{{Short description|Angels who torture sinners in hell according to Islam}} {{Independent sources|date=February 2025}} [[File:Paris, BnF, Supplément Turc 190 fol. 61r Muhammad visits Hell.jpg|thumb|Zabaniyah torture sinners in Hell (Jahannam) in a 1436 CE illumination]] {{Islam|beliefs}} The '''Zabaniyya''' ({{langx|ar|الزبانية|az-zabāniya}}) are the "Wardens of hell" ({{langx|ar|خَزَنَةِ جَهَنَّمَ |khazanati jahannam}}<ref name="Ahmad Anshori">{{cite web |author1=Ahmad Anshori |date=16 September 2015 |title=Kampung Akhirat (2) : Penjaga-Penjaga Neraka |trans-title=Afterlife country (2) : Guardians of Hell |url=https://muslim.or.id/26476-kampung-akhirat-2-penjaga-penjaga-neraka.html |access-date=30 June 2024 |website=muslim.or.id |publisher=Copyright © 2024 muslim.or.id |language=Id, Ar |quote=Al Jannatu and Naar, by Prof. Dr. Umar Sulaiman Abdullah Al Asy-qar. Published by: Dar An Nafais. Go. Th 1432 H.}}</ref>), who torture the sinners or carry of the souls of the wicked.<ref name="Lange, Christian 2015. p. 75" /><ref name=dw/><ref>{{Citation |title=al-Zabāniyya |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/doi/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8057 |access-date=2025-10-06 |language=en |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8057}}</ref> They are identified with the "Nineteen angels of Hell",<ref group="Quran">At-Tahrim {{Cite quran|66|6|s=ns}}</ref> and "Angels of punishment",<ref group="Quran">Al-Muddaththir {{Cite quran|74|30|s=ns}}</ref> and "Guardians of Hell",<ref name="Stephen Burge" /> and "Angels of hell".
According to the Quran and the ahadith, the Zabaniyah are nineteen in number<ref name="Suyuti fingers" /> and Maalik is their leader.<ref name="Dahsyatnya Neraka Jahannam" /><ref name="A Dictionary of Islam Being a Cyclopædia of the Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs, Together with the Technical and Theological Terms, of the Muhammadan Religion">{{cite book |author1=Thomas Patrick Hughes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDtbAAAAQAAJ |title=A Dictionary of Islam Being a Cyclopædia of the Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs, Together with the Technical and Theological Terms, of the Muhammadan Religion |date=2009 |publisher=W.H. Allen / Oxford University |page=15 |language=En |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Angels A to Z">{{cite book |author1=James R Lewis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=56B7fmmlt6QC |title=Angels A to Z |author2=Evelyn Dorothy Oliver |date=2008 |publisher=Visible Ink Press |isbn=9781578592579 |page=233 |language=En |format=ebook |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref>
As angels, the Zabaniyya are, despite their gruesome appearance and actions, ultimately subordinate to God,<ref name="Hell and Suffering In Matthew 23:33: Comparison Study Of The Concept Of Hell And Suffering In The Bible And Quran; Clarry Paul Tangkudung">{{cite journal |author1=Clarry Paul Tangkudung |title=Hell and Suffering In Matthew 23:33: Comparison Study Of The Concept Of Hell And Suffering In The Bible And Quran |journal=Klabat Theological Re View |date=2021 |volume=2 |issue=1 |url=https://doi.org/10.31154/ktr.v2i1.603.64-86 |access-date=15 March 2024 |publisher=Klabat University |doi=10.31154/ktr.v2i1.603.64-86 |doi-broken-date=22 May 2026 |language=En |issn=2723-4320}}</ref>{{rp|p=82}} and thus their punishments are considered in Islamic theology as just.{{sfn|Lange|2015|p=274}}
== Islamic traditions == According to Al-Qurtubi, Zabaniyah is a plural name a group of an angel.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Al-Qurtubi |author1-link=Al-Qurtubi |title=Tafseer al-Qurtubi al-Alaq 98:18 |url=https://quran.com/en/96:18/tafsirs/ar-tafseer-al-qurtubi |access-date=8 July 2024 |website=quran.com |publisher=Quran.com. |language=Ar}}</ref><ref name="Islamweb Tafsir al-Qurtubi; al-A'laq 18">{{cite book |author1=Al-Qurtubi |author1-link=Al-Qurtubi |url=https://www.islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookslist&publisher=&author=130 |title=تفسير القرطبي |publisher=دار الفكر |page=113 |language=Ar |trans-title=Interpretation of al-Qurtubi |chapter=20 |access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref> According to ibn Barjan, the angels of punishment are those angels who said „Will you [God] place therein one who will cause corruption and shed blood?“ questioning the creation of Adam.<ref>Muhammad Ali Baydoun „Tafsir Ibn Barjan“ Volume 1 Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah Lebanon p. 178</ref>
Mujahid ibn Jabr defended the idea that the Zabaniyah are angels against contrary assertions.<ref name="Lange, Christian 2015. p. 75"/> In the Turkish Mi'raj literature, the Zabaniyah are under command of the nineteen angels of punishment.<ref name="Ertan 2015">Ürkmez, Ertan. "Türk-İslâm mitolojisi bağlamında Mi ‘râç motifi ve Türkiye kültür tarihine yansımaları." (2015).</ref>
Based on a Hadith transmitted by Umar, the second Rashidun caliph,<ref>{{cite web |author1=Muhammad Abduh Tuasikal |title=Hadits Arbain #02: Cakupan Rukun Iman |trans-title=Forty Hadith #02: Coverage of a pillar of faith |year=2017 |url=https://rumaysho.com/16679-hadits-arbain-02-cakupan-rukun-iman.html |website=rumaysho.com |publisher=Yayasan Rumaysho Academy Indonesia |access-date=6 August 2024 |language=Id, Ar}} Excerpts from: * {{cite book |author1=Umar Sulaiman al-Ashqar |title=عالم الملائكة الأبرار |trans-title=The realm of righteous angels |date=1983 |publisher=Dar An-Nafais |url=https://shamela.ws/book/9967 |access-date=6 August 2024 |language=Ar}} * {{cite book |author1=al-Uthaymin |author1-link=al-Uthaymin |title=شرح الأربعين النووية للعثيمين |trans-title=Explanation of the Forty Hadith of Nawawi by Al-Uthaymeen |year=1983 |publisher=Dar Ats-Tsuraya. |url=https://archive.org/details/20200203_20200203_0746 |access-date=6 August 2024 |language=Ar}} * {{cite book |author1=al-Uthaymin |author1-link=al-Uthaymin |title=شريعة لمعة الإعتقاد |trans-title=Sharia of the sparkle of belief |year=1979 |publisher=Dar Ats-Tsuraya. |url=https://archive.org/details/1023-pdf_202101 |access-date=6 August 2024 |language=Ar}} </ref> Al-Muzani and Ibn Kathir has stated that the belief to the existence of the angels who guarding hell as a part of the second article of Six Articles of Faith in Islam.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Muhammad Abduh Tuasikal |title=Syarhus Sunnah: Beriman kepada Malaikat #05 |trans-title=Explanation of Sunnah: Belief in angels #05 |year=2019 |url=https://rumaysho.com/19676-syarhus-sunnah-beriman-kepada-malaikat-05.html |website=rumaysho.com |publisher=Yayasan Rumaysho Academy Indonesia |access-date=6 August 2024 |language=Id, Ar}} Excerpts from: * {{cite book |author1=Al-Muzani |author1-link=Al-Muzani |editor1-last=‘Azzun |editor1-first=Jamal |title=شرح السنة |trans-title=Explanation of Sunnah |year=1990 |publisher=Maktabah Dar al Minhaj |url=https://safinatulnajat.com/shop/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%B7-%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84/ |access-date=6 August 2024 |language=Ar}} * {{cite book |author1=Ibn Kathir |author1-link=Ibn Kathir |editor1-last=ibn Bashir ibn Yasin |editor1-first=Hikmat |title=تفسير القرآن العظيم |trans-title=Interpretation of the Great Quran |year=1989 |publisher=Maktabah Dar al Minhaj |url=https://ibnaljawzi.com/ZoOgQp/ |access-date=6 August 2024 |language=Ar}} </ref>
Scottish orientalist H. A. R. Gibb has recorded a tradition that while the angels of mercy are said to be created from light (''nur''), the angels of punishment are usually said to be created from fire (''nar'').<ref>Jane Dammen McAuliffe ''Encyclopaedia of the Qurʼān'' Brill 2001 {{ISBN|9789004147645}} p. 118</ref><ref>Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam: NED-SAM'' Brill 1995 page 94</ref> However, this distinction are not universally accepted among Muslim scholars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.namazsitesi.com/melekler/zebaniler.html|title = Zebani nedir, zebaniler kimdir, ne demek, görevleri, cehennem}}</ref> Both Ibn Rajab,<ref name="Dahsyatnya Neraka Jahannam">{{cite book |author1=Lukman Hakiem |author2=Sultan Mufit |author3=Muhammad Miftahudin |title=Faisal Baasir politik jalan terus; Dahsyatnya Neraka Jahannam |date=July 2010 |publisher=Yayasan Dharmapena Nusantara |pages=219–220 |isbn=9789799533050 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pdziCQAAQBAJ |access-date=10 September 2023 |language=Id}}</ref> and Al-Qurtubi narrates in his exegesis on Surah 66:6 that the angels of hell were created from anger, and that tormenting creatures is to them like food for the children of Adam.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} Some{{Who|date=July 2024}} consider the Zabaniyah to be the hell's angels' subordinates.<ref>Mohammed Rustom ''The Triumph of Mercy: Philosophy and Scripture in Mulla Sadra'' SUNY Press 2012 {{ISBN|9781438443416}} p. 90</ref>
=== Names ===
A tradition from ''At-Tadhkirah'', a book authored by Al-Qurtubi, recorded that one of Zabaniyah was named ''Daqä'il'' ({{langx|ar|دقائل}}) accompanied the Angel of Death whenever he take the soul of a sinner.<ref name="Arabic Tadhkirah; Zabaniyah">{{cite book |author1=Al-Qurtubi |author1-link=Al-Qurtubi |editor1-last=Al-Dani bin Munir Al-Zahwi Al-Amili Al-Salafi |editor1-first=Abu Abdullah |title=التذكرة بأحوال الموتى وأمور الآخرة ط|trans-title=Reminder of the Conditions of the Dead and the Matters of the Hereafter |volume=1 |publisher=المكتبة العصرية |location=Beirut |year=2001 |page=79 |url=https://ketabonline.com/ar/books/16293/read?part=1&page=10&index=2474479/2474484 |access-date=4 August 2024 |language=Ar}}</ref><ref name=":Al-Albani addendum to al-Qurtubi, Zabaniyah" group="Hadith">Addendum: al-Albani deemed this Hadith of Al-Qurtubi as weak in authenticity; Dha'if al-Jami'; p.301</ref><ref name="Tadhkirah Indonesia; Zabaniyah">{{cite book |author1=Al-Qurtubi |translator=Anshori Umar Sitanggal |author1-link=Al-Qurtubi |editor1-last=Abdillah Noor Ridho |editor1-first=M. |editor2-last=Ihsan |editor2-first=Muhammad |title=At-Tadzkirah Jilid 1: Bekal Menghadapi Kehidupan Abadi |trans-title=At-Tadzkirah Volume 1: Provisions for Facing Eternal Life |date=2005 |publisher=Pustaka al-Kautsar |location=Cipinang, Id |isbn=9795926322 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLZyDwAAQBAJ |access-date=4 August 2024 |language=Id}}</ref>
A Zabaniyah angel called ''Susāʾīl'' shows Muhammad the punishments of sinners in hell.<ref name="Lange 2016 Revisiting"/> However, the authority from Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim has narrated that the one which Muhammad met during Mi'raj and shown Muhammad about hell was Maalik himself, the leader of Zabaniyah.<ref name=":Ibn Abbas Hadith, Zabaniyah; Bukhari " group="Hadith">Sahih Bukhari chains: from Muhammad ibn Bashar->Ghandar->Shu’bah->Qatada ibn Di'ama->Khalifa->Yazid bin Zurayi->Sa’id->Qatada->Abu Al-Aliyah,-> Ibn Abbas->Muhammad.</ref><ref name="Dar Ibn Kathir Sahih Al-Bukhari 3067 حدثنا محمد بن بشار حدثنا غندر حدثنا شعبة عن قتادة ح">{{cite web |author1=Muhammad al-Bukhari |title=Sahih Al-Bukhari |url=https://www.islamweb.net/ar/library/content/0/3071/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%83%D8%A9 |website=Islamweb.net |publisher=Dar Ibn Kathir |access-date=18 November 2023 |language=Ar |date=1993 |quote=3067 حدثنا محمد بن بشار حدثنا غندر حدثنا شعبة عن قتادة ح و قال لي خليفة حدثنا يزيد بن زريع حدثنا سعيد عن قتادة عن أبي العالية حدثنا ابن عم نبيكم يعني ابن عباس رضي الله عنهما عن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قال رأيت ليلة أسري بي موسى رجلا آدم طوالا جعدا كأنه من رجال شنوءة ورأيت عيسى رجلا مربوعا مربوع الخلق [ ص: 1183 ] إلى الحمرة والبياض سبط الرأس ورأيت مالكا خازن النار والدجال في آيات أراهن الله إياه فلا تكن في مرية من لقائه قال أنس وأبو بكرة عن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم تحرس الملائكة المدينة من الدجال}}</ref><ref group="Hadith">Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim; Sahih al-Jami Al-Albani grading: Authentic.</ref><ref name="Sahih Muslim and Bukhari about angel Maalik; Al-Albani">{{cite web |author1=Muhammad Nashiruddin Al-Albani |title=الرئيسة الموسوعة الحديثية شروح الأحاديث/ Home The Hadith Encyclopedia Explanations of Hadiths |url=https://dorar.net/hadith/sharh/70350 |website=الموسوعة الحديثية/Modern Encyclopedia |publisher=Dorar |access-date=18 November 2023 |language=Ar |quote=Narrator: Abdullah bin Abbas Updated: Al-Albani Source: Sahih Al-Jami’; page or number: 3477; Summary of the hadith’s ruling: Sahih Graduation: Narrated by Al-Bukhari (3239) and the pronunciation is his, and Muslim (165)}}</ref>
=== Etymology === There are several interpretation according from exegesis and linguistical experts regarding the linguistic etymology of Zabaniyah: * Al-Qurtubi has recorded the interpretation from classical era Quran exegete Qatada ibn Di'ama. According to Qatada, the term of Zabaniyah were taken from al-Zabn, which was synonymous with Arabic verb of "payment" or "retribution".<ref name="Islamweb Tafsir al-Qurtubi; al-A'laq 18" /> However, Qatada also stated that there are alternate etymology of Zabaniyah according to Arabian linguistic, which is also translated as "those who lead the first strike during a battle" or Shock troops.{{sfnp|Mansur Abdul Hakim|2015|p=9–10|ps=:... malaikat yang lain.” Lalu aku bertanya kepada Jibril, “Wahai Jibril, siapakah malaikat ini yang berkata kepadaku seperti perkataan para malaikat, namun dia tidak ketawa kepadaku dan aku tidak melihat kegembiraan darinya seperti yang aku}} * Al-Mubarrad suggested, ''zabāniya'' could derive from the idea of ''movement'' and the Zabaniyah are those who "push somebody [back]".<ref name="Lange 2016 Revisiting">{{cite book |last1=Lange |first1=Christian |chapter=Revisiting Hell's Angels in the Quran |pages=74–100 |doi=10.1163/9789004301368_005 |doi-access=free |jstor=10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.10 |jstor-access=free |title=Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions |date=2016 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-30136-8 }}</ref> This assertion also narrated by traditional Arabic linguist, Ibn Qatiya,<ref name="الرد على المنطقيين; Ibn Taymiyya">{{cite book |author1=Ibn Taymiyya |author-link=Ibn Taymiyya |title=الرد على المنطقيين|trans-title=Response to Logicians |publisher=islamicbook |url=http://www.islamicbook.ws/amma/alrd-ala-almntqiin-004.html |access-date=15 March 2024 |language=Ar |quote=تعالى في صفة اهل النار سأصلية سقر ومآ ادراك ما سقر لا تبقى ولا تذر لواحة للبشر عليها تسعة عشر وما جعنا اصحاب النار الا ملائكة وما جعلنا عدتهم الا فتنة للذين كفروا ليستيقن الذين اوتوا الكتب ويزداد الذين امنوا ايمانا ولا يرتاب الذين اوتوا الكتب والمؤمنون وليقول الذين في قلوبهم مرض والكافرون ماذا اراد الله بهذا مثلا كذلك يضل الله من يشآء ويهدي من يشآء وما يعلم جنود ربك الا هو وما هي الا ذكرى للبشر المدثر وقال تعالى فليدع ناديه سندع الزبانية العلق قال غير واحد من الصحابة والتابعين كأبي هريرة وعبد الله بن الحارث وعطاء هم الملائكة وقال قتادة الزبانية في كلام العرب الشرط وقال مقاتل هم خزنة جهنم قال اهل اللغة كابن قتية وغيره هو مأخوذ من الزبن وهو الدفع كأنهم يدفعون اهل النار اليها قال ابن دريد الزبن الدفع يقال ناقة زبون اذا زبنت حالبها دفعته برجلها وتزابن القوم تداراوا واشتقاق الزبانية من الزبن}}</ref> and Epigraphy expert, Ahmed ibn Muhammad bin Ali Al-Fayoumi, in his explanation of "Z-b-n" or "act of push" in that Quranic verse mentioned Zabaniyah according to the root of Arabic language, where it is root are similar to the Arabic expression.<ref name="almunir fi gharib alsharh alkabir" /> German modern historian Rudi Paret also noted the similar meaning of the term ''zabani'' indicates a characteristical action personified in a type of spirit. In that case, the ''zabani'' would refer to a spirit whose function is pushing someone back.{{r|Lange 2016 Revisiting|p=82}} ** Ahmed described the pushing movement of scorpion's pincers or Chelae, were also called ''Zabani'', which is the same root of the angels act of ''Zabani'' or pushing sinners to hell".<ref name="almunir fi gharib alsharh alkabir">{{cite web |author1=Abu al Abbas al-Fayoumi |title=almunir fi gharib alsharh alkabir |url=https://www.islamweb.net/ar/library/content/45/1528/ |website=Islamweb.net |access-date=14 November 2023 |page=251 |language=ar}}</ref><ref name="al-Miṣbāḥ al-munīr muʻjam ʻArabī-ʻArabī">{{cite book |author1=Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Fayyūmī |title=al-Miṣbāḥ al-munīr muʻjam ʻArabī-ʻArabī |date=1987 |publisher=Maktabat Lubnān |page=95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cucrAAAAMAAJ |access-date=14 November 2023 |language=ar}}</ref> correspondingly, an 8th-century Arabic grammar expert from Kufa, {{ill|Abu al-Hasan al-Lahyani|ar|أبو الحسن اللحياني}}, also stated the word of ''Zaban'' was used in Arabic to describe the claws part of Scorpius constellation.<ref>{{cite web |website=ketabonline.com|title=الغريب والمعاجم ولغة الفقه |trans-title=Strange dictionaries and the jurisprudensic languages |date=2010 |page=156 |url=https://ketabonline.com/ar/books/5503/read?part=13&page=3785&index=2816745%2F2816777 |access-date=3 August 2024 |language=Ar |quote=وَقَالَ أَبُو زيد: يُقَال: زُبانَى وزُبانَيان وزُبانَيات للنّجم، وزُبانَيا الْعَقْرَب: قَرْناها، وزُبانَيات.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Ibn Manzur |author1-link=Ibn Manzur |title=لسان العرب |trans-title=Arabic Language |date=2003 |publisher=دار صادر |page=13 |url=https://www.islamweb.net/ar/library/content/122/3398/ |access-date=3 August 2024 |chapter=7}}</ref> ** Ibn Ashur using different analogy of the word, as he said in his work, al-Tahrir wa'l-Tanwir, the word of ''Zaban'' was derived from the kicking movement of a camel's leg.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Ibn Ashur |author1-link=Ibn Ashur |title=تفسير القرآن |trans-title=Al-Qur'an interpretation |year= |publisher=دار سحنون |page=451 |url=https://www.islamweb.net/ar/library/content/61/4601/ |access-date=3 August 2024 |language=Ar |chapter=31}}</ref> * Ibn Taymiyya quoted classical interpretations from Qatada, Ahmed ibn Muhammad, and others scholars about the interpretation of zabaniyah in his work, ''ar-Ra'd 'Ala al-Manthiq''. Those arguments were used Ibn Taymiyya to argue against the scholars of Kalam regarding Quranic tafseer about the nature of angels.<ref name="الرد على المنطقيين; Ibn Taymiyya" /> * Ibn Hisham asserted in his chronicle, that Zabaniyah linguistically means ''"helpers"'', which singular noun are ''Zibniyah''.<ref name="Sirah Nabawiyah-Ibnu Hisyam">{{cite book |author1=Ibn Hisham |editor1-last=Shalabī |editor1-first=Ibrāhīm Ibyārī |editor2-last=al-Saqqā |editor2-first=Muṣṭafā |title=Sirah Nabawiyah-Ibnu Hisyam |translator-last= Hikmatyar |translator-first= Ikhlas|date=2019 |publisher=Qisthi Press |page=143 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sBizDwAAQBAJ |access-date=5 November 2023 |language=Id}}</ref> * Ahmad Y. Hassan, one of founders of PERSIS, has interpreted in his exegesis work ''Tafsir al-Furqan'' that the Zabaniyah etymologically as "mighty soldiers of Allah".<ref name="Tafsir al-Furqan">{{cite book |last1=Hassan |first1=Ahmad |editor1-last=I.M |editor1-first=Thoyib |title=Al-Furqan: tafsir Qur'an |date=2010 |publisher=Indonesian national Library; Al-Azhar Indonesian university |isbn=978-602-95064-02 |url=https://opac.perpusnas.go.id/DetailOpac.aspx?id=155746 |access-date=13 February 2022 |language=id |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213001748/https://opac.perpusnas.go.id/DetailOpac.aspx?id=155746 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ahmad Hassan derived this interpretation from view of Al-Qurtubi's personal interpretation which translate Zabaniyah as a police.<ref name="Dahsyatnya Neraka Jahannam" />
=== Number === Regarding the numbers of Zabaniyah, The number nineteen is found both in Quran,<ref name="Tafsirweb Religious affair ministry al Muddathir 30" /> and Hadith Qudse.{{#tag:ref| the chain of transmission regarding Zabaniyah consisting numbers was found in Hadith narrated by Amir al-Sha'bi on the authority of Al-Bara' ibn Azib.<ref name="Tafsir Ibn Rajab; Zabaniyah">{{cite web |author1=Ibn Rajab |author1-link=Ibn Rajab |title=تفسير ابن رجب|trans-title=Interpretation of Ibn Rajab |url=https://www.islamweb.net/ar/library/content/220/303/ |publisher=دار العاصمة |access-date=17 March 2024 |pages=486, 509 |volume=2 |language=Ar |date=2001}}</ref> |group="Notes"}}<ref name="Tafsirweb Religious affair ministry al Muddathir 30" >{{cite web |author1=Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di |author2=professor Shalih bin Abdullah bin Humaid from Riyadh Tafsir center |author3=Imad Zuhair Hafidz from Markaz Ta'dhim Qur'an Medina |author1-link=Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di|author4-link=Wahbah al-Zuhayli |author4=Wahbah al-Zuhayli |author5=Muhammad Sulaiman Al-Asqar from Islamic University of Madinah|title=Surat al-Muddathir ayat 30 |date=2016 |url=https://tafsirweb.com/11566-surat-al-muddatstsir-ayat-30.html |website=Tafsirweb |publisher=Islamic University of Madinah; Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia); Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Dawah and Guidance |access-date=30 January 2022 |language=Indonesian, Arabic}}</ref> Another hadith which recorded by Sunan al-Tirmidhi and Aḥmad ibn Mūsá Ibn Mardawayh has reported that the number of nineteen also appeared when Muhammad being tested by group of that era contemporary Jewish Rabbi to prove if he is truly a prophet, by questioning how many guardians of hell there were, which Muhammad responded as nineteen.<ref name="Interpretation of Quran; al-Qurtubil; Zabaniyah angel" />
However, Islamic scholars all agreed that the number of nineteen here only meant for the archangels, or leaders of the angels of hell. al-Qurtubi has reported another classical exegesis addendum that their number is nineteen thousands.<ref name="Interpretation of Quran; al-Qurtubil; Zabaniyah angel">{{cite web |author1=Al-Qurtubi |author1-link=Al-Qurtubi |title=تفسير القرآن|trans-title=Interpretation of Quran|url=https://www.islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=3632&flag=1&bk_no=48&surano=74&ayano=31 |website=Islamweb |publisher=دار الفكر |access-date=18 March 2024 |page=74 |volume=19 |language=Ar}}</ref> Meanwhile, modern Saudi Grand mufti Abd al-Aziz Ibn Baz has mentioned number of 4,900,000,000 angels which keeping hell, where each 70,000 of them holding a bridle from 70,000 bridles which restraining Jahannam.<ref name="143rd Chapter: about fear; Abd al-Aziz Ibn Baz">{{cite web |author1=Abd al-Aziz Ibn Baz |author1-link=Abd al-Aziz Ibn Baz |title=143 باب الخوف |trans-title=143rd Chapter: about fear |url=https://binbaz.org.sa/audios/2410/143-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%81 |website=binbaz.org |publisher=Bin Baz foundation] |access-date=19 March 2024 |language=Ar |quote=إنَّ جهنم لها سبعون ألف زمامٍ، كل زمامٍ بيد سبعين ألف ملكٍ، يجرُّونها يوم القيامة}}</ref><ref name=":number" group="Hadith" />
The concilliatory explanation regarding conflicting exegesises about numbers according to al-Qurtubi, that the nineteen angels refers to the leaders of those angels, including Malik, While the insurmountable numbers was referring to the hell angels which were led by those nineteen Zabaniyah.<ref name="Interpretation of Quran; al-Qurtubil; Zabaniyah angel" /> While modern scholar Muhammad Sulaiman al-Ashqar, professor from Islamic University of Madinah, further explained it meant as nineteen types of punisher angels in hell, which the exegete scholars based its from the additional interpretation from the following verse, the 31st verse which stated "none know their numbers except Allah.".<ref name="Tafsirweb Religious affair ministry al Muddathir 30" />
=== Physical description === There are several features of Zabaniyah which describe their physical according various traditions and classical Quranic exegesis:
* '''Face'''. Several Hadith as recorded that Muhammad has met Malik, the leader of Zabaniyah, in one occasion and described that Maalik has sickeningly ugly face.{{#tag:ref|Ibn Hisham narrated in his book about this Hadith,<ref name="Misteri Alam Malaikat" /> Similar Hadith also recorded by Muhammad al-Bukhari.<ref group="Hadith">Sahih al-Bukhari on the authority of Samura ibn Jundab.</ref>{{sfnp|Mansur Abdul Hakim|2015|p=15–16}}|group="Notes"}} Ibn Hisham also recorded another Hadith, that the true face of Zabaniyah angels are so repulsive beyond comprehension, to the point that any living human could die by the shock of only looking at their face.{{#tag:ref| Ibn Hisham criticize this transmission has weakness in its chain.{{sfnp|Mansur Abdul Hakim|2015|p=15–16}}|group="Notes"}} Aside from those Isra' and Mi'raj tradition, Muhammad also noting the gruesome appearance of Malik in his dream, in another tradition recorded by Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, The face of Maalik is ''"very unpleasant"''.<ref group="Hadith">Fath al-Bari commentary by Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani.</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Wahid bin Abdullah Abu Al-Majd |website=Alukah|title=Among the benefits of hadith |date=2022 |url=https://www.alukah.net/sharia/0/158963/%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A9-7-%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A4%D9%8A%D8%A7/ |access-date=8 April 2024 |language=Ar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Ahmas Faiz bin Asifuddin |title=Derita Sesudah Mati |date=20 March 2021 |url=https://almanhaj.or.id/30181-derita-sesudah-mati-2.html#_ftn2 |access-date=8 April 2024 |language=Id}}</ref><ref name="Kawthar al-maʻānī al-darārī fī kashf khabāyā Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī; Muḥammad al-Khaḍir al-Jakanī Shinqīṭī">{{cite book |author1=Muḥammad al-Khaḍir al-Jakanī Shinqīṭī |title=Kawthar al-maʻānī al-darārī fī kashf khabāyā Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī |date=1988 |publisher=Dār al-Bashīr |page=169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ft7jAAAAMAAJ |access-date=8 April 2024 |language=Ar}}</ref> ** The eyes of Zabaniyah were like lightning and their mouths were like Spurs of chicken, while their hairs is so long to the point its dragged under their feet.<ref group="Hadith">''Al Haba'ik Fi Akhbar Al Mala'ik'', al-Suyuti; Hadith transmitted by Ibn al-Mundhir from Abu Bakr Ibn Mujāhid.</ref>{{sfnp|Mansur Abdul Hakim|2015|p=15–16}}<ref name="Misteri Alam Malaikat"/> This also noted by modern researcher Christian Lange from the classical exegesis works, that ''zabaniyah'' have "repulsive faces, eyes like flashing lightening, teeth white like cows horns, lips hanging down to their feet, and rotten breath".<ref name="Lange 2016 Introducing">{{cite book |last1=Lange |first1=Christian |chapter=Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies |pages=1–28 |doi=10.1163/9789004301368_002 |doi-access=free |jstor=10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.7 |jstor-access=free |title=Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions |date=2016 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-30136-8 }}</ref>{{#tag:ref|According to Al-Baghawi, this traditional descriptionary about the eyes, mouth, and hair of Zabaniyah were found in a hadith of the prophet with notable transmitter from Ibn Jurayj.<ref>{{cite web |title=[ سورة المدثر: 30]; Tafseer al-Baghawi|url=https://surahquran.com/aya_tafseer.php?sora=74&aya=30 |website=القرآن الكريم |access-date=18 July 2024 |language=Ar}}</ref><ref name="Tafsir al-Baghawi; Qurtubi quote- muddathir 30">{{cite book |author1=Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥusayn ibn Masʻūd ibn Muḥammad al-Farrā' al-Baghawī |title=تفسير القرطبي |trans-title=Tafseer al-Qurtubi |publisher=دار الفكر |year=2019|url=https://www.islamweb.net/ar/library/content/48/3632/ |access-date=14 November 2023 |language=ar |format=digital |chapter=19 |page=74 }}</ref>|group="Notes"}} *'''Size'''. The Zabaniyah, are the largest type of angel.<ref group="Quran">Tafsir al-Qurtubi commentary of Al-Alaq {{qref|96|18}}</ref><ref name="Tafsir al-Qurtubiالجامع لأحكام القرآن تفسير القرطبي جزء عاشر 17*24 Tafsir al Kortobi V10 2C; Zabaniyah">{{cite book |author1=Al-Qurtubi |author1-link=Al-Qurtubi |title=الجامع لأحكام القرآن تفسير القرطبي جزء عاشر 17*24 Tafsir al Kortobi V10 2C |date=2019 |publisher=Dar El Fikr for Printing publishing and distribution (S.A.L.) |page=89 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8OidDwAAQBAJ |access-date=17 March 2024 |language=Ar}}</ref> Al-Tabari also describing that the distance between Zabaniyah shoulders are 500 years.<ref name="Misteri Alam Malaikat"/> ** Abdullah ibn Ahmad also narrated that the size of Zabaniyah were described that the distance between each of their shoulders were as long as the distance of 100 years of travels.<ref name="Misteri Alam Malaikat">{{cite book |year=2021 |author=Imam Jalaluddin Abdurrahman As-Suyuthi |title=Misteri Alam Malaikat |publisher=Al-Kautsar |isbn=9789795929512 |pages=72–74 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDxQEAAAQBAJ |access-date=1 August 2023 |language=id |format=ebook |quote=53 dalam kitab 'Uyun Al-Akhbar melansir dari Thawus bahwa Allah menciptakan Malik, dan menciptakan untuknya jari-jari sejumlah penghuni neraka.}}</ref> While al-Baghawi records their shoulders are as wide as 1 year of journey.<ref name=":Muddathri 30; Baghawi " group="Quran" /> For the similar case, Ibn Rajab also brought a similar tradition.<ref group="Hadith">Hadith narration which traced from Tabi'un {{ill|Abu Imran al-Jawni|ar|أبو عمران الجوني}}. Ibn Rajab reported this narration contain weakness as there is transmitter named Ibn Lahi'ah, who was notable for the weakness in memorization. However, Ibn Rajab recorded according to his colleagues that this tradition is trustworthy since it is traced before the library of Ibn Lahi'ah burned in an accident; and it was only traditions from after his library being burned that Ibn Lahi'ah's tradition were considered untrustworthy.</ref><ref name="Dahsyatnya Neraka Jahannam" /> ** Al-Baladhuri comments on this narration, that the angels which protected Muhammad from Abu Jahl's aggression near Ka'ba were twelve ''zabaniyah'' as tall sky.<ref name="Encyclopedia">{{cite book |author1=Muhammad Al-Saeed bin Bassiouni Zaghloul |title=موسوعة أطراف الحديث النبوي الشريف 1-11 ج10|trans-title=Encyclopedia of the parties to the Prophet's Hadith 1-11 c 10 |date=2004|type=Religion / Islam / General |publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2t7DwAAQBAJ |access-date=27 February 2022 |language=ar |chapter=10}}</ref> ** {{ill|Abdullah ibn al-Harith|ar|عبد الله بن الحارث السعدي}} has narrated:<ref group="Hadith">Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal on the authority of {{ill|Abdullah ibn al-Harith|ar|عبد الله بن الحارث السعدي}}</ref><ref group="Hadith">Musannaf Ibn Abi Shaybah, Ibn Abi Shaybah; on the authority of {{ill|Abdullah ibn al-Harith|ar|عبد الله بن الحارث السعدي}}</ref><ref name="Dahsyatnya Neraka Jahannam" /> "The Zabaniyah angels have {{sic|placed}} their head in the sky and their feet on the lowest earth".<ref name="Hawmarani Hadith Encyclopedia">{{cite web |author1=Ikram Hawmaranai |title=Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal (d. 855 CE) - al-Jāmiʿ li-ʿulūm imām Aḥmad: al-Rijāl |website=The Hadiths transmitters encyclopedia |url=http://hadithtransmitters.hawramani.com/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84/ |access-date=14 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="الشيخ الصدوق المعمر ، مسند الوقت ، أبو عمر ، عبد الواحد بن البغدادي البزاز .">{{cite web |title=Islamweb |url=https://www.islamweb.net/ar/library/content/10/4977/ |website=Islamweb.net |access-date=14 November 2023 |year=1994 |author=Ibn Abi Shaybah |author-link=Ibn Abi Shaybah |language=ar |quote=الشيخ الصدوق المعمر ، مسند الوقت ، أبو عمر ، عبد الواحد بن [ ص: 222 ] محمد بن عبد الله بن محمد بن مهدي ، الفارسي الكازروني ثم البغدادي البزاز . سمع كثيرا من القاضي المحاملي ، وسمع من أبي العباس بن عقدة ، ومحمد بن أحمد بن يعقوب بن شيبة ، ومحمد بن مخلد العطار ، والحسين بن يحيى بن عياش ، وتفرد وبعد صيته . حدث عنه: أبو بكر الخطيب ووثقه ، وهبة الله بن الحسين البزاز ، ويوسف بن محمد المهرواني ، وأحمد بن علي بن أبي عثمان ، وأبو القاسم بن البسري ، وأبو الحسن الداودي ، وعبد الرحمن بن أبي بكر الطبري ، وأبو الغنائم محمد بن أبي عثمان ، وعاصم بن الحسن العاصمي ، وكبير المعتزلة أبو يوسف عبد السلام بن محمد القزويني المفسر ، ورزق الله بن عبد الوهاب التميمي ، والخطيب علي بن محمد بن محمد الأنباري ، وأبو عبد الله بن طلحة النعالي ، وآخرون . قال الخطيب كان ثقة أمينا ، مات في رجب سنة عشر وأربعمائة .}}</ref><ref name="Mushannaf Ibn Abi Shaybah">{{cite book |title=Mushannaf Ibn Abi Shaybah chapter 19/المصنف لابن أبي شيبة - 19 |publisher=Islamkotob |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wj1JCwAAQBAJ |access-date=14 November 2023}}</ref> Almost similar narration which also authored by Abdullah ibn al-Harith was quoted by medieval Hadith expert, {{ill|Ibn Abi Hatim|ar|ابن أبي حاتم|}}, which transmitted through an anonymous Atharist, although with slightly different textual: "The Zabaniyah angels have {{sic| their feets in the sky and their head on the lowest earth}}".<ref>{{cite book |author1=Ibn Rajab |author1-link=Ibn Rajab |editor1-last=Muhammad 'Ayun |editor1-first=Bashir |title=كتاب التخويف من النار والتعريف بحال دار البوار |trans-title=كتاب التخويف من النار والتعريف بحال دار البوارThe Book of Fear of Hell and Definition of the State of the House of Destruction |year=1988 |publisher=Dar al-Bayan |page=22 |url=https://shamela.ws/book/4033/210 |access-date=8 August 2024 |language=Ar |quote=الزبانية رؤوسهم في الأرض وأرجلهم في السماء، }}</ref><!--Editor notice: this is not mistake translation, it was indeed the second translation literally read the head in earth while the head in the sky -->{{#tag:ref|Commentary from {{ill|Mansoor 'Abd al-Hakim|ar|منصور عبد الحكيم}} said instead this tradition alternative interpretation of the Abdullah ibn Harith's tradition that "al-zabaniyat 'arjuluhum fi as Sama' wa ra'sihI fi al'ard" meant "The Zabaniyah angels are {{sic| the strongests (among angels) in the sky and leaders (of angels) in earth}}".{{sfnp|Mansur Abdul Hakim|2015|p=17}}|group="Notes"}} ** One of Zabaniyah has its chest as wide as one of the gate of Jahannam.{{#tag:ref|This narration was deemed low in authenticity due to the existence of Ibrahim ibn al-Hakam ibn Aban in the transmission chain, which Ibn Rajab consider as weak narrator.<ref group="Hadith">Hadith tradition from {{ill|'Ikrimah Mawlâ Ibn 'Abbâs|fr|'Ikrimah Mawlâ Ibn 'Abbâs}} recorded by Ibn Rajab.</ref> <ref name="al Muddathir 31 Ibn Rajab Tafseer:">{{cite book |author1=Ibn Rajab |author1-link=Ibn Rajab |title=تفسير القرآن |trans-title=Interpretation of the Koran |publisher=دار العاصمة |year=2001 |page=509 |url=http://kutub.free.fr/index.php?page=akhlaq_takhwif_024 |access-date=23 July 2024 |chapter=2: Tafseer al-Muddathir verse 31}}</ref>|group="Notes"}} * '''Tools'''. According to Ibn al-Jawzi, Zabaniyah angels carrying tools such as iron beater or ''Mirzabba''(مِرْزَبَّة) with two prongs,<ref name="Stephen Burge">{{cite book |author1=Stephen Burge |title=Angels in Islam Jalal Al-Din Al-Suyuti's Al-Haba'ik Fi Akhbar Al-mala'ik |date=December 22, 2015 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781136504747 |pages=277, 152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzVACwAAQBAJ |access-date=18 November 2023 |language=En |format=ebook}}{{ISBN|978-1-136-50474-7}}</ref> and whip made of fire.<ref name="Bustan al-Wa'izhin">{{cite book |author1=Ibn al-Jawzi |editor1-last=Faisal |editor1-first=Ahmad |title=Bustan al-Wa'izhin; Suluh penyucian Jiwa |date=2016 |publisher=Qisthi Press |isbn=9789791303422 |pages=104–105 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPZxDQAAQBAJ |access-date=12 November 2023 |language=Id |format=Paperback |quote=zabaniah dengan membawa pemukul besi dan cambuk api.}}</ref> The Zabaniyah angels used these tools to punish the sinners vigorously.<ref name="Stephen Burge" /><ref name="Bustan al-Wa'izhin" /> According to Hasan al-Basri, the Zabaniyah will drive the sinners into hell with "iron hooks".<ref name="Lange, Christian 2015. p. 75">{{cite book |author1=Christian Lange |title=Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions |date=2015 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-30136-8 |page=75 |url=https://brill.com/edcollbook-oa/title/31679?language=en |access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref> Other than that, they also carrying hot chains for torturing inmates.<ref name="Modern Tafsir al-Haqqa verse 32" /> * '''Strength'''. Ibn Abi Hatim has recorded a Hadith narration from Abdullah ibn al-Harith that the Zabaniyah are the most powerful among angels.{{sfnp|Mansur Abdul Hakim|2015|p=17}} ** The Zabaniyah angels also characterized being created by Allah to be able to perform any tasks commanded upon them to torture the inmates of hell.<ref name=":Tahrim Ibn Kathir" group="Quran">[https://quran.ksu.edu.sa/tafseer/katheer/sura66-aya6.html Tahrim 66:6; Tafsir Al-Qur’an Al-‘Azhim, Ibn Kathir 7:322; narrated from Ibn Abi Hatim recorded from his father, who transmit it from Salamah ibn al-Shabib, who transmit it form Ibrahim ibn Al-Hakam ibn Aban, who transmit it from his father, who hard the narration from Ikrimah]</ref><ref name="Tahrim 6 specific quotation of Ibn Kathir">{{cite web |author1=Muhammad Abduh Tuasikal |title=Khutbah Jumat: Malaikat yang Selalu Patuh |trans-title=Friday Sermon: The Angels Who Always Obey |year=2020 |url=https://rumaysho.com/23213-khutbah-jumat-malaikat-yang-selalu-patuh.html#Sifat_malaikat_adalah_taat_kepada_Allah_dan_tidak_durhaka |website=rumaysho.com |access-date=20 August 2024 }}</ref><ref name=":Tahrim Sa'di" group="Quran">[https://quran.ksu.edu.sa/tafseer/saadi/sura66-aya6.html#saadi Tafsir as-Sa'di. Tahrim: 6]</ref><ref name="Tahrim 6; Ibn Kathir & Sa'di">{{cite web |author1=Hikmat ibn Bashir ibn Yasin |author2=Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di |author2-link=Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di|title=Fathul Karim Mukhtashar Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Adzhim Tafsir Tahrim 6|date=15 September 2018 |publisher=Islamic University of Madinah |language=id |url=https://tafsirweb.com/11010-surat-at-tahrim-ayat-6.html}} citations from:{{cite book |editor1-last=ibn Bashir ibn Yassin |editor1-first=Hikmat |title=فتح الكريم لمختصر تفسير القران العظيم للامام أبن كثير حكمت بن بشير بن ياسين حجم كبير |trans-title=Fath Al-Karim for a summary of the interpretation of the Great Qur’an by Imam Ibn Kathir |author1=Ibn Kathir |date=2016 |publisher=Dar Ibn Al-Jawzi |location=Dammam, Saudi Arabia |url=https://safinatulnajat.com/shop/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85-%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85/ |access-date=20 August 2024 |language=Ar}}</ref> Ibn Kathir has explained that Allah has granted Zabaniyah the abilities to manage a torture for sinners which no one can emulate; and gripping strength that so severe, which no creatures could match.<ref group="Quran">[https://quran.ksu.edu.sa/tafseer/katheer/sura89-aya25.html#katheer Al-Fajr 89:25]</ref><ref group="Quran">[http://quran.ksu.edu.sa/tafseer/katheer/sura89-aya26.html Al-Fajr 89:26 =أي وليس أحد أشد قبضا ووثقا من الزبانية ]</ref><ref name="Quran Fajr 25-26">{{cite web |author1=bin Bashir bin Yassin |title=Fathul Karim Mukhtashar Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Adzhim Tafsir al-Fajr 26|date=18 March 2019 |publisher= Islamic University of Madinah |language=id |url=https://tafsirweb.com/37323-surat-al-muddatstsir-lengkap.html}} citation from: {{cite book |editor1-last=bin Bashir bin Yassin |editor1-first=Hikmat |author1=Ibn Kathir |author1-link=Ibn Kathir |title=فتح الكريم لمختصر تفسير القران العظيم للامام أبن كثير حكمت بن بشير بن ياسين حجم كبير |trans-title=Fath Al-Karim for a summary of the interpretation of the Great Qur’an by Imam Ibn Kathir Hikmat bin Bashir bin Yassin |date=2016 |publisher=Dar Ibn Al-Jawzi |location=Dammam, Saudi Arabia |url=https://safinatulnajat.com/shop/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85-%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85/ |access-date=20 August 2024 |language=Ar}}</ref> ** Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi gave his commentary about the Asbab al-Nuzul (revelation) of Quran chapter Al-Muddaththir of 30th verse, that even if entire mankind joined forces, they would not be able to defeat a single Zabaniyah angel.<ref>{{cite web |title=[ سورة المدثر: 30]; Tafseer al-Qurtubi|url=https://surahquran.com/aya-tafsir-30-74.html |website=القرآن الكريم |access-date=17 July 2024 |language=Ar}}</ref> ** The Zabaniyah's strength allow them to shove seventy thousand people towards hell in one sweep.<ref name=":Muddathri 30; Baghawi " group="Quran">[https://quran.ksu.edu.sa/index.php?l=id#aya=74_30&m=hafs&qaree=husary&trans=id_indonesian Tafsir al-Baghawi al-Muddathir 74:30]</ref><ref name="Tafsir al-Baghawi- at Tahrim 66:6">{{cite book |author1=Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥusayn ibn Masʻūd ibn Muḥammad al-Farrā' al-Baghawī |title=Tafsir al-Baghawi |date=1983 |publisher=Dar Taiba |page=170 |url=https://www.islamweb.net/ar/library/content/51/1931/ |access-date=14 November 2023 |language=ar |format=digital |chapter=8 |quote=قوله - عز وجل - ( ياأيها الذين آمنوا قوا أنفسكم ) قال عطاء عن ابن عباس: أي بالانتهاء عما نهاكم الله تعالى عنه والعمل بطاعته ( وأهليكم نارا ) يعني: مروهم بالخير وانهوهم عن الشر وعلموهم وأدبوهم تقوهم بذلك نارا ( وقودها الناس والحجارة عليها ملائكة ) يعني خزنة النار ( غلاظ ) فظاظ على أهل النار ( شداد ) أقوياء يدفع الواحد منهم بالدفعة الواحدة سبعين ألفا في النار وهم الزبانية ، لم يخلق الله فيهم الرحمة ( لا يعصون الله ما أمرهم ويفعلون ما يؤمرون ياأيها الذين كفروا لا تعتذروا اليوم إنما تجزون ما كنتم تعملون ( ياأيها الذين آمنوا توبوا إلى الله توبة نصوحا ) قرأ الحسن وأبو بكر عن عاصم: " نصوحا " بضم النون ، وقرأ العامة بفتحها أي: توبة ذات نصح تنصح صاحبها بترك العود إلى ما تاب منه .}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|identical commentary from Muhammadiyah university highlighting here the words from At-Tahrim verse 6 which describe the Zabaniyah, where ''Ghilaadhun'' (severe) were meant to be one of their characteristics of those angels does not have compassion and cruel towards those they tortured.<ref name=dw>{{cite journal |author1=Doli Witro |title=Islamic Religious Education in the Family to Strengthen National Resilience of Surah At-Tahrim Verse 6 Perspective |date=2019 |journal=Al-Muaddib: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial Dan Keislaman |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=309 |url=http://jurnal.um-tapsel.ac.id/index.php/al-muaddib/article/view/1190 |access-date=2 September 2023 |language=en |issn=2549-0427}}</ref> Meanwhile, another characteristic in these verse, ''Shiddad'' (mighty or solid) meant as those angels possessed strengths that so great to the point they cannot be defeated by anyone.<ref name=dw/> Tabari also stated narration from Ka'b al-Ahbar that each of Zabaniyah angels armed with two-handled staff which could beat 700,000 peoples in each of its single swing.<ref name="Misteri Alam Malaikat" /> Similar report on the authority from Ka'b al-Ahbar also came from Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani.<ref name="Tafsir Ibn Rajab; Zabaniyah" /> |group="Notes"}} ** After the judgment day, One of Zabaniah were described as being able to drag entire sinners who are judged to enter hell while carrying a mountain on his shoulder, which he will use to crush the sinners with the said mountain, after all of them entered hell.<ref name="Misteri Alam Malaikat" /> ** Al-Qurtubi has quoted Tafsir al-Tha'labi,<ref>{{cite web |author1=al-Qurtubi |title=Tafsir al-Qurtubi. al-Mudathir verse 30 |url=https://quran.ksu.edu.sa/tafseer/qortobi/sura74-aya30.html |access-date=11 August 2024 |language=Ar}}</ref> that Zabaniyah has similar metaphysical capability with the Angel of death, who could take souls of many creatures at once singlehandedly, whereas the Zabaniyah angels could torture sinners at the same time no matter how many sinners existed.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi |author1-link=Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi |title=Tafsir al-Tha'labi |year=2004 |publisher=دار الكتب العلمية |location=Beirut |page=180 |url=https://www.islamweb.net/ar/library/content/132/5128/ |access-date=3 August 2024 |language=Ar |chapter=30}}</ref> ** During the Judgment day, the Zabaniyah angels will lift and dragging out Jahannam from its place to the surface of plain, where all sinners await their judgments.<ref name="143rd Chapter: about fear; Abd al-Aziz Ibn Baz" /> ** After the Judgment day, the inmates of hell will be in blind and deaf condition. However, the Zabaniyah angels possessed ability where those deaf inmates can somehow heard the voices of Zabaniyah who tortured them.<ref name="Anbiya 100 Qurtubi" group="Quran">[https://quran.ksu.edu.sa/tafseer/saadi/sura21-aya100.html Tafsir Al-Qurtubi” (11/ 345) Al-Anbiya 21:100]</ref><ref name="Anbiya 100; Muhammad al-Munajjid">{{cite book |author1=Muhammad Al-Munajjid |author1-link=Muhammad Al-Munajjid |title=الجمع بين الآيات التي فيها نفي سماع أهل النار فيها وبين آيات الحوار معهم المقتضية لسماعهم |trans-title=Combining the verses that deny the people of Hell hearing it with the verses of dialogue with them that require them to hear it|year=2022 |publisher=islamqa.info |url=https://islamqa.info/ar/answers/372743/ |access-date=20 August 2024 |language=Ar}}</ref> * '''Fingers'''. According to Tawus ibn Kaysan interpretation, the Zabaniyah angels possessed fingers which number equal to the number of the sinners that will be thrown into hell after the judgment day.<ref name="Suyuti fingers">{{cite book |author1=Al-Suyuti |author1-link=Al-Suyuti |editor1-last=Muhammad as Said Basyuni |translator=Mishabul Munir |editor1-first=Abu Hajir |editor2-last=Yasir |editor2-first=Muhammad |title=Misteri Alam Malaikat |date=2021 |type= Religion / Islam / General |publisher=Pustaka al-Kautsar |pages=29–33, 72, 172 |isbn=9789795929512 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDxQEAAAQBAJ |access-date=6 February 2022 |language=id}} Reference from: {{cite book |author1=Abu Muhammad Abdullah bin Muslim ibn Qutayba al-Dinawari |author1-link=Ibn Qutaybah |title=Uyun al-Akhbar |date=1994 |publisher=Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah |access-date=26 August 2024 |url=https://shamela.ws/book/23790 |language=Ar}}</ref> ** Ibn Qutaybah also further added that the fingers of the leader of Zabaniyah, Maalik, is so hot to the point that if one his finger touched the sky; that finger will cause the sky to melt.<ref name="Suyuti fingers" /> ** Diya al-Din al-Maqdisi narrated a Hadith transmitted by Anas ibn Malik in his book, ''Shifah an-Nar''; that Zabaniyah were created 1,000 year before hell created, while simultaneously their physical strength growing everyday,<ref name="Misteri Alam Malaikat"/> to the point that the strength of each of Zabaniyah fingers could squeeze a human from each of their crowns to their ankles.{{#tag:ref|This narration also transmitted from Hasan al-Basri, to his son, Yazid, until ended on Diya al-Din al-Maqdisi.<ref name=ik/>|group="Notes"}} * '''Wings'''. Scholars noted several traditions that Zabaniyah possessed wings, as according to the ''hadiths'' of Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj, the Zabaniyah were appeared before Abu Jahl, as Muhammad prayed in the Kaaba, one of the Zabaniyah scared Abu Jahl when he tried to trample on Muhammad's neck with his foot.<ref>{{cite book |author1=al-Baghawi |author1-link=al-Baghawi |title=الأنوار في شمائل النبي المختار |trans-title=Lights in the merits of the chosen Prophet (PBUH) |date=2005|type=Hadith, Religion / Islam / General |publisher=دار الكتب العلمية، منشورات محمد علي البيضون، |isbn=9782745147349 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjFxDwAAQBAJ |page=[https://sunnah.com/muslim:2797 19]|access-date=9 February 2022 |language=ar |quote= Yes. He said: By Lat and `Uzza. If I were to see him do that, I would trample his neck, or I would smear his face with dust. He came to Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) as he was engaged in prayer and thought of trampling his neck (and the people say) that he came near him but turned upon his heels and tried to repulse something with his hands. It was said to him: What is the matter with you? He said: There is between me and him a ditch of fire and terror and wings. Thereupon Allah's Messenger (may peace he upon him) said: If he were to come near me the angels would have torn him to pieces. Then Allah, the Exalted and Glorious, revealed this verse- (the narrator) said: We do not know whether it is the hadith transmitted by Abu Huraira or something conveyed to him from another source: "Nay, man is surely inordinate, because he looks upon himself as self-sufficient. Surely to thy Lord is the return. Hast thou seen him who forbids a servant when he prays? Seest thou if he is on the right way, or enjoins observance of piety? Seest thou if he [Abu Jahl] denies and turns away? Knowest he not that Allah sees? Nay, if he desists not, We will seize him by the forelock-a lying, sinful forelock. Then let him summon his council. We will summon the guards of the Hell. Nay! Obey not thou him" (lcvi, 6-19). (Rather prostrate thyself.) Ubaidullah made this addition: It was after this that (prostration) was enjoined upon and Ibn Abd al-Ala made this addition that by "Nadiyah" he meant his people.}}</ref><ref group="Hadith">Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah (Ibn Hisham) quotation of Sahih Bukhari: on the authority of ibn Abbas</ref><ref name="Ar-Ruud al-Unf">{{cite book |author1=Abd al-Rahman ibn Abdullah ibn Ahmad ibn Abi al-Hasan al-Khathami al-Suhaili |editor1-last=bin Mansour bin Sayed Al-Shura |editor1-first=Majdi |title=الروض الأنف في شرح السيرة النبوية لابن هشام |trans-title=Ar-Ruud al-Unf in Explanation of the Biography of the Prophet by Ibn Hisham - Volume |date=1967 |type=Islam -- History, Islamic Empire -- History -- 622-661 |publisher=يطلب من دار الكتب الحديثة (Yathlib min Dar al Kitab wa al Hadith) |page=155 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwh7DwAAQBAJ |access-date=27 February 2022 |language=ar}}</ref> Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani explores this event in greater detail, stating that Abu Jahl was asked about his retreat whereupon he answered that he suddenly saw winged terrifying monster in a trench filled with flames, between him and Muhammad. This accident were believed by Muslims to be the Asbab al-Nuzul (revelation) of Qur'an chapter al-Alaq {{qref|96|18}}.<ref group="Hadith">Fath al-Bari; explanation of the Hadith in correspond of al-Alaq revelation</ref><ref name="Explanatory">{{cite book |author1=Abd al-Majid al-Sheikh Abd al-Bari |title=الروايات التفسيرية في فتح الباري |trans-title=Explanatory narratives of Fath al-Bari |date=2006 |type=Hadith study, Islam |page=81 |url=https://al-maktaba.org/book/7447/1365 |access-date=27 February 2022 |language=ar |format=ebook |chapter=3}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|In another tradition which discussed similar case, Al-Qurtubi has mentioned that Abu Jahl witnessed Zabaniyah in a form of a horsemen or mounted knight, instead of monstrous creature.<ref>{{cite web |title=التفسير Tafsir (explication) القرطبي - Al-Qortoby سَنَدْعُ الزَّبَانِيَةَ (18); Tafseer al-Qurtubi|url=https://quran.ksu.edu.sa/tafseer/qortobi/sura96-aya18.html |website=quran.ksu.edu.sa |publisher=Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |access-date=16 July 2024 |language=Ar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=تفسير : سندع الزبانية [ العلق: 18]; Tafseer al-Qurtubi|url=https://surahquran.com/aya_tafseer.php?sora=96&aya=18#jlalin |website=القرآن الكريم |access-date=16 July 2024 |language=Ar}}</ref>|group="Notes"}}
=== Tasks === Modern orientalist and Islamic expert Frederick S. Colby also recorded the description from traditional exegesis that God have made hardness into each of Zabaniyah angel's heart, for they may have no mercy towards the inmates.<ref name="Narrating Muḥammad's Night Journey: Tracing the Development of the Ibn ʿAbbās Ascension Discourse">{{cite book |author1=Frederick S. Colby |title=Narrating Muḥammad's Night Journey: Tracing the Development of the Ibn ʿAbbās Ascension Discourse |date=2007 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791477885 |page=207 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sasZCjcTisIC |access-date=24 October 2023 |language=En}}</ref>
==== Torturing sinners in afterlife ==== Muhammad al-Bukhari, in his commentary of his collection of Hadiths regarding afterlife (Barzakh), added that the Zabaniyah will also inflict punishments towards peoples who commit Riba or usury by pelting their mouth with rocks while forcing them to swim in river of blood.<ref name="Jawahir">{{cite book |author1=Muhammad Musthafa Imarah |editor1-last=Gasim Anuz |editor1-first=Fariq |title=Jawahir Al-Bukhari 800 Hadits Pilihan dan Penjelasannya |orig-year=1994 |year=2002 |publisher=Dar al Fikr; Pustaka Al-Kautsar |location=East Jakarta |pages=358–359 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pkPgDwAAQBAJ |access-date=7 October 2023 |language=Id |format=ebook}}</ref> This hadith described the situation of peoples who commit usury in Barzakh, or a realm of afterlife, before the judgment day. Adam ibn Abd al-aziz describes the ''zabaniya'' as angels of death who, according to the Quran (4:97, 32:11), conduct the souls of sinners and question them in the grave.<ref>Lange, Christian. Locating hell in Islamic traditions. Brill, 2015. p. 74</ref> Similar to the angelic pairs Nāzi'āt and Nāshiṭāt and Munkar and Nakir, they are assisting Azrael and seize the souls of the injust.<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Zaki |first1=Mona M. |title=Jahannam in Medieval Islamic Thought |date=2015 |url=https://dataspace.princeton.edu/handle/88435/dsp01d504rn72j }}</ref> Ghazali states, they appear as black shadows to the dying person, pull their souls out of their bodies, and drag them to hell.<ref name="Lange 2016 Revisiting"/>
A detailed narration from Al-Qurtubi has recorded that after the Angel of death has separated the soul of sinner from his body, a Zabaniyah named Daqa'il will restrain the soul with a giant wrap which made from rough hairs and parading the soul to the sky, before throwing the soul towards another Zabaniyah angels, who responded by taking the soul into the ''Sijjin'' (سِجِّين), a rock-shaped prison of the sinners below the Barzakh.<ref name="Arabic Tadhkirah; Zabaniyah" /><ref name="Tadhkirah Indonesia; Zabaniyah" />
==== Torturing sinners during judgment day ====
Ka'b al-Ahbar has narrated a long and detailed tradition of Non-canonical regarding the Zabaniyah role during the judgment day, where they were tasked to gather and suppress all the sinners, both Muslims and non-Muslims.<ref name="The enormity of Doomsday Complete reference to the Day of Judgment and its signs based on the Qur'an and Sunnah;">{{cite book |author1=Ibn Kathir |author1-link=Ibn Kathir |translator=Ali Nurdin |editor1-last=Hikmatiar |editor1-first=Ikhlas |title=Dahsyatnya Hari Kiamat Rujukan Lengkap Hari Kiamat dan Tanda-Tandanya Berdasarkan Al-Qur'an dan As-Sunnah|trans-title=The enormity of Doomsday Complete reference to the Day of Judgment and its signs based on the Qur'an and Sunnah |date=2016 |publisher=Qisthi Press; National Library of Indonesia |isbn=978-979-1303-85-9 |pages=464–466 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MwdyDQAAQBAJ |access-date=18 March 2024 |language=Id}}</ref> Furthermore, ibn Kathir, adding commentaries from narration of hadith transmitted from Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud, that whoever wants to be saved from the torture after judgment day should recite the basmala frequently during their life, as it consists of 19 letters in accordance of the number of Zabaniyah.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Ash-Shafuri |title=Nasihat Langit Penenteram Jiwa_Buku 1: Memurnikan Akidah Dan |date=18 February 2021 |publisher=ebook |isbn=9786237163176 |page=103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9a0eEAAAQBAJ |language=id |format=ebook |quote=... Barangsiapa yang ingin diselamatkan dari Zabaniyah yang berjumlah 19 itu, bacalah bismillahirrahmanirrahim, niscaya Allah akan ...}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|This correspondent was mentioned by al-Rutbi in al-Jami’ li Ahkam al-Qur’an (1/92) and Ibn Katheer in his “Tafsir” (1/18) which authored by Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud. The narration considered weak by Al-Dhahabi as he quoted the weakness of Sulaiman al-Aʽmash biography of Mizan al-I’tidal. But Al-Suyuti attributed it in “Al-Durr Al-Manthoor” (1/26) to Waki’, and Imam Waki’ bin Al-Jarrah has a famous interpretation.(See: “The National Assembly” by Al-Hafiz Ibn Hajar (p. 113), which he deems the chain of narrators is authentic.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Muhammad Salih Al-Munajjid |title=Hadith on the virtue of Basmala and that it saves from the nineteen Zabaniyah |url=https://islamqa.info/ar/answers/107048/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1 |website=islamqa.info |publisher=Muhammad Al-Munajid |access-date=1 September 2023}})</ref>|group="Notes"}}
Classical scholars such as Muqatil ibn Sulayman and al-Mawardi interpreting surah An-Naba 78:21 mentioned those angels who guard hell dwell in hell and actively monitoring the infidels until their descent into Hell,<ref name="Tafsir Al-Qurtubi an Naba 21">{{cite book |author1=Shams Al-Din Muhammad bin Ahmed Al-Ansari Al-Qurtubi |title=Tafsir Al-Qurtubi |publisher=Islamweb |page=154 |url=https://www.islamweb.net/ar/library/content/48/3668/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A5%D9%86-%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%86%D9%85-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7 |access-date=19 November 2023 |language=Ar |chapter=19}}</ref> while Muhammad Sulaiman al-Ashqar from Islamic University of Madinah also highlights these roles in the same verse.<ref name="Modern Tafsir an-Naba verse 21">{{cite web |author1=Muhammad Sulaiman Al Ashqar |author2=Wahbah al-Zuhayli |author3=Imad Zuhair Hafidh |author4=Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di|author5=Umar al-Muqbil |author-link4=Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di|author-link2=Wahbah al-Zuhayli |author6=Hikmat ibn Bashir ibn Yasin al-Musuli |title= ''Tafsir Al-Mukhtashar / Markaz Tafsir Riyadh; Tafsir Al-Muyassar Ministry of Saudi Arabia; Zubdatut Tafsir Min Fathil Qadir Islamic University of Medina; Tafsir Al-Wajiz by Wahbah al-Zuhaily; Tafsir Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah; Li Yaddabbaru Ayatih (Qassim University exegesis by Umar al-Muqbil); Tafsir as-Sa'di by Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di; concise Tafseer by Indonesian Ministry of religious affair'' |url=https://tafsirweb.com/11911-surat-an-naba-ayat-21.html |website=Tafsirweb |date=15 September 2018 |publisher=Qassim University; Islamic University of Madinah; Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia); Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Dawah and Guidance |access-date=14 November 2023}} Quran chapter An-Naba verse 21</ref> In specific, classical exegesises from Mujahid ibn Jabr, {{ill|Muhammad ibn Ka'b|ar|محمد بن كعب القرظي}}, Al-Dahhak ibn Muzahim, Ismail ibn Abd al-Rahman as-Suddi, and Sufyan al-Thawri; all of them have agreed that one of Zabaniyah duty after the judgment day is to push those who mocked Islam into hell.<ref group="Quran">At-Tur {{qref|52|17}}</ref><ref name="Tur verse 17">{{cite web |title=Surah at-Tur verse 13 |date=15 September 2018 |publisher=Islamic University of Madinah |language=id,ar |url=https://tafsirweb.com/10029-surat-at-tur-ayat-13.html }} excerpt from: {{cite book |author1=Hikmat ibn Bashir ibn Yasin |title=فتح الكريم لمختصر تفسيرالقرآن العظيم للامام ابن كثير |trans-title=The Generous Opening of the Summary of the Interpretation of the Great Qur’an by Imam Ibn Kathir |year=2016 |publisher=دار ابن الجوزي |url=https://www.jarir.com/sa-en/arabic-books-614908.html |access-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815160950/https://www.jarir.com/sa-en/arabic-books-614908.html |archive-date=15 August 2024 |language=Ar |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
Ibn Abi Hatim also described Zabaniyah are leading the army of angels.{{#tag:ref|Ibn Abi Hatim narrated this chain transmission of Hadith from Companions of the Prophet named 'Abd Allah ibn al-Harith.{{sfnp|Mansur Abdul Hakim|2015|p=15–16}}|group="Notes"}}
==== Torturing sinners in hell ====
Both modern,<ref name="Surat Al-Haqqah 30 Tafsir scholars of Saudi & Indonesia">{{cite web |author1=Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di |author1-link=Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di |author2=Marwan Hadidi bin Musa |author3=Muhammad bin Shalih al-Shawi |author4=Wahbah al-Zuhayli |title=Surat Al-Haqqah Ayat 30 |url=https://tafsirweb.com/11222-surat-al-haqqah-ayat-30.html |website=Tafsirweb |date=15 September 2018 |publisher=Islamic University of Madinah; Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia); Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Dawah and Guidance |access-date=15 March 2024}}</ref> and classical scholars has interpreted the verse of Al-Muddaththir 69:30 about how the group of Zabaniyah throwing the sinners into Jahannam.<ref name="مجموع رسائل ابن رجب الحنبلي - ج 4|trans-title=Collection of letters by Al-Hafiz Ibn Rajab Al-Janbali- volume 4; Zabaniyah">{{cite book |author1=Ibn Rajab |author-link=Ibn Rajab |editor1-first=Tal'ah |editor1-last=ibn Fuad Al-Halwani |title=مجموع رسائل ابن رجب الحنبلي - ج 4|trans-title=Collection of letters by Al-Hafiz Ibn Rajab Al-Janbali- volume 4 |date=2003 |page=330 |url=https://waqfeya.net/book.php?bid=1039 |access-date=15 March 2024 |language=Ar |quote=وخرج أيضاً بإسناده عن المنهال بن عمرو قَالَ: إذا قَالَ الله تعالى: {خُذُوهُ فَغلُّوهُ} [الحاقة: ٣٠] ابتدرهُ سبعونَ ألفَ ملك، [وإن الملكَ] (*) منهم ليقولُ هكذا -يعني: يفتحُ يديهِ- فيلقي سبعينَ ألفًا في النارِ. ... تعالى فليدع ناديه * سندع الزبانية ] قال الله تعالى : ﴿ فَلْيَدْعُ نَادِيهُ ... بن الحارث : الزبانية رؤوسهم في الأرض وأرجلهم في السماء ، خرجه ابن أبي حاتم . وخرج أيضاً باسناده ( ۲ ) عن المنهال بن عمرو قال : إذا قال الله تعالى : خُذُوهُ فَغُلُوهُ ﴾ [ الحاقة : ... Abdullah bin Al-Harith said: The Zabanis have their heads on the earth and their feet in the sky. Narrated by Ibn Abi Hatim. He also narrated with his chain of transmission on the authority of Al-Minhal bin Amr, who said: When God Almighty says: “Take him and strengthen him” [Al-Haqqah: 30] seventy thousand angels will rush to him, [and indeed the angel] (*) of them will say thus - meaning: he will open his hands - and he will throw seventy thousand into the Fire.}}</ref>
Hasan al-Basri has described that the task of Zabaniyah is driving sinners to enter hell.<ref name="Lange, Christian 2015. p. 75" /> Frederick S. Colby quoted some Isra' and Mi'raj traditions: the zabaniyyat landscape of the first layer of hell and the fiery seas within, as Malik explains to Muhammad that the zabaniyya were created by God inside hell so they have no desire to leave this place and feel comfortable in it.<ref name="Narrating Muḥammad's Night Journey: Tracing the Development of the Ibn ʿAbbās Ascension Discourse" /> Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di explained The Zabaniyah are standing tall above Saqar, a place in hell.<ref name="Tafsirweb Religious affair ministry al Muddathir 29">{{cite web |author1=Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di |author1-link=Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di |title=Surat al-Muddathir ayat 29 |date=2016 |url=https://tafsirweb.com/11565-surat-al-muddatstsir-ayat-29.html |website=Tafsirweb |publisher=Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia); Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Dawah and Guidance |access-date=30 January 2022 |language=Indonesian, Arabic}}</ref>
Ibn Kathir further described that each Zabaniyah restrained the sinners who were fated to be thrown to hell are shackling each sinner's arms to their neck before dragging them down.<ref name=ik/> Al-Qurtubi also adds that the zabaniyah perform their job by using both of their hands and feet in torturing sinners in hell.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Ammi Nur Baits |title=Siapa Malaikat Zabaniyah? |url=https://konsultasisyariah.com/25386-siapa-malaikat-zabaniyah.html |website=konsultasi syariah |publisher=Yufid |access-date=10 August 2023 |language=id |date=2015 |quote=Malaikat Zabaniyah dinamakan demikian, karena mereka mengerjakan tugas dengan kaki mereka, sebagaimana mereka mengerjakannya dengan tangan mereka.}}</ref> Ibn Kathir narrated in his ''Al-Bidaya wa l-Nihaya'', that the Zabaniyah will drag the face of those they torture.<ref name="Tafseer ibn Kathir">{{cite web |title=Tafseer ibn Kathir page 158 part 7 |url=https://www.islamweb.net/ar/library/content/49/1657/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%AA%D8%B1-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%89-%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86- |website=Islamweb.net |access-date=14 November 2023 |page=158 |language=ar}}</ref> In the more expanded details from Tafsir Ibn Kathir, it was explained the Zabaniyah will shackle the inmates, cursing them, pouring boiled water on top of their head, while at the same time force-feeding then with fruits of Zaqqum tree.<ref group="Quran">[https://quran.ksu.edu.sa/tafseer/katheer/sura44-aya47.html#katheer Ad-Dukhan 44:47], [https://quran.ksu.edu.sa/tafseer/katheer/sura44-aya48.html#katheer ad-Dukhan 44:48], [https://quran.ksu.edu.sa/tafseer/katheer/sura44-aya49.html ad-Dukhan 44:49], [https://quran.ksu.edu.sa/tafseer/katheer/sura44-aya50.html ad-Dukhan 44:50]</ref><ref name="Modern Tafsir ibn kathir Dukhan 43-50">{{cite web |author1=Hikmat ibn Bashir ibn Yasin |url=https://tafsirweb.com/11911-surat-an-naba-ayat-21.html |title=Fath al-Karim Mukhtashar Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Adhim of Ibn Kathir, ad Dukhan verse 43-50 |website=Tafsirweb |date=15 September 2018 |access-date=2 September 2024 }} Excerpt from: {{cite book |author1=Hikmat ibn Bashir ibn Yasin |editor1-last=Al-Huwaini |editor1-first=Abu Ishaq |editor2-last=ibn Fawaz ash-Shamail |editor2-first=Sa'd |title=تفسير القرآن العظيم |year=2023 |publisher=دار ابن الجوزي |url=https://alimdadalilmi.com/ar/mQxqlxK |access-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902073742/https://alimdadalilmi.com/ar/mQxqlxK |archive-date=2 September 2024 |language=Ar |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
In the interpretation of Quran chapter Al-Haqqa verse 32, both Ibn Kathir and Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di gave their explanation that the chains in the verse were meant to be the chains which used by Zabaniyah angels to shackle the inmates in hell. However, al-Sa'di further explained more vividly as the Zabaniyah also will shoving the hot chains to the inmates rectums until it emerged from their mouth; while modern scholars such as Muhammad ibn Shalih ash-Shawi, and {{ill|Muhammad Sulaiman Al-Ashqar|ar|محمد سليمان الأشقر}} has traced the exegesis about the torture by shoving of chains into the inmate's rectum was traced from exegesis by Sufyan al-Thawri.<ref name="Modern Tafsir al-Haqqa verse 32">{{cite web |author1=Muhammad Sulaiman Al Ashqar |author2=Wahbah al-Zuhayli |author3=Imad Zuhair Hafidh |author4=Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di|author5=Umar al-Muqbil |author7=Muhammad ibn Shalih ash-Shawi |author-link4=Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di|author-link2=Wahbah al-Zuhayli |author6=Hikmat ibn Bashir ibn Yasin al-Musuli |title= ''Tafsir Al-Mukhtashar / Markaz Tafsir Riyadh; Tafsir Al-Muyassar Ministry of Saudi Arabia; Zubdatut Tafsir Min Fathil Qadir Islamic University of Medina; Tafsir Al-Wajiz by Wahbah al-Zuhaily; Tafsir Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah; An-Nafahat Al-Makkiyah tafseer of Muhammad ibn Shalih ash-Shawi; Li Yaddabbaru Ayatih (Qassim University exegesis by Umar al-Muqbil); Tafsir as-Sa'di by Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di; concise Tafseer by Indonesian Ministry of religious affair'' |url=https://tafsirweb.com/11911-surat-an-naba-ayat-21.html |website=Tafsirweb |date=15 September 2018 |access-date=14 September 2023}} Quran chapter An-Naba verse 21</ref>
As for Muslim sinners which has committed huge sins and never repented during their life, The Zabaniyah tasked to shackle them more leniently than non-Muslim, and torture them until all of their sins has paid off with the punishments inflicted, thus release them from hell and sent them all to heaven.<ref name="The enormity of Doomsday Complete reference to the Day of Judgment and its signs based on the Qur'an and Sunnah;" /> Meanwhile, for the non-Muslim, Ka'b has described the Zabaniyah shackle and drag them more severely than Muslim sinners into hell while burning them as they walked in, then punish them for eternity.<ref name="The enormity of Doomsday Complete reference to the Day of Judgment and its signs based on the Qur'an and Sunnah;" /> Ibn Kathir claimed there are several canon Hadith that supported this narration from Ka'b.<ref group="Hadith">Israʼiliyyat tradition Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani->His father->Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Baghdadi->Ibrahim ibn Abdullah al-Junaid->Ubaydillah ibn Muhammad ibn Aisha->Muslim al-Khawash->Furat ibn Said->Zadhan->Ka'b al-Ahbar</ref><ref name="The enormity of Doomsday Complete reference to the Day of Judgment and its signs based on the Qur'an and Sunnah;" /> According to al-Qurtubi, The Zabaniyah angels will wrap the inmates of hell with a coffins which made from fire, then the said coffins will be wrapped in other coffins which nailed with a nail made of fire, so they will not hear anything, and none of those inmates can see that there is other peoples tortured nearby.<ref group="Quran">Tafsir Muhammad al-Amin al-Shinqiti al-Anbiya 21:100</ref><ref name="Anbiya 100 Ibn Kathir" group="Quran">Tafsir Ibn Kathir (5/377) al-Anbiya 21:100. quote: Ibn Abi Hatim transmitted the interpretation of Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud</ref><ref name="Anbiya 100 Qurtubi" group="Quran" /><ref name="Anbiya 100; Muhammad al-Munajjid" />
Sufism tradition narrates regarding the fate after death has narrates that an army of angels of punishment battled against the angels of mercy over the soul of a sinner.<ref name=Awn>{{cite book |last1=Awn |first1=Peter J. |chapter=Mythic Biography |pages=18–56 |doi=10.1163/9789004378636_003 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D4D3S2iwnUQC&pg=PA18 |title=Satan's Tragedy and Redemption: Iblīs in Sufi Psychology |date=1983 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-06906-0 }}</ref>{{rp|style=ama|p=56}} In some Turkish lore, it is believed that when both groups battle, their strikes cause thunder.<ref>Hans Wilhelm Haussig, Egidius Schmalzriedt Wörterbuch der Mythologie Klett-Cotta 1965 {{ISBN|978-3-129-09870-7}} page 314 (german)</ref>
Another task of Zabaniyah angels were found in the interpretation of medieval Sufi scholar, Ibn Barrajan (d. 1141) commentary on Sura At-Tur that Moses and Aaron are protected by ''zabaniyah''.<ref name=lg>{{cite journal |first=Louise |last=Gallorini |editor1-last=Orfali |editor1-first=Bilal |title=The Symbolic Function of Angels in the Qur'ān and Sufi Literature |journal=Students Publications (Theses, Dissertations, Projects) |date=2021 |type= |page=190 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10938/22446 |publisher=AUB ScholarWorks |hdl=10938/22446 |language=en |quote=Ibn Barrajān 2, 690.}}</ref>
== Cultural interpretation == Islamic art commonly pictures them as horrifying demons with flames leaping from their mouth.<ref>Sheila Blair, Jonathan M. Bloom ''The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800'' Yale University Press 1995 {{ISBN|978-0-300-06465-0}} page 62</ref> As part of Isma'ili eschatology, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi identified the ''zabaniya'' with the seven planets, who administer the ''upper barzakhs'', indicating that there is a kind of ''hell'' within the celestrial spheres. Accordingly, impure souls remain imprisoned within bodies, missing salvation in purely intellectual existence. The Houris appear as counterparts of the ''zabaniya'', who are, in contrast to the ''zabaniya'', items of knowledge from the beyond.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoover |first1=Jon |chapter=Withholding Judgment on Islamic Universalism |pages=208–237 |doi=10.1163/9789004301368_011 |doi-access=free |jstor=10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.16 |jstor-access=free |title=Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions |date=2016 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-30136-8 }}</ref>
Alternatively, it has been argued the term might have denoted a class of pre-Islamic demons.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tesei |first1=Tommaso |chapter=The barzakh and the Intermediate State of the Dead in the Quran |pages=29–55 |doi=10.1163/9789004301368_003 |doi-access=free |jstor=10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.8 |jstor-access=free |title=Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions |date=2016 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-30136-8 }}</ref> Al-Khansa mentions ''zabaniya'' as some sort of demon.<ref>Jones, Alan. "Early Arabic poetry: select poems." (No Title) (2011). p. 114</ref> Similar to the jinn, they would ride on animals (eagles).<ref name="Lange, Christian 2015. p. 80">Lange, Christian. Locating hell in Islamic traditions. Brill, 2015. p. 80</ref> Hubert Grimme raised the possibility that ''zabaniya'' originally referred to a class of Arabian demons.<ref>Lange, Christian. Locating hell in Islamic traditions. Brill, 2015. p. 79</ref> In favor of this theory is, that the poetress convert al-Khansa mentions ''zabaniya'' in one of her poems as supernatural creatures similar to ''Sa'aali'' (a type of jinn).<ref name="Lange, Christian 2015. p. 80"/> Further, al-Mubarrad associates ''zabaniya'' with demons. He states that ''afarit'' (a type of underworld demon) were sometimes called "ʿifriyya zibniyya".<ref name="Lange 2016 Revisiting"/> Another theory holds that this term may derive from Sumerian ''zi.ba.an.na'' ("The Scales") and Assyrian ''zibanitu'' (also referring to scales'')''.
However, Ibn Kathir has his commentary quoting Quran Al-Muddaththir,{{cite quran|74|30 | end=31 | translator=si| quote=Over it are nineteen [angels]. And We have not made the keepers of the Fire except angels. And We have not made their number except as a trial for those who disbelieve - that those who were given the Scripture will be convinced and those who have believed will increase in faith and those who were given the Scripture and the believers will not doubt and that those in whose hearts is hypocrisy and the disbelievers will say, "What does Allah intend by this as an example?" Thus does Allah leave astray whom He wills and guides whom He wills. And none knows the soldiers of your Lord except Him. And mention of the Fire is not but a reminder to humanity.}} that the guardians of hells are only from angel race, none other.<ref name=ik>{{cite book |author1=Ibn Kathir |editor1-last=Hikmatiar |editor1-first=Ikhlas |title=Dahsyatnya Hari Kiamat Rujukan Lengkap Hari Kiamat dan Tanda-Tandanya Berdasarkan Al-Qur'an dan As-Sunnah |date=November 2016 |publisher=Qisthi Press |page=445 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MwdyDQAAQBAJ |access-date=10 August 2023 |language=id |format=Paperback}}</ref> Christian Lange also argued, since none of the older codices of the Quran (''Mus'haf'') contain variants of this term, it is unlikely it has been changed over time.<ref>Lange, Christian. Locating hell in Islamic traditions. Brill, 2015. p. 77</ref> Although Lange also suggested the word ''Zabaniyah'' may have been derived from the syriac ''shabbāyā''. Ephrem used this term for angels who conduct the souls after death.<ref>Lange, C. (2016). Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions. Vereinigtes Königreich: Cambridge University Press.</ref>
As for the number nineteen, independent researcher Gürdal Aksoy suspects it refers to the sum of the seven planets and twelve signs of the zodiac,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Aksoy |first1=Gürdal |title=Mezopotamyalı Tanrı Nergal'den Zerdüşti Kutsiyetlere Münker ile Nekir'in Garip Maceraları (On the Astrological Background and the Cultural Origins of An Islamic Belief: The Strange Adventures of Munkar and Nakir from the Mesopotamian god Nergal to the Zoroastrian Divinities) (2017) |url=https://www.academia.edu/35372440 }}{{self-published inline|date=February 2022}}</ref> as found in Mandaen literature, which, while suggestive, is ultimately inconclusive.<ref name="Lange 2016 Revisiting"/><ref>{{Cite book |title=The gnostic world |editor=Trompf, G. W. |editor2=Mikkelsen, Gunner B. |editor3=Johnston, Jay |isbn=978-1-315-56160-8|location=Abingdon, Oxon |publisher=Routledge |oclc=1056109897}}</ref> Scholars such as Richard Bell has found the evidence adduced for this apparent association to lack direct correspondence.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Richard|first=Bell |title=A commentary on the Qur'ān|publisher=University of Manchester |editor=Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. |editor2=Richardson, M. E. J. |year=1991|isbn=0-9516124-1-7 |page=453|oclc=24725147}}</ref> In a similar vein, Angelika Neuwirth sees the Qur'an's reference to nineteen as an "ostentatiously enigmatic element",<ref>{{Cite book|last=Neuwirth|first=Angelika|title=Der Koran: Band 1: Frühmekkanische Suren: Poetische Prophetie: Handkommentar mit Übersetzung|year=2011|pages=369}}</ref> whereas Alan Jones suggests that "initially the meaning of 'nineteen' would have been vague."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jones|first=Alan |title=The Qurʼān|year=2007|isbn=978-1-909724-32-7|location=Cambridge|publisher=Gibb Memorial Trust|pages=545|oclc=878413496}}</ref>
=== Similarities with other religions === The idea of punishing angels appears in earlier Abrahamic literature. In the Hebrew Bible, God sents punishing angels to smite enemies (for example, Exodus 12:23).<ref>Lange, Christian. Locating hell in Islamic traditions. Brill, 2015. p. 93</ref> According to the ''Apocalypse of Paul'', an angel casts the sinners into hell. In hell, such angels inflict pain on the inmates with iron hooks.{{r|Lange 2016 Revisiting|p=63}}
The Book of Enoch mentions punishing angels called ''satans'' who act as God's executioners on both sinful humans and ''fallen angels''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Caldwell |first1=William |title=The Doctrine of Satan: II. Satan in Extra-Biblical Apocalyptical Literature |journal=The Biblical World |date=1913 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=98–102 |doi=10.1086/474708 |jstor=3142425 |s2cid=144698491 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The Apocalypse of Peter also mentions angels torturing the sinners in a place of punishment.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gregory |first1=Andrew F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yHQ_CgAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Apocrypha |last2=Tuckett |first2=Christopher Mark |last3=Nicklas |first3=Tobias |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-964411-7 |language=en}}</ref>
Like the Zabaniyah, who torture the inhabitants of hell according to divine decree, the Hell Wardens in Buddhism carry out punishment in accordance with karmic law.<ref name=":0">Budianto, A. (2011). A Visual Narration of Hells in Buddhism and Islam. ''Refleksi: Jurnal Kajian Agama dan Filsafat'', ''13''(1), 123-135.</ref> Yama, the judge who assignes people to hell and commands the tormentors, bears resemblances to Malik, the leader of the Zabaniyah.<ref name=":0" />
== See also == * Archon * Dumah (angel) * Destroying angel (Bible) * List of angels in theology * Kushiel * Maalik * Ox-Head and Horse-Face
== Appendix == === Footnote === {{Reflist|group="Notes"}}
=== Qur'an Primary sources === '''General topic quotes''': * Nature of Zabaniyah :At-Tahrim {{Cite quran|66|6|s=ns}}<ref name="Tafsir al-Baghawi- at Tahrim 66:6" /><ref name=":Tahrim Sa'di" group="Quran" /> * "Wardens of hell";<ref name="Ahmad Anshori" /> "Angels of hell"; "The keepers" :Al-Mulk {{Cite quran|67|8|s=ns}}<ref name="Surat Al-Mulk Ayat 8 Tafsir Muhammad Sulaiman Al Asyqar">{{cite web |author1=Muhammad Sulaiman Al Ashqar |title=Surat Al-Mulk Ayat 8; Zubdatut Tafsir Min Fathil Qadir |url=https://tafsirweb.com/11036-surat-al-mulk-ayat-8.html |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=Tafsirweb |date=15 September 2018 |publisher=Islamic University of Madinah; Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia); Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Dawah and Guidance |quote=Zubdatut Tafsir Min Fathil Qadir / Syaikh Dr. Muhammad Sulaiman Al Asyqar, mudarris tafsir Universitas Islam Madinah 8. تَكَادُ تَمَيَّزُ مِنَ الْغَيْظِ ۖ (hampir-hampir (neraka) itu terpecah-pecah lantaran marah) Yakni neraka hampir-hampir terpecah akibat besarnya kemarahannya terhadap orang-orang kafir. كُلَّمَآ أُلْقِىَ فِيهَا فَوْجٌ(Setiap kali dilemparkan ke dalamnya sekumpulan (orang-orang kafir)) Makna (الفوج) adalah sekelompok manusia. سَأَلَهُمْ خَزَنَتُهَآ(penjaga-penjaga (neraka itu) bertanya kepada mereka) Yakni para malaikat penjaga neraka bertanya untuk memperolok mereka. أَلَمْ يَأْتِكُمْ(Apakah belum pernah datang kepada kamu) Ketika di dunia.}}</ref> * Tools of Zabaniyah :Al-Haqqa {{Cite quran|69|32|s=ns}}<ref name="Modern Tafsir al-Haqqa verse 32" /> * "Nineteen Angels of Hell" :Al-Muddaththir 74:30<ref name="Tafsirweb Religious affair ministry al Muddathir 30" /> * Task of Zabaniyah :An-Naba {{Cite quran|78|21|s=ns}}<ref name="Tafsir Al-Qurtubi an Naba 21" /><ref name="Modern Tafsir an-Naba verse 21"/> al-Haqqa {{Cite quran|69|30|s=ns}}<ref name="Surat Al-Haqqah 30 Tafsir scholars of Saudi & Indonesia" /><ref name="مجموع رسائل ابن رجب الحنبلي - ج 4|trans-title=Collection of letters by Al-Hafiz Ibn Rajab Al-Janbali- volume 4; Zabaniyah" /> al-Anbiya {{Cite quran|21|100|s=ns}}<ref name="Anbiya 100 Qurtubi" group="Quran" /><ref name="Anbiya 100; Muhammad al-Munajjid" />at-Tur {{Cite quran|52|17}}<ref name="Tur verse 17" />al-Fajr {{Cite quran|89|25-26}}<ref name="Quran Fajr 25-26" /> * Description of Zabaniyah :Al-Alaq {{Cite quran|96|18|s=ns}}<ref name="Ahmad Anshori" /><ref name="Al-Durr Al-Manthur fi Tafsir; Suyuti">{{cite web |author1=al-Suyuti |title=الدر المنثور في التفسير بالمأثور |trans-title=Al-Durr Al-Manthur interpretation based on the hadiths |url=https://ar.wikisource.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82 |website=Arabic Wikisource |access-date=22 July 2024 |language=Ar}}</ref>
'''Specific verses Tafsir''': {{Reflist|35em|group=Quran}}
=== Hadith Primary sources === '''General narratives''':
* Hadith Qudse by Al-Bara' ibn Azib<ref name="Tafsir Ibn Rajab; Zabaniyah" /> * Hadith Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud * Sunan al-Tirmidhi<ref name="Interpretation of Quran; al-Qurtubil; Zabaniyah angel" /> * Sahih Muslim.<ref name=":number" group="Hadith">Sahih Muslim 2842 {{cite web |author1=Muhammad Al-Munajjid |author1-link=Muhammad Al-Munajjid |title=إن الله شديد العقاب|trans-title= Verily, God is severe in punishment |url=https://islamqa.info/ar/answers/43012/%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8 |publisher=IslamQA.info |access-date=19 March 2024 |location=Saudi |language=Ar |date=2003}}</ref> * Sahih al-Bukhari<ref name="Jawahir" /> * Tafsir Ibn Kathir<ref name="Tafseer ibn Kathir" /> * ''Al-Durr Al-Manthur''<ref name="Al-Durr Al-Manthur fi Tafsir; Suyuti" />
'''Specific narratives''': {{Reflist|35em|group=Hadith}}
=== Secondary sources === * {{cite book |author1=ʻUmar Sulaymān Ashqar |title=The World of the Noble Angels: In the Light of the Qurʼan and Sunnah |date=2005 |publisher=International Islamic Publishing House |isbn=9789960672755 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_szvzgEACAAJ |access-date=19 November 2023 |language=En}} * {{cite book |first1=Christian |last1=Lange |title=Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions |date=2016 |publisher=Brill |jstor=10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3 |isbn=978-90-04-30136-8 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3 |access-date=19 November 2023 |language=En}} * {{cite book |first1=Christian |last1=Lange |title=Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions |date=December 2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139014847 |hdl=1874/324216 |isbn=9781139014847 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139014847 |access-date=19 November 2023 |language=En}} * {{cite book |author1=Mansur Abdul Hakim |title=MALAIKAT MALIK A.S: PENJAGA NERAKA |trans-title=Maalik the angel PBUH: Guardian of hell |date=2015 |publisher=Karya Bestari |pages=9–10; 15–16 |isbn=9789678605250 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nA5wCgAAQBAJ |access-date=5 November 2023 |language=Malay}} Wikipage: {{ill|Mansoor 'Abd al-Hakim|ar|منصور عبد الحكيم}} * {{cite web |author=Shalih ibn Abdullah ibn Humaidi |author2=Wahbah al-Zuhayli |author3=Imad Zuhair Hafidh |author4=Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di|author5=Muhammad Sulaiman al-Ashqar|author-link4=Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di|author-link2=Wahbah al-Zuhayli |title=''Tafsir Al-Mukhtashar / Markaz Tafsir Riyadh; Tafsir Al-Muyassar Ministry of Saudi Arabia; Zubdatut Tafsir Min Fathil Qadir Islamic University of Medina; Tafsir Al-Wajiz by Wahbah al-Zuhaily; Tafsir Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah; Tafsir as-Sa'di by Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di; concise Tafseer by Indonesian Ministry of religious affair''|date=18 March 2019 |publisher= Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Dawah and Guidance; Islamic University of Madinah; Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)|language=id,ar |url=https://tafsirweb.com/37323-surat-al-muddatstsir-lengkap.html}} Explanation of Quran 74th chapter: al Muddathir * {{cite web |author=Shalih ibn Abdullah ibn Humaidi |author2=Wahbah al-Zuhayli |author3=Imad Zuhair Hafidh |author4=Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di|author5=Umar al-Muqbil |author-link4=Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di|author-link2=Wahbah al-Zuhayli |author6=Hikmat ibn Bashir ibn Yasin al-Musuli |title=''Tafsir Al-Mukhtashar / Markaz Tafsir Riyadh; Tafsir Al-Muyassar Ministry of Saudi Arabia; Zubdatut Tafsir Min Fathil Qadir Islamic University of Medina; Tafsir Al-Wajiz by Wahbah al-Zuhaily; Tafsir Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah; Li Yaddabbaru Ayatih (Qassim University exegesis by Umar al-Muqbil); Tafsir as-Sa'di by Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di; concise Tafseer by Indonesian Ministry of religious affair''|date=18 March 2019 |publisher= Qassim University; Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Dawah and Guidance; Islamic University of Madinah; Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)|language=id,ar |url=https://tafsirweb.com/37306-surat-at-tahrim-lengkap.html}} Explanation of Quran 66th chapter: at-Tahrim
=== References === {{Reflist}}
{{Characters and names in the Quran}} {{Angels in Abrahamic religions}}
Category:Angels in Islam Category:Angels of death Category:Classes of angels Category:Jahannam Category:Quranic words and phrases Category:Book of Enoch