Low-emission zone

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}} {{short description|Area established to improve air quality}} {{Redirect|ZEZ|the American composer|Zez Confrey|Oxford's ZEZ|Oxford zero emission zone}} A '''low-emission zone''' ('''LEZ''') is a defined area where access by some polluting vehicles is restricted or deterred with the aim of improving air quality. This may favour vehicles such as bicycles, micromobility vehicles, (certain) alternative fuel vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids, and zero-emission vehicles such as all-electric vehicles.

An '''ultra-low-emission zone''' ('''ULEZ''') is a zone with a stricter emissions requirement than LEZ.

A '''zero-emission zone''' ('''ZEZ''') is a LEZ where only zero-emissions vehicles (ZEVs) are allowed. In such areas, all internal combustion engine vehicles are banned; this includes any plug-in hybrid vehicles which cannot run zero-emission.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxford.gov.uk/info/20216/air_quality_management/1306/oxford_zero_emission_zone_zez_frequently_asked_questions|title=Oxford Zero Emission Zone (ZEZ) frequently asked questions|last=Council|first=Oxford City|website=www.oxford.gov.uk|language=en|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref> Only battery electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles are allowed in a ZEZ, along with walking and cycling and fully electric public transport vehicles, e.g. trams, electric buses etc.

==Workings== In many LEZs, vehicles that do not meet the emission standards set by the LEZ are not barred from entry into the LEZ (i.e. using automated boom barriers), but rather simply fined if they enter the zone. A fine is not issued if entering the LEZ with a vehicle that does not meet the emission standards, when a fee (LEZ daily charge, ...) has been paid. In some LEZs, such as the one in London, this is done by automatic number-plate recognition (ANPR) cameras which read the vehicle registration number plate as they enter the LEZ and then compare it against a database of vehicles which: * either meet the LEZ emissions standards, * or are either exempt or registered for a 100 percent discount, * or if the LEZ daily charge has been paid<ref>[https://www.ifsecglobal.com/uncategorized/anpr-cameras-used-for-london-emission-zone/ ANPR cameras used for London emission zone]</ref> This fee/fine works as a deterrent for those having a vehicle that does not meet the LEZ emission standard for entering the city, and those having such vehicles will hence try to avoid paying this fee/fine (using various means, see "intent and actual impact").

==Intent and actual impact== The intent of LEZs is generally to improve air quality within cities.<ref>[https://airqualitynews.com/2017/11/30/london-emissions-crackdown/ Views sought on ‘inner London’ ULEZ]</ref> This intent is indeed achieved, with diesel particulates (PM10) dropping in most LEZs,<ref name="Impact of Low Emission Zones">[https://urbanaccessregulations.eu/low-emission-zones-main/impact-of-low-emission-zones Impact of Low Emission Zones]</ref> and health improving.<ref> {{Cite news |last=Fuller |first=Gary |date=2023-06-30 |title=Low emission zones are improving health, studies show |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jun/30/low-emission-zones-lez-improving-health-studies |access-date=2023-07-12 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Often, this is achieved as people with polluting vehicles replace them with vehicles that attain a higher emission standard,<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136192091300059X | doi=10.1016/j.trd.2013.03.010 | title=Five years of London's low emission zone: Effects on vehicle fleet composition and air quality | year=2013 | last1=Ellison | first1=Richard B. | last2=Greaves | first2=Stephen P. | last3=Hensher | first3=David A. | journal=Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment | volume=23 | pages=25–33 | bibcode=2013TRPD...23...25E | url-access=subscription }}</ref> which may mean buying a new vehicle, or travelling throughout avenues and roads distant from the areas where pollution is concentrated. Some people (such as workers on night shift or carrying heavy tools or cargo) however can't do without a car, but might not be able to afford to purchase unsubsidized cleaner vehicles. Therefore in some places the LEZ is only enforced when public transport is available, or electric taxis<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.bristol.gov.uk/news/subsidies-on-offer-to-taxi-drivers-who-switch-to-electric-vehicles-2|title=Subsidies on offer to taxi drivers who switch to electric vehicles|website=Bristol City Council News|language=english|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref> or cargobikes are subsidized.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/carltonreid/2019/04/03/london-wants-vans-replaced-by-cargobikes-introduces-subsidy-and-behavior-change-program/|title=London Wants Vans Replaced By Cargobikes, Introduces Subsidy And Behavior Change Program|last=Reid|first=Carlton|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref>

The European Federation for Transport and Environment is of the opinion that LEZs should be gradually turned into zero-emission mobility zones and complement policies promoting a switch to clean alternatives, including walking and cycling, among others.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bannon |first=Eoin |title=Low-Emission Zones are a success – but they must now move to zero-emission mobility |url=https://www.transportenvironment.org/publications/low-emission-zones-are-success-%E2%80%93-they-must-now-move-zero-emission-mobility |website=Transport & Environment |access-date=1 April 2021 |date=10 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sumantran |first1=Venkat |last2=Fine |first2=Charles |last3=Gonsalvez |first3=David |title=Our cities need fewer cars, not cleaner cars |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/oct/16/our-cities-need-fewer-cars-not-cleaner-cars-electric-green-transport |access-date=1 April 2021 |website=The Guardian |date=16 October 2017}}</ref>

Most LEZs which are not also congestion charge zones do not change the number of vehicles entering the zone: but some LEZs (such as the one in Milan) double as congestion charge zones and thus have the potential to reduce the numbers travelling into the city.<ref name="Impact of Low Emission Zones"/>

==Implementation by country== thumb|Sign marking a German low-emission zone. Vehicles with red, yellow, and green emissions stickers are permitted in the zone.

{{As of|2019}} there are about 250 low-emission zones (LEZ),<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47816360|title=London's ULEZ: How does it compare?|last=McGrath|first=Matt|date=8 April 2019|access-date=19 June 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref> which help meet EU health-based air quality limit values. This means that vehicles may be banned from a LEZ, or in some cases charged if they enter a LEZ when their emissions are over a set level. Although common in Europe the continent's largest cities are lacking: Istanbul has no LEZ and Moscow's is not enforced.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kholod |first1=Nazar |last2=Evans |first2=Meredydd |date=2016-02-01 |title=Reducing black carbon emissions from diesel vehicles in Russia: An assessment and policy recommendations |journal=Environmental Science & Policy |language=en |volume=56 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2015.10.017 |bibcode=2016ESPol..56....1K |issn=1462-9011|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Different vehicles may be regulated, depending on local conditions. All LEZs apply to heavy vehicles, some to diesel vans, others also to diesel and petrol cars; in Italy, motor cycles and three-wheelers are also liable to control.

A publicly funded website run by a network of cities and ministries operating or preparing LEZs gives up-to-date information on LEZs, such as which cities have LEZs, the vehicle types affected, the required emissions standards and their application dates.<ref name=LEZEurope>{{cite web|url=https://urbanaccessregulations.eu/ |title=Urban Access Regulations in Europe |publisher=Sadler Consultants Ltd. |date= |accessdate=19 June 2019}}</ref>

===Belgium=== <gallery> File:Belgian traffic sign F117.svg|Sign indicating the start of a low-emission zone in Belgium </gallery> * Antwerp: Since 2017, there has been a LEZ in Antwerp, 24/7. Only diesel vehicles above Euro 3/III norm and petrol vehicles above Euro 1/I norm are allowed to enter the LEZ.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slimnaarantwerpen.be/en/lez |title=Antwerp LEZ |publisher=Stad Antwerpen |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref> * Brussels: Since 2018, the entire Brussels Capital Region has been a LEZ.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brussels.be/lez |title=Low Emission Zone |date=3 October 2017 |publisher=Brussels Capital Region |accessdate=30 June 2021}}</ref> Only diesel vehicles above Euro 5/V norm are allowed to enter Brussels.<ref name=":1" /> <br/>Since 2026 petrol or gas-powered vehicles need to be Euro 3/III or more.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=26 December 2025 |title=Low Emission Zone: new ban from 2026 |url=https://lez.brussels/mytax/en/practical?tab=Agenda |accessdate=2 January 2026 |publisher=Brussels Capital Region}}</ref> * Ghent introduced a LEZ on 1 January 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stad.gent/natuur-milieu/lage-emissiezone-2020 |title=Lage-Emissiezone 2020 |publisher=Stad Gent |accessdate=11 November 2017}}</ref>

The low emission zones in Antwerp and Brussels have been shown to have a positive impact on air quality, socio-economic disparities and health.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bruyneel |first1=Luk |last2=Van Nieuwenhuyse |first2=Ann |last3=Van den Borre |first3=Laura |last4=Van den Berghe |first4=Wouter |last5=De Ridder |first5=Katrien |last6=Van de Putte |first6=Bart |last7=Vandekerckhove |first7=Peter |last8=Van de Velde |first8=Sarah |last9=Van Cleemput |first9=Jeroen |last10=De Smedt |first10=Delphine |title=Positive impact of the introduction of low-emission zones in Antwerp and Brussels on air quality, socio-economic disparities and health: a quasi-experimental study |journal=Environment International |volume=199 |year=2025 |article-number=109515 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2025.109515 |pmid=40328086 |bibcode=2025EnInt.19909515B |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2025.109515 |hdl=1942/46068 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

===Bulgaria=== On 1 December 2023, Sofia introduced the first LEZ ({{langx|bg|нискоемисионна зона}}, НЕЗ; ''niskoemisionna zona, NEZ'') in Eastern Europe, banning Euro 1 vehicles from the Bulgarian capital's city centre during the winter. The zone is to be gradually expanded to a wider area and to Euro 2 vehicles by the end of 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sofia: first low emission zone in Eastern Europe |url=https://www.cleanairfund.org/news-item/sofia-first-low-emission-zone/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Clean Air Fund |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===China=== A LEZ is present in Beijing.<ref>[https://wrirosscities.org/our-work/project-city/beijing-low-emission-zone Beijing Low Emission Zone]</ref><ref>[http://www.sustainabletransport.org/archives/tag/low-emission-zones LEZ examples]</ref>

===Denmark=== Denmark has LEZs that are applicable to vehicles over 3.5 t.<ref name=LEZEurope/> In Denmark, LEZs exist in Aalborg, Aarhus, Copenhagen, Frederiksberg and Odense.<ref>[https://urbanaccessregulations.eu/countries-mainmenu-147/denmark-mainmenu-221 LEZs Denmark]</ref>

===France=== The low emission zone (''zone à faibles émissions; ZFE'' or ''zones à circulation restreinte; ZCR'') in Paris is operational 8am to 8pm on weekdays, prohibiting certain vehicles from entering during its periods of operation. An air quality (crit'air) sticker is required for all vehicles and must meet the minimum standards.<ref>{{cite web | title=Driving in an environmental zone in Europe | date=23 January 2025 | url=https://www.europe-consommateurs.eu/en/travelling-motor-vehicles/motor-vehicles/environmental-zones-in-europe.html }}</ref><ref>https://urbanaccessregulations.eu/countries-mainmenu-147/france/paris</ref> Other French cities with a LEZ in operation include Grenoble, Lyon and Strasbourg<ref>[https://urbanaccessregulations.eu/countries-mainmenu-147/france LEZs in France]</ref>

===Germany=== In Germany, an LEZ is called an environmental zone (''Umweltzone''). There are currently 47 LEZs in operation or in planning in Germany.<ref name="LEZEurope" /> The cities of Berlin, Cologne, Hanover, Mannheim and Stuttgart started LEZs in their respective central city areas in 2008 and more cities followed in the years after.

===Hong Kong=== Since the end of 2015, the Hong Kong Government has designated three major junctions in Central, Causeway Bay and Mong Kok as low emission zone for franchised buses. For bus routes entering the three zones, franchised bus operators are required to use only buses meeting emission standards of Euro IV or above except when necessary. The LEZ scheme does not cover vehicles other than franchised buses.<ref>[http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201512/31/P201512310204.htm Government sets up franchised bus low emission zones starting today] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202173836/http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201512/31/P201512310204.htm |date=2 February 2016 }}</ref> As of 31 December 2019, the standard for entry into the LEZ has been increased to Euro V.

=== Indonesia === The first LEZ in Indonesia is implemented at the old downtown of Jakarta, the Kota Tua Jakarta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Wibawana |first=Widhia Arum |date=2022-09-11 |title=Low Emission Zone Artinya Apa? LEZ Berlaku di Kota Tua Jakarta |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-6285913/low-emission-zone-artinya-apa-lez-berlaku-di-kota-tua-jakarta |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=detiknews |language=id-ID}}</ref> It was first implemented on 8 February 2021 after having a trial run from 18-23 December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-12-19 |title=Membatasi Kendaraan Bermotor di Kota Tua |url=https://koran.tempo.co/read/metro/460878/membatasi-kendaraan-bermotor-di-kota-tua |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=koran.tempo.co |language=id}}</ref> The city government chose Kota Tua Jakarta as an LEZ in order to reduce air pollution on the site due to its rich historical value.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anjani |first=Anatasia |date=2021-11-17 |title=Kota Tua Dijadikan Kawasan Emisi Rendah, Mengapa? |url=https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-5814882/kota-tua-dijadikan-kawasan-emisi-rendah-mengapa |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=detikedu |language=id-ID}}</ref> Air pollution is concerned to damage the structure of old buildings within the site. The LEZ implementation is permanent and only TransJakarta buses, bicycles, pedestrians, and vehicles with special marker are allowed to enter the streets of the old town.<ref name=":0" />

Beside that, LEZ is also implemented at the surrounding area of Tebet Eco Park in South Jakarta. Unlike the previous one in Kota Tua, LEZ in Tebet Eco Park is only implemented on weekends and public holidays.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Budi |first=Mulia |date=2022-08-20 |title=Pro Kontra Opini Pengunjung soal Tebet Eco Park Masuk Zona Emisi Rendah |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-6244645/pro-kontra-opini-pengunjung-soal-tebet-eco-park-masuk-zona-emisi-rendah |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=detiknews |language=id-ID}}</ref> Residents or workers in the surrounding area of the park have to place a sticker with QR code on their vehicle.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-11 |title=Ini 2 Ruas Jalan di Sekitar Tebet Eco Park yang Bakal Dilarang untuk Dilintasi Kendaraan Bermotor |url=https://voi.id/berita/188983/ini-2-ruas-jalan-di-sekitar-tebet-eco-park-yang-bakal-dilarang-untuk-dilintasi-kendaraan-bermotor |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=VOI - Waktunya Merevolusi Pemberitaan |language=id}}</ref>

===Italy=== 150px|right Italy has LEZs that are applicable to all vehicles.<ref name=LEZEurope/> There are combined LEZs and urban road tolling schemes in Milan and Palermo as well as low emission zones with differing standards and time periods. The latter are mainly found in north Italy, but also in mid Italy and Sicily.<ref>[https://urbanaccessregulations.eu/countries-mainmenu-147/italy-mainmenu-81 LEZs Italy]</ref> Some limited traffic zones are also aimed at limiting pollution levels. LEZs are in the legal framework of the ''Zona a traffico limitato'' (Limited traffic zone), which is a general prohibition on vehicular traffic in a designated area, with exceptions outlined in the road sign warning the driver of the start of such an area. There is, as of 2026, no differentiation in the signage between an LEZ limited traffic zone and a non-LEZ limited traffic zone and drivers are supposed to deduce from the list of exempted vehicles if they are viable to transit.

===Japan=== In Tokyo, the municipal government decided to tackle controlling diesel vehicle emissions (particulate matter emissions, ...) far ahead of the national government.<ref>[https://www.japanfs.org/en/news/archives/news_id030817.html Tokyo Metropolitan Government's Efforts to Control Diesel Vehicle Emissions]</ref><ref>[http://www.kankyo.metro.tokyo.jp/en/automobile/diesel.html TMG: Measures against Diesel Emissions]</ref>

===Netherlands=== Amsterdam, The Hague, Utrecht and Arnhem have LEZs (''milieuzone'') applying to passenger cars and delivery vans. Only diesel passenger cars and diesel delivery vans meeting the emission standards of Euro 4 and above are allowed to enter the LEZs. Diesel trucks and diesel Buses/coaches have to meet Euro VI (6) or above to enter the LEZs. The LEZ of Arnhem does not apply to buses/coaches.<ref>[https://www.milieuzones.nl/locaties-milieuzones LEZs in the Netherlands]</ref>

The LEZ of Amsterdam covers practically the entire area within the A10 highway. The highway itself is not part of the LEZ.<ref>[https://www.amsterdam.nl/en/traffic-transport/low-emission-zone/ LEZ for diesel vehicles]</ref>

The LEZ of The Hague covers the area enclosed by the Centrumring (S100) and Professor B.M. Teldersweg (S200). These roads themselves, as well as the road from Lijnbaan to the visitors’ car park and the parking garage of the HMC Westeinde hospital, are not part of the LEZ.<ref>[https://www.denhaag.nl/en/in-the-city/getting-there-and-around/low-emission-zone-for-diesel-cars-.htm LEZ for diesel cars]</ref>

Rotterdam has an LEZ applying to trucks only. Diesel trucks have to meet the Euro VI (6) emission standard or above.<ref>[https://www.rotterdam.nl/wonen-leven/milieuzone/ LEZ Rotterdam]</ref>

===Norway=== Norway has LEZs in Bergen and Oslo.<ref>[https://urbanaccessregulations.eu/countries-mainmenu-147/norway-mainmenu-197 LEZs in Norway]</ref>

===Poland=== thumb|Kraków low emission zone Poland has LEZ in Warsaw since 2024<ref>{{cite web | title=Strefa Czystego Trasportu w Warszawie | date=20 May 2024 | url=https://transport.um.warszawa.pl/sct }}</ref> and in Kraków since 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Strefa Czystego Transportu w Krakowie – praktyczny przewodnik |url=https://ztp.krakow.pl/wszystkie-aktualnosci/sct/strefa-czystego-transportu-w-krakowie-praktyczny-przewodnik.html |publisher=ztp.krakow.pl |access-date=30 December 2025 |language=pl |date=2 December 2025}}</ref>

===Portugal=== Portugal has an LEZ in Lisbon.<ref>[https://urbanaccessregulations.eu/countries-mainmenu-147/portugal LEZs in Portugal]</ref>

===Spain=== Pontevedra was the first Spanish city to ban traffic in its core, in 1999.<ref>[https://elpais.com/sociedad/2018/11/30/actualidad/1543595906_838257.html Pontevedra, the city that defeated cars]. El País</ref> Málaga and Seville were the next cities to establish low emission zones, with traffic only allowed for residents, in 2009.<ref>[https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/475742/0/pilonas/centro/malaga/ Málaga: The historic center closes to traffic]. 20 minutos</ref> Seville rolled back its low-emission zone under the mayorship of Juan Ignacio Zoido in 2011,<ref>[https://www.lainformacion.com/estilo-de-vida-y-tiempo-libre/el-alcalde-deroga-el-plan-que-restringia-los-coches-en-centro-de-sevilla_boVsoW4oQEN35u7MigLE04/ Mayor abolishes plan to restrict cars in Seville center]. La Información</ref> but at date of August 2021 a new system was in the process of implementation.<ref>[https://www.sevilla.org/respira/casco-antiguo-triana Restricted traffic zones]. Seville City Council</ref>

Madrid established its LEZ in 2018 in its city center, and Barcelona approved it in 2020.<ref>[https://urbanaccessregulations.eu/countries-mainmenu-147/spain LEZs in Spain]</ref>

===Sweden=== The cities of Gothenburg, Lund, Malmö, Helsingborg, Mölndal, Uppsala, Umeå and Stockholm have low-emission zones.<ref>{{cite web|title=Urban Access Regulation in Europe|url=http://urbanaccessregulations.eu/countries-mainmenu-147/sweden-mainmenu-248|accessdate=21 December 2016}}</ref> Heavy trucks and buses with compression ignited engines (mainly diesel engines) may not be allowed inside the environmental zones depending on their age and on their emission class.<ref>{{cite web|title=Miljözoner|url=https://www.transportstyrelsen.se/sv/vagtrafik/Miljo/Miljozoner/|accessdate=12 January 2017}}</ref>

===United Kingdom=== {{See also|Clean Air Zone}} [[File:Sign for London ultra low emission zone (geograph 6183970).jpg|thumb|Sign for the Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) in London (left)]]

The London low emission zone came into effect in 2008 covering almost all of Greater London – the largest such zone in the world. The low-emission zone targets emissions of these pollutants from older diesel-engined lorries, buses, coaches, vans, minibuses and other heavy vehicles that are derived from lorries and vans such as motor caravans and motorised horse boxes. There was a phased introduction of the scheme from 2008 through to 2012. Different vehicles were affected over time and increasingly tougher emissions standards applied.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/lez/vehicles/2535.aspx |title=Emissions standards |publisher=Transport for London |accessdate=21 November 2007}}</ref>

The London Ultra Low Emission Zone started on 8 April 2019 and initially covered Central London, the same area as the existing congestion charge. On 25 October 2021, the zone was extended to cover the Inner London area within the North Circular and South Circular roads.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/167d27aa-d7e1-4b6b-b8d2-b657310efe01|title=Londoners get ready for expansion of low emission zone|date=24 October 2021|website=Financial Times}}</ref> It was expanded again on 29 August 2023 to coincide with the London low emission zone, covering almost all of Greater London.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-63754724 |title=ULEZ: Ultra Low Emissions Zone to cover all of London |date=25 November 2022 |website=BBC News}}</ref>

thumb|upright|Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) sign

The Glasgow low emission zone (LEZ) was implemented at the end of 2018. Initially, only local buses in the centre of the city are affected. On 1 June 2023 restrictions were extended to all vehicles, including older petrol and diesel cars.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/LEZ | title=Glasgow's Low Emission Zone (LEZ) | date=20 July 2018 }}</ref> Norwich, and York also introduced a LEZ.<ref>[Norwich Low Emission Zone https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/Norwich_lez.pdf]</ref><ref name=UKZEZ/>

Since 2015, more than 60 local authorities have been ordered to tackle illegal levels of air pollution, which is why many of these planning to introduce clean air zones. The following cities have plans to introduce LEZs: Aberdeen (2020), Bath (2021), Birmingham (2019), Derby, Dundee (2020), Edinburgh (2020), Manchester (2022), Newcastle (2021), and Sheffield (2021).<ref name=UKZEZ/> Leeds also intended to introduce a LEZ, however increased uptake of cleaner vehicles led to the scheme's cancellation in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.leeds.gov.uk/news/leeds-clean-air-zone-has-achieved-its-aims-early-and-is-no-longer-required-joint-review-finds |title=Leeds' Clean Air Zone has achieved its aims early and is no longer required, joint review finds |date=2020-10-13 |access-date=2023-05-31 |author=Leeds City Council }}</ref>

{{Asof|2020|06}}, Oxford is claiming to become the first city to implement a Zero Emission Zone (ZEZ) scheme, beginning with a small area to go into effect by mid 2021. It was postponed from a 2020 start due to the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the proposals can more accurately be described as a Low Emission Zone or Ultra Low Emission Zone as any vehicle can enter on payment of a charge.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.oxford.gov.uk/info/20299/air_quality_projects/1305/oxford_zero_emission_zone_zez | title=Oxford's Zero Emission Zone – 20/03/2020 update | author=Oxford City Council |publisher=Oxford City Council | date=20 March 2020 | accessdate=18 June 2020}}</ref> The plan is to expand the ZEZ gradually into a much larger zone, until the ZEZ encompasses the majority of the city centre by 2035.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.oxford.gov.uk/info/20299/air_quality_projects/1305/oxford_zero_emission_zone_zez | title=Oxford's Zero Emission Zone – 20/03/2020 update | author=Oxford City Council |publisher=Oxford City Council | date=20 March 2020 | accessdate=18 June 2020}}</ref><ref name=UKZEZ>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buyacar.co.uk/cars/economical-cars/523/clean-air-zone-charges-where-are-britains-low-emission-zones |first=Dominic |last=Tobin |title=Clean air zone charges: where are Britain's low emission zones?|publisher=buyacar.co.uk |date=12 March 2019|access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxford.gov.uk/info/20216/air_quality_management/208/oxfords_low_emission_zone_lez|title=Oxford's Low Emission Zone (LEZ)}}</ref>

=== Vietnam === LEZ in Vietnam will be planned start on 1 January 2025 according to Capital Law 2024, it will start on Hoan Kiem district and Ba Dinh district, Hanoi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2024 |title=Ba Dinh and Hoan Kiem districts selected for Hanoi's low-emission zone pilot |url=https://vietnamnet.vn/en/ba-dinh-and-hoan-kiem-districts-selected-for-hanoi-s-low-emission-zone-pilot-2352516.html |website=VietNamNet}}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== *[http://www.lowemissionzones.eu Low-emission zones in Europe]

Category:Low-emission zones Category:Air pollution Category:Environmental protection Category:Traffic calming Category:Transportation planning Category:Emissions reduction