Xyston

{{short description|Ancient Greek polearm}} {{distinguish|Xystos}} The '''xyston''' ({{langx|grc|ξυστόν}} "spear, javelin; pointed or spiked stick, goad), was a type of a long thrusting spear in ancient Greece. It measured about {{convert|3.5|to|4.25|m|0|abbr=on}} long and was probably held by the cavalryman with both hands. It had a wooden shaft and a spear-point at both ends. Possible reasons for the secondary spear-tip were that it acted partly as a counterweight and also served as a backup in case the xyston was broken in action. The xyston is usually mentioned in context with the ''hetairoi'' ({{lang|grc|ἑταῖροι}}), the cavalry forces of ancient Macedon. After Alexander the Great's death, the ''hetairoi'' were named ''xystophoroi'' ({{lang|grc|ξυστοφόροι}}, "spear-bearers") because of their use of the xyston lance. In his Greek-written ''Bellum Judaicum'', the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus uses the term ''xyston'' to describe the Roman throwing javelin, the ''pilum''.

The xyston was wielded either underarm or overarm, presumably as a matter of personal preference. It was also known, especially later, as the kontos; meaning literally "barge-pole"; the name possibly originated as a slang term for the weapon.

It is made of cornel wood.{{sfn|Markle|1977|p=324}} The recorded density is 51.5 lbs per cubic foot (825 kg/m<sup>3</sup>), or 0.03 lb per cubic inch (0.83 g/cm<sup>3</sup>).{{sfn|Markle|1977|p=324}}

[[File:20140216Cornus mas Reilingen2.jpg|thumb|upright|''Cornus mas'' wood ]] ''Cornus mas'', also known as the Cornelian cherry, is common in the wood mountains that surround Macedonia, ranging from areas in the Balkans and into Syria; some specific locations are Mt. Olympus, Phthiotis, Aetolia, Arcadia, Laconis.{{sfn|Markle|1977|p=324}}

This cornel wood was used for the spear, because of its elasticity and hardness, making it very durable and a good material for spears, javelins, and bows.{{sfn|Markle|1977|p=324}} The cornel wood was effective compared to other woods, for uses such as these.{{sfn|Markle|1977|p=324}} The wood, despite being used for a spear that was so long, was able to withstand the weight of itself; it was tough enough to not need thickness to balance the weight of its length, while still maintaining its elasticity.{{sfn|Markle|1977|p=324}} <!-- ''Cornus mas'' became so valued and widely used that in the fourth and third centuries it was used in poetry to note the word spear.<ref name=":3" />

== Advantages ==

=== Phalanx === The ‘Foot Companions’, also known as the ''pezhetairos'', utilized the xyston, and its length provided Macedonians with the opportunity to strike first in a battle.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=1. Philip of Macedon|date=2019-12-31|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520954694-009|work=Alexander of Greece, 356–323 B.C.|pages=1–34|publisher=University of California Press|doi=10.1525/9780520954694-009|isbn=978-0-520-95469-4|s2cid=226763638 |access-date=2020-11-03}}</ref> Alexander The Great forged the ''pezhetairos'', who he had high influence over. He would go forth into battle armed only with his spear, the xyston, and they would too.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last1=M|first1=Dattatreya|last2=al|date=2017-11-30|title=The Ancient Macedonian Army: 10 Things You Should Know|url=https://www.realmofhistory.com/2017/11/30/10-facts-ancient-macedonian-army-alexander/|access-date=2020-11-03|website=Realm of History|language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:Macedonian phalanx.jpg|thumb|A sketch of a Macedonian phalanx exampling their armour and weaponry.|left]] In battle, the spear was advantageous. It was longer than a javelin, providing much more effective defense against the Persians.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Gaebel|first=Robert E.|title=Cavalry Operations In The Ancient Greek World|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|year=2002|pages=91–235}}</ref> The spear forestalled the opposition from moving beyond the point of the spear, preventing hand-to-hand combat early in a battle, which the Persians preferred.<ref name=":1" /> The Persians accustomed themselves more to javelins and used them as offensive throwing spears, rather than for defensive purposes.<ref name=":1" />

=== Cavalry === Macedonia possessed a skilled cavalry soldiers, known as the Hetairoi, who used the xyston spear as their main weapon.<ref name=":0" /> Swords were only used as last resort.<ref name=":0" /> The cavalry used their height advantage, sitting on top of the horse, to pierce the faces and upper bodies of enemy infantry with the xyston, rather than lower limbs and torso areas.<ref name=":1" /> Alexander the Great is shown on horseback, wielding the xyston spear in the Alexander mosaic.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chugg|first=Andrew|title=The Death of Alexander the Great: A Reconstruction of Cleitarchus|publisher=AMC Productions|year=2010|pages=14–24}}</ref>

== Limitations == When the opposition was able to insert themselves beyond the point of the spear, getting closer to the Macedonian soldiers, then opponents were able to overcome them. Close combat was not preferred for those using xyston spears.<ref name=":1" />

When the spear is shattered, it can leave the soldier open to attack and vulnerable. The wood has the potential to be an easy target if the user is overwhelmed by the enemy.<ref name=":1" />

The spear was a two-handed weapon.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Markle|first=Minor M.|date=1977|title=The Macedonian Sarissa, Spear, and Related Armor|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/503007|journal=American Journal of Archaeology|volume=81|issue=3|pages=323–339|doi=10.2307/503007|jstor=503007|s2cid=192966553 |issn=0002-9114}}</ref> It was held at the midpoint of the wooden shaft, instead of a typical lance, which was held just beyond that and this was due to the heavier weight of the spear.<ref name=":1" /> Holding it in the middle required the soldier to have more control of his hold. Macedonian soldiers, when on extra-combat missions, would not use the spear in close confrontations, they would use a javelin.<ref name=":3" /> The spear, being too long would prevent speed and would be a nuisance, in the case of any sudden fighting that took place.

The Cavalry could push the spare spike into the ground and use the ground to reinforce the spear as a means to injure the incoming opposition, but simple mathematics contradicts this statement.<ref name=":1" /> A rider would find it difficult to remain balanced with the proposed angle at which the spear needs to enter the ground to provide effective reinforcement.<ref name=":1" /> -->

== References == {{Reflist}}

==Bibliography== *{{Cite journal |last=Markle|first=Minor M. |author-link=Minor M. Markle III |date=1977|title=The Macedonian Sarissa, Spear, and Related Armor|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/503007|journal=American Journal of Archaeology|volume=81|issue=3|pages=323–339|doi=10.2307/503007|jstor=503007|s2cid=192966553 |issn=0002-9114|url-access=subscription}} * LSJ - [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2371864 ξυστόν] from verbal adjective [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dcusto%2Fs2 ξυστός], which is in turn derived from the verb [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2371881 ξύω] (shave, scrape).

Category:Ancient weapons Category:Polearms Category:Ancient Greek military terminology Category:Ancient Macedonian military equipment Category:Ancient Greek military equipment