam'' and situated it at a distance of 8 Roman miles from Lydda.<ref name="SWP">Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/14/mode/1up 14].</ref><ref>{{cite book |translator=G.S.P. Freeman-Grenville |editor-last1=Chapmann III |editor-first1=R.L. |editor-last2=Taylor |editor-first2=J.E. |editor-link2=Joan E. Taylor |title=Palestine in the Fourth Century A.D.: The Onomasticon by Eusebius of Caesarea |publisher=Carta |date=2003 |page=20 (s.v. Anob) |location=Jerusalem|language=en|isbn=965-220-500-1 |oclc=937002750}}, with slight variant in distance: "Anob...now a village near Diospolis (Lydda), at the fourth milestone to the east, which is called Betoannaba."</ref> His contemporary, Jerome, identifies it as biblical ''Nob''.<ref name="SWP" />

During the Crusades, it was called ''Betynoble''.<ref name=Pringlep224/> The Crusaders identified Beit Nuba with biblical Nob,<ref name=Stubbsplxxxvii>Stubbs, ed., 1864, [https://books.google.com/books?id=AwAHAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22beit+nuba%22&pg=PR87 p. lxxxvii].</ref> as did the 12th-century Jewish traveller Benjamin of Tudela.<ref name=SWP/> The village served as the forward position for Saladin's troops for their move towards Jerusalem in September 1187 and later for Richard the Lionheart and his troops who camped there in 1191 and 1192.<ref name=Pringlep224>Pringle, 1998, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y0tA0xLzwEC&pg=PA168 168], [https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y0tA0xLzwEC&pg=PA224 224],[https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y0tA0xLzwEC&pg=PA337 337]</ref>

In the Crusader period, Kurds settled in Bayt Nuba.<ref name=":0">Grossman, D. (1986). "Oscillations in the Rural Settlement of Samaria and Judaea in the Ottoman Period". in '''Shomron studies'''. Dar, S., Safrai, S., (eds). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House. p. 365</ref> Writing in the 13th century during the time of Mamluk rule over Palestine, Yaqut al-Hamawi, the Syrian geographer, noted of Bayt Nuba, that it was, "A small town in the neighbourhood of Filastin (Ar Ramlah)."<ref name=LeStrangep415>Le Strange, 1890, p. [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/414/mode/2up 415].</ref> A road from Ramla to Jerusalem that passed through Bayt Nuba, al-Qubeiba, and Nabi Samwil was the preferred route for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land at the time.<ref name=Pringlep168>Pringle, 1998, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y0tA0xLzwEC&pg=PA168 168]</ref> On the maps produced by the Palestine Exploration Fund, the road, which stretches from al-Qubeiba to Jerusalem, is marked in the legend as a Roman road.

Mujir al-Din al-'Ulaymi (1496), the Jerusalemite ''qadi'' and Arab historian, discussed the village's name in the context of other villages beginning with the word ''Bayt'' ("House"). He noted that conventional wisdom among the locals of his time held that they are named for Hebrew Bible prophets that were thought to have resided there in antiquity. He also delineated the village as forming the westernmost limit of what was considered the area of Jerusalem at his time.<ref name=Sauvaire>Moudjir ed-dyn, 1876, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/histoiredejrus00ulayuoft#page/202/mode/1up 202], [https://archive.org/stream/histoiredejrus00ulayuoft#page/230/mode/1up 230]</ref>

===Ottoman era=== The village does not appear in 16th century tax records.<ref>Grossman, D. (1986). "Oscillations in the Rural Settlement of Samaria and Judaea in the Ottoman Period". in '''Shomron studies'''. Dar, S., Safrai, S., (eds). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House. p. 346</ref>[[File:BeitNuba1.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Part of medieval church discovered by Clermont-Ganneau, and destroyed in 1967.<ref>Clermont-Ganneau, 1896, p. [https://archive.org/stream/archaeologicalre02cler#page/73/mode/1up 73]</ref>]]

The waqf custodian of the mosque in Bayt Nuba (and 'Allar) in 1810 was appointed by the Ottoman imperial authorities, and hailed from the Jerusalem family of notables, the Dajanis.<ref name=Kushnerp111>Kushner, 1986, [https://books.google.com/books?id=XgRDT9wMUhYC&dq=allar+palestine&pg=PA112 p. 111].</ref>

Edward Robinson and Eli Smith visited ''Beit Nubah'' in 1838<ref name=Rob1838>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/n81/mode/1up 64]</ref> and 1852,<ref name=Rob1852>Robinson and Smith, 1856, p. [https://archive.org/stream/laterbiblicalre01smitgoog#page/n194/mode/1up 145]</ref> and identified it as the ''Nobe'' mentioned by Jerome and considered by some of their contemporaries to be ''Bethannaba''.<ref name=Rob1838/><ref name=Rob1852/> Victor Guérin noted in 1863 the presence of a small mosque in the village named ''Djama Sidi Ahmed et-Tarfinù''. At his time, ''Beit-Nouba'' was made up of about 400 inhabitants whose homes were constructed on a hill between two valleys. In large, modern buildings in the village could be seen traces of more ancient building materials incorporated therein and there are some ancient cisterns as well.<ref name=Guerinp286>Guérin, 1868, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongog01gu#page/285/mode/1up 285]-286.</ref>

Socin found from an official Ottoman village list from about 1870 that ''Bet Nuba'' had 23 houses and a population of 97, though the population count included men, only.<ref>Socin, 1879, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde01deut#page/147/mode/1up 147]</ref> Hartmann found that ''Bet Nuba'' had 20 houses.<ref>Hartmann, 1883, p. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ#page/n948/mode/1up 140]</ref>

In 1873, Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau discovered the remains of a large medieval church in the village.<ref>Clermont-Ganneau, 1896, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/archaeologicalre02cler#page/70/mode/2up 70] ff.</ref><ref name=Pringle1993>Pringle, 1993, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA102 102]-103</ref> In 1883, the PEF's ''Survey of Western Palestine'' described Bayt Nuba as a "good-sized village on flat ground".<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/13/mode/1up 13]</ref>

In 1896 the population of ''Bet Nuba'' was estimated to be about 723 persons.<ref>Schick, 1896, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde19deut#page/n230/mode/1up 123]</ref>

Some residents of the village had origins in Transjordan.<ref name=":0" />

===British Mandate era=== In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Bayt Nuba had a population of 839 inhabitants, all Muslims.<ref name=Census1922>Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Ramleh, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n23/mode/1up 21]</ref> This had increased in the 1931 census to 944, still all Muslim, in 226 houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 18]</ref>

In the 1945 statistics the population of Beit Nuba and Ajanjul was 1,240, all Muslims,<ref name=1945p29>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p29.jpg 29]</ref> while the total land area was 11,401 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/al-Ramla/Page-066.jpg 66]</ref> Of this, 1,002 dunams were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 6,997 for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/al-Ramla/Page-114.jpg 114]</ref> while 74 dunams were classified as built-up areas.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/al-Ramla/Page-164.jpg 164]</ref>

===Jordanian era=== [[File:CanadaParkCropped.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Map showing depopulated and destroyed Palestinian villages in the Latrun area, and the Israeli settlement of Mevo Horon and Canada Park, established after Israel's occupation of the area in the wake of the 1967 war]] During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the village was garrisoned by the Arab Legion to defend the Latrun salient. Located {{convert|2|mi|km}} behind the front line, it was subject to a skirmish attack launched by Israeli forces in Operation Yoram on the night of June 8, 1948.<ref>Morris, 2008, pp. 239-240.</ref>

The 1949 armistice line fell just a few kilometers to the south and west of villages in the Latrun salient and with a dispute between Israel and Jordan over where it lay exactly, much of the area surrounding Bayt Nuba was declared no man's land, resulting in social and economic separation from the surrounding areas. Residents of Bayt Nuba and other Latrun villages were granted Jordanian citizenship following Jordan's annexation of the West Bank in 1950. Many were prompted to leave the area to seek livelihoods in Jordan, the Persian Gulf, South America or elsewhere due to violence between villagers and Israeli troops and the loss of access to farmlands.<ref name=Kelly29>Kelly, 2009, [https://books.google.com/books?id=EttcIv9MelcC&dq=nuba+palestine&pg=PA30 pp. 29-32]</ref>

In 1961, the population was 1,350 persons.<ref>Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-p24.pdf 24] It was further noted (note 2) that it was governed by a mukhtar.</ref>

===1967, and aftermath=== The Latrun area was captured by Israeli troops in the first few hours of the 1967 war and the next night, orders were broadcast by Israeli military jeeps to villagers in Bayt Nuba, Yalo, and Imwas to leave their homes, resulting in some 12,000 people leaving in the space of a few hours. With the war's completion, a radio announcement from the military said villagers in the West Bank who had vacated their homes should return; however, the villagers of Bayt Nuba and the others from the Latrun area were forbidden from doing so as most of the area was declared a closed military zone. Those who tried to return were stopped at checkpoints where some were shot at. The built up area of Bayt Nuba was destroyed in military engineered explosions after the war's end, an act witnessed by some of the former residents who had fled nearby hills.<ref name="Kelly29"/> After the destruction, the remains of the medieval church, first described by Clermont-Ganneau, have not been located.<ref name=Pringle1993/>

Part of the farmlands of Bayt Nuba lay outside the closed military zone and some refugees from the village rented homes in a nearby village with a population of around 7,000 (called "Bayt Hajjar" by the author) to continue farming those lands.<ref name=Kelly29/><ref name=KellyLaw9>Kelly, 2006, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lJcSnJzPZNQC&q=hajjar+7%2C000 p. 9]</ref> The settlement of Mevo Horon was built on the lands of Bayt Nuba in 1970.<ref name="google1"/>

== Where did they come from == Some of Bayt Nuba's residents were Kurds who settled in Palestine during the Crusader era, while others came from Transjordan.<ref name=":0" />

==References== {{Reflist|25em}}

==Bibliography== {{Refbegin}} *{{cite book| editor =Barron, J.B. | title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 |publisher = Government of Palestine | year = 1923}} *{{cite book|last=Clermont-Ganneau|first=C.S. |author-link=Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau|title=[ARP] Archaeological Researches in Palestine 1873-1874, translated from the French by J. McFarlane|url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologicalre02cler|volume=2|year=1896|publisher=Palestine Exploration Fund|location=London}} *{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1883|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp03conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund|volume=3}} *{{cite book | title = First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population | author = Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics | year = 1964|url=http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensus1961bits.pdf}} *{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics|year=1945}} *{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongog01gu|volume=1: Judee, pt. 1|year=1868|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}} *{{cite book |title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}} *{{cite journal | last = Hartmann | first =M.| author-link = Martin Hartmann | title = Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871) | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 6 | pages = 102–149 | url =https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ | year = 1883}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJcSnJzPZNQC|title=Law, Violence and Sovereignty Among West Bank Palestinians|author= Kelly, Tobias|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|isbn=1139460994}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EttcIv9MelcC&q=nuba+palestine&pg=PA30|title=Struggles for home: violence, hope and the movement of people|author= Kelly, Tobias|editor=Stef Jansen |editor2=Staffan Löfving|publisher=Berghahn Books|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84545-523-1}} *{{cite book|title=Palestine in the late Ottoman period: political, social, and economic transformation|first1=David|last1=Kushner|publisher=Brill|year=1986|isbn=978-90-04-07792-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XgRDT9wMUhYC&q=allar+palestine&pg=PA112}} *{{cite book|last=Le Strange |first=G.| author-link =Guy Le Strange|year=1890|title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500|publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund|url=https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/414/mode/2up|location=London}} *{{cite book | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. 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Palmer|publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund}} *{{cite book|title= The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A-K (excluding Acre and Jerusalem)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ| last= Pringle |first= D.|author-link=Denys Pringle|year=1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn= 0-521-39036-2}} *{{cite book|title= The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: L-Z (excluding Tyre)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y0tA0xLzwEC| last= Pringle |first= D.|author-link=Denys Pringle|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521390370}} *{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838| location=Boston|publisher=Crocker & Brewster|volume=3}} *{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1856|url=https://archive.org/details/laterbiblicalre01smitgoog |title=Later Biblical Researches in Palestine and adjacent regions: A Journal of Travels in the year 1852| location=London|publisher=John Murray}} *{{cite journal | last = Schick | first =C.| author-link = Conrad Schick | title = Zur Einwohnerzahl des Bezirks Jerusalem | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 19 | pages = 120–127 | url =https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde19deut | year = 1896}} *{{cite journal | author = Socin, A.| author-link = Albert Socin | title = Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 2 | pages = 135–163 | url = https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde01deut | year = 1879}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AwAHAAAAQAAJ&q=%22beit+nuba%22&pg=PR87|title=Chronicles and memorials of the reign of Richard I|editor= Stubbs, W.|editor-link=William Stubbs|year=1864|publisher=Original from Oxford University}} {{Refend}}

==External links== *[http://www.palestineremembered.com/al-Ramla/Bayt-Nuba/index.html Welcome To Bayt Nuba] *[https://www.zochrot.org/en/village/52878 Bayt Nuba], Zochrot *Survey of Western Palestine, Map 17: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8379 IAA], Wikimedia commons

Category:1967 disestablishments in the West Bank Governorate Category:Arab villages depopulated after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War Category:Forcibly depopulated communities of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict