{{Short description|Historical irrigation system used in the American Southwest}} [[File:Zanjas_and_waterwheels_provided_water_and_power_from_Los_Angeles_as_it_appeared_in_1871.jpg|thumb|"Zanjas and waterwheels provided water and power" from ''Los Angeles as it appeared in 1871'', a story map published 1929 (Library of Congress)]] thumb|Figueroa Street zanja, 1906 (California Historical Society)
A '''zanja''' ({{IPA|es|ˈsaŋxa|}}, "water ditch" or "trench") is an archaic irrigation system used in the southwestern United States and that still occurs in various place names as a relic of that time. An acequia is a more highly engineered zanja, able to carry water for longer distances. In some places, sections of a zanja/acequia would be elevated as in an aqueduct. Preserved sections of the Mission Santa Barbara water system demonstrate all three variations.
Variant spellings that appear in North American English placenames and documents include '''zanjón''', '''zanjon''', '''san jon''', and '''sanjon'''.
Historian Leonard Pitt wrote in 1997 that the zanja system was "Introduced [to Los Angeles] by Spanish pobladores in 1781, [and] the zanja technology was expanded into a network and used for irrigation and domestic needs even in the early Yankee period. Water was diverted from the riverbed by a brush weir (''toma'') into a main channel, called the mother ditch (''zanja madre''). It was then allowed to spread at ground level to other branch channels.”<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pitt |first=Leonard |title=Los Angeles A to Z : an encyclopedia of the city and county |date=1997 |publisher=University of California Press |others=Dale Pitt |isbn=0-520-20274-0 |location=Berkeley |oclc=35955263}}</ref>
"Proto-modern water mains" pipeline systems were introduced to Los Angeles in the mid-19th century but the zanja system persisted in parallel for decades.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/719684|title=Water Qualities and Usage in the Zanjas of Los Angeles, 1781–1904|first=Michael|last=Holleran|date=July 1, 2022|journal=Environmental History|volume=27|issue=3|pages=491–518|via=journals.uchicago.edu (Atypon)|doi=10.1086/719684|bibcode=2022EnvH...27..491H |s2cid=249110373|access-date=July 31, 2022|archive-date=July 31, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731081952/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/719684|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
Pasadena's Zanja was built “in 1877 by Benjamin Eaton, [and] brought water from the Arroyo Seco to the citrus groves of early Pasadena.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zanja Walk Arroyo Seco Foundation |url=https://www.arroyoseco.org/zanjawalk.htm |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=www.arroyoseco.org |archive-date=2022-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731045403/https://www.arroyoseco.org/zanjawalk.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Residual elements of the zanja can still be seen in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zanja Walking Tour |url=https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=1vWZ6oqYq_nRFpL9Yn_vwF2BO0is |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=Google My Maps |archive-date=2022-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731045556/https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=1vWZ6oqYq_nRFpL9Yn_vwF2BO0is |url-status=live }}</ref>
Some zanjas were on individual ranchos or farms rather than serving whole cities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mengers |first=Doug |title=Water Conveyance in Northern New Spain |url=https://www.academia.edu/2923700 |url-access=registration |access-date=2022-07-31 |archive-date=2022-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914204054/https://www.academia.edu/2923700 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The person in charge of maintaining the zanja was called the '''''zanjero'''''; this job title is still in use in at least one water district in Arizona.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SRPconnect |date=2020-02-28 |title=SRP zanjero, what is it and what do they do? |url=https://blog.srpnet.com/a-day-in-the-life-srp-zanjero/ |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=SRPconnect Blog |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721021341/https://blog.srpnet.com/a-day-in-the-life-srp-zanjero/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2008, the ''Los Angeles Times'' reported on the remaining few zanjeros: <blockquote>Romo is a ''zanjero''—pronounced ''sahn-HAIR-o—''Spanish for overseer of the mother ditch. His job is to deliver prescribed amounts of Colorado River water to farmers served by the Imperial Irrigation District in southeastern California. It's a job rich in tradition, one that mirrors the settlement of the West and its complicated relationship with water ... The zanjero was once the most powerful man in any community, entrusted with overseeing its most valuable resource. In early Los Angeles, he was paid more than the mayor. Long before he engineered the city's future, William Mulholland learned the nuances of water working as a zanjero.<ref>Anton, M. (2008, Mar 14). COLUMN ONE; A way of life drying up; traditional zanjeros have long shepherded water in the west. in a region ravaged by drought, they're being bypassed by automation. ''Los Angeles Times''</ref></blockquote>
Different regions worked differently, but in 19th-century Los Angeles, "On the 24th of the month, the party desiring to irrigate goes to the Zanjero's office and files a written application for water, pays his money, gets his ticket, and the first convenient date is assigned to him."<ref>{{Cite news |newspaper=Daily Alta California |date=22 February 1886 |title=The Los Angeles Zanjas |number=13,328 |page=2 |via=California Digital Newspaper Collection |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DAC18860222.2.11&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1 |access-date=2022-07-31 |publisher=University of California, Riverside |archive-date=2022-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731055326/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DAC18860222.2.11&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Place names== * Zanjero Park, Gilbert, Arizona * San Jon, New Mexico<ref name="Dictionary of NM">{{cite book |last1=Cobos |first1=Rubén |title=A Dictionary of New Mexico and Southern Colorado Spanish |date=2003 |publisher=Museum of New Mexico Press |location=Albuquerque |isbn=9780890135372 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5V6pBQAAQBAJ |access-date=31 July 2022 |archive-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914203949/https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Dictionary_of_New_Mexico_and_Southern/5V6pBQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> * Sanjon Street, Ventura, California<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-17 |title=Do you know the way to San Jon? Ask a librarian. |last=Field |first=Gail |url=https://venturabreeze.com/2016/02/17/do-you-know-the-way-to-san-jon-ask-a-librarian/ |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=Ventura Breeze |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407125555/http://venturabreeze.com/2016/02/17/do-you-know-the-way-to-san-jon-ask-a-librarian/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * Zanja Street, Venice, California * Zanja Street, Pasadena, California * Zanja Peak Trailhead, Yucaipa * Zanja Lane, West Hills, Los Angeles * La Zanja Drive, Glendale, California
== Additional images == {{gallery|mode=packed |File:Zanja Street in Venice, Los Angeles and Culver City.jpg|Zanja Street in Venice, Los Angeles, and Culver City |File:Sanjon Rd exit off the 101 in Ventura County.jpg|Sanjon Road exit off the 101 in Ventura County |File:La Zanja Street, San Juan Capistrano, California.jpg|La Zanja Street, San Juan Capistrano, California }}
==See also== * Zanja Madre * Mill Creek Zanja * Zanjero of Los Angeles * Rancho Sanjon de los Moquelumnes
==Further reading== * {{cite journal|last1=Hoffman|first1=Abraham|last2=Stern|first2=Teena|doi=10.2307/41172351|title=The Zanjas and the Pioneer Water Systems for Los Angeles|journal=Southern California Quarterly|volume=89|number=1|year=2007|pages=1–22|jstor=41172351 }}
==References== {{reflist}}
Category:Irrigation Category:Irrigation canals Category:Irrigation in the United States Category:Economy of the Southwestern United States Category:1781 in The Californias Category:Agriculture in California Category:Aqueducts in California Category:Water in California