{{Short description|Japanese finger amputation ritual}} {{one source|date=August 2018}} {{Italic title|reason=:Category:Japanese words and phrases}} [[File:Yubitsume-hand-nov-2015.jpg|thumb|Man's hand showing ''yubitsume'', with the upper two portions of the little finger having been removed]] {{Nihongo||指詰め|'''Yubitsume'''|extra='finger shortening'}} or ''otoshimae'' is a Japanese ritual to atone for offenses to another, a way to be punished or to show sincere apology and remorse to another, by means of amputating portions of one's own little finger. In modern times, it is primarily performed by the yakuza, a collection of Japanese criminal organizations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=jivresearch.org|url=https://www.jivresearch.org/jivr/index.php/jivr/article/view/489}}</ref>
== Origin == The ritual is thought to have originated with the bakuto, itinerant gamblers who were predecessors of the modern yakuza.<ref name="kaplan">Kaplan, D.; Dubro, A: ''Yakuza'', p. 14. University of California Press, 2003 {{ISBN?}}</ref> If a person was unable to pay off a gambling debt, yubitsume was sometimes considered an alternative form of repayment. Yubitsume was a form of credit and reputation score.<ref name="kaplan" />
Yubitsume is also a sign of surrender by the defeated in a yakuza war. The reason for this is that in Japanese swordsmanship (kendo and iaido), the sword cannot be held tightly, and the little finger's grip is the tightest on the hilt. A little-finger amputee was therefore unable to grip his sword properly, weakening him in battle and making him more dependent on the protection of his boss, and thus overall weakening the family's ability to fight in a war.<ref name="kaplan" /> As such, it can be seen as a sign of insurance of compliance with the terms of truce imposed upon the loser by the victor.
== Ritual details == To perform ''yubitsume'', one lays down a small clean cloth and lays the hand onto the cloth facing down. Using an extremely sharp knife, or tantō, the person cuts off the portion of his left little finger above the top knuckle on the finger or the tip of the finger. He then wraps the severed portion in the cloth and submits the "package" very graciously to his oyabun ("godfather" or boss), who is also referred to as a ''kumicho'' (patriarch/head of the family) – or to whomever this gesture of atonement is made, if it is not to his own boss.
If more offenses are committed, then the person moves on to the next joint of the finger to perform ''yubitsume''. More infractions could mean removing portions of the right little finger when no more joints of the left finger remain. In some cases, a person expelled from a ''yakuza'' gang might be required to perform the ''yubitsume'' ritual.
The finger of the yakuza directly responsible for an offense is called an ''shinu yubi'', "dead finger", while the finger of the yakuza that is directly in charge of him is called a ''iki yubi'', "living finger".<ref name=globalinit>{{cite web |last=Shaw |first=Mark |title=The last Yakuza |url=https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/the-last-yakuza-a-life-in-the-japanese-underworld-with-investigative-journalist-jake-adelstein/ |website=Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime |date=2 October 2024 |access-date=30 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250730123221/https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/the-last-yakuza-a-life-in-the-japanese-underworld-with-investigative-journalist-jake-adelstein/ |archive-date=30 July 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>
==References== {{reflist}}
Category:Yakuza Category:Organized crime terminology Category:Culture of Japan Category:Amputation