{{Short description|Italian fipple flute}} {{Infobox Instrument |name=Pipe |names= |image=Piccopipe.jpg |classification= *Wind *Woodwind |range=1-2 octaves |related= *Pipe and tabor *Recorder |musicians= |articles= }} '''Zuffolo''' (also '''chiufolo''', '''ciufolo''') is an Italian fipple flute. First described in the 14th century, it has a rear thumb-hole, two front finger-holes, and a conical bore. It is approximately 8 cm in length and has a range of over two octaves, from B<sub>3</sub> to C<sub>6</sub> {{harv|Marcuse|1975c}}. It is similar in appearance to the recorder. A larger instrument of the same name, with a lowest note of C5 appeared in the early 17th century {{harv|Fuller-Maitland, Baines, and Térey-Smith|2001}}.
In Sicily, ''zuffolo'' refers to a longer beak flute of about 29 cm, with a wide bore and six equally spaced finger-holes {{harv|Marcuse|1975c}}.
In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, it was also called the "flautino" {{harv|Lasocki|2001}}, ''flauto piccolo'', and ''flautino piccolo'', and is sometimes spelled ''zufolo''.{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}}
Known as the '''Picco pipe''' and marketed as a toy until early in the 20th century, the instrument was popularized in London in 1856, either as a toy by a blind Italian musician named Picco {{harv|Marcuse|1975a}}, or by a blind Sardinian player at Covent Garden {{harv|Grove}}.
The zuffolo is the smallest form of ducted-flue tabor pipe or flute-a-bec, at 3½" long, with the windway taking up 1½". It has only three holes: two in front and a dorsal thumb hole. It has the same mouthpiece as a recorder. The bore end hole of the picco pipe has a small flare, and the lowest notes were played with a finger blocking this end. The range is from b to c3, using the slight frequency shift between registers to sound a full chromatic scale, like the tabor pipe {{harv|Dayton C. Miller Collection}}.
==Relatives== In northern Europe a very similar instrument is known by various names from the 14th until at least the 17th century. The earliest source is a 14th-century Flemish manuscript copy of ''De planctu naturae'' by Alain de Lille, which includes drawings of eleven different types of instruments, including two of duct flutes. One of these is a one-handed flute with three front finger-holes and one thumb-hole. It is labeled, together with another instrument, with the generic Latin term "fistula" and with the Middle Dutch word "floyt" {{harv|Lasocki|2011|loc=18–19}}. In the early 16th century, a woodcut showing this same type of instrument is labeled "Russpfeiff" (from MHGer ''Rusch'', "rush") in {{harvtxt|Virdung|1511|loc=[unpaginated]}}. This name is spelled "Rüspfeiff" in {{harvtxt|Agricola|1529|loc=fol. 5r}}, where the same instrument is also referred to as a "klein Flötlein mit 4 löchern" (small little flute with four holes) ({{harvnb|Marcuse|1975b}}; {{harvnb|Wasielewski|1878|loc=83}}). At the beginning of the next century, Michael Praetorius depicted this instrument once again in the supplement (''Theatrum Instrumentorum'') to the second volume of his ''Syntagma Musicum'', where he uses the expressions "gar kleine Plockflötlein" (very small little recorder), "garklein Flötlein" (very small little flute), and "klein Flötlein" (small little flute). He gives the size of this instrument as about three or four Brunswick inches, its range as nearly two octaves, and its playing technique as involving "unten zum Ausgang darneben mit eim Finger regiret werden" (regulated by means of a finger under the outlet). The lowest open tone is shown in the woodcut as C<sub>6</sub>, but Praetorius does not say how much lower the instrument can be made to speak by using the finger to shade the bell opening {{harv|Praetorius|1619|loc=34, supplement Plate IX}}.
==See also== *Panpipes *Pipers' Guild
==References== * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Agricola|1529}}|reference=Agricola, Martin. 1529. ''[https://digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10187561 Musica instrumẽtalis deudsch ynn welcher begriffen ist/ wie man nach dem gesange auff mancherley Pfeiffen lernen sol/ Auch wie auff die Orgel/ Harffen/ Lauten/ Geigen/ vnd allerley Instrument vnd Seytenspiel/ nach der rechtgegründten Tabelthur sey abzusetzen]''. Wittemberg: Georg Rhaw.}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Fuller-Maitland, Baines, and Térey-Smith|2001}}|reference=Fuller-Maitland, J. A., Anthony C. Baines, and Mary Térey-Smith. 2001. "Zuffolo [chiufolo, ciufolo". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Grove}}|reference=George Grove, "Picco", ''A Dictionary of Music and Musicians (A.D. 1450–1880), by Eminent Writers, English and Foreign'', vol. 2, edited by George Grove, D. C. L., 340–43. London: Macmillan and Co.: 750.}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Lasocki|2001}}|reference=Lasocki, David. 2001. "Flautino (i)". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Lasocki|2011}}|reference=Lasocki, David. 2011. "[http://www.americanrecorder.org/docs/ARjan11body.pdf Researching the Recorder in the Middle Ages]". ''The American Recorder'' (January): 18–23.}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Dayton C. Miller Collection}}|reference=[http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/dcmflute.0128 Library of Congress: Dayton C. Miller Flute Collection].}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Marcuse|1975a}}|reference=Marcuse, Sibyl. 1975a. "Picco Pipe". ''Musical instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary'', corrected edition. The Norton Library N758. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. {{ISBN|0-393-00758-8}}.}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Marcuse|1975b}}|reference=Marcuse, Sibyl. 1975b. "Russpfeif". ''Musical instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary'', corrected edition. The Norton Library N758. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. {{ISBN|0-393-00758-8}}.}}* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Marcuse|1975c}}|reference=Marcuse, Sibyl. 1975c. "Zuffolo". ''Musical instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary'', corrected edition. The Norton Library N758. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. {{ISBN|0-393-00758-8}}.}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Praetorius|1619}}|reference=Praetorius, Michael. 1619. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=CBhDAAAAcAAJ&dq=Praetorius+Blockfl%C3%B6ten&pg=PT82 Syntagmatis Musici Michaelis Praetorii C. Tomus Secundus De Organographia]''. Wolfenbüttel: Elias Holwein, in Verlegung des Autoris.}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Virdung|1511}}|reference=Virdung, Sebastianus. 1511. ''Musica getutscht und ausgezogen''. Basel: [s.n.]}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Wasielewski|1878}}|reference=Wasielewski, Wilhelm Joseph von. 1878. ''Geschichte Der Instrumentalmusik Im XVI. Jahrhundert: Mit Abbildungen von Instrumenten und Musikbeilagen''. Berlin: Verlag von J. Guttentag (D. Collin).}}
==External links== *[http://memory.loc.gov/music/sm/sm1872/02100/02110/001.tif Instructional sheet for Picco pipe, published in the United States in 1872] * [http://www.baghet.it/Picchiflautino.html Giuseppe Picchi and the picco-pipe] {{Flutes|state=autocollapse}}
Category:Internal fipple flutes Category:Italian musical instruments Category:Sardinian musical instruments Category:Toy instruments and noisemakers