{{short description|American psycholinguist (born 1931)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}} {{Use American English|date=June 2017}} {{Infobox academic | image = JeanBerkoGleason.jpg | image_upright = 0.8 | alt = | caption = Gleason in 2011 | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1931}} | birth_place = Cleveland, Ohio | birth_name = Jean Berko | citizenship = | nationality = | discipline = Linguist | sub_discipline = Psycholinguistics | workplaces = Boston University | alma_mater = {{Plainlist| * Radcliffe College (A.B., A.M.) * Harvard University (Ph.D.) }} | thesis_title = | thesis_url = | thesis_year = | doctoral_advisor = Roger Brown | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | known_for = Research in language acquisition, aphasia, and {{nobr|language attrition}}<br>{{nobr|Wug Test}} | influences = | influenced = | awards = | signature_alt = | website = {{URL|jeanberkogleason.com}} | footnotes = | spouse = {{marriage|Andrew M. Gleason|January 1959|October 8, 2008|reason=died}} }}
'''Jean Berko Gleason''' (born 1931) is an American psycholinguist and professor emerita in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Boston University{{refn|{{cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/psych/faculty/gleason/|title=Jean Berko Gleason, PhD Professor Emerita|access-date=January 28, 2013}} }} who has made fundamental contributions to the understanding of language acquisition in children, aphasia, gender differences in language development, and parent–child interactions.{{r|beginning}}
Gleason created the '''Wug Test''', in which a child is shown pictures with nonsense names and then prompted to complete statements about them, and used it to demonstrate that even young children possess implicit knowledge of linguistic morphology. Menn and Ratner have written that "Perhaps no innovation other than the invention of the tape recorder has had such an indelible effect on the field of child language research", the "wug" (one of the imaginary creatures Gleason drew in creating the Wug Test) being "so basic to what [psycholinguists] know and do that increasingly it appears in the popular literature without attribution to its origins."{{r|beginning}}
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==Biography==
[[File:GleasonAndrewMattei WithJean1958.jpg|upright=1.2|right|thumb|With Andrew Gleason, 1958]]
Jean Berko was born to Hungarian immigrant parents in Cleveland, Ohio.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jean Berko Gleason — Unfolding Language, Unfolding Life|url=https://onbeing.org/programs/jean-berko-gleason-unfolding-language-unfolding-life/|access-date=2021-03-08|website=The On Being Project|language=en-US}}</ref> As a child, she has said, "I was under the impression that whatever you said meant something in some language." Her older brother's cerebral palsy made it difficult for most people to understand his speech, but {{blockquote|I was the person who always understood what he said. So I felt some closeness with language as well as with my brother{{nbsp}}... I didn't start out to study psycholinguistics; I started out to study a million languages because I love them{{nbsp}}... Norwegian, French, Russian, bits and pieces of Arabic, German, [and] enough Spanish to get dinner.<ref>{{cite video|url=https://www.pbs.org/video/bbs-jean-berko-gleason-1577998068/ |title=PBS Newshour. Jean Berko Gleason's Brief But Spectacular Take on language |date=January 2, 2020}}</ref>}}
After graduating from Cleveland Heights High School in 1949, Berko Gleason (then yet Berko) earned a B.A. in history and literature from Radcliffe College, then an M.A. in linguistics, and a combined Ph.D. in linguistics and psychology, at Harvard; from 1958 to 1959 she was a postdoctoral fellow at MIT.{{refn| name=cv |{{citation |url=http://www.jeanberkogleason.com/documents/jeanberkogleasoncvweb.pdf |title=Jean Berko Gleason – Curriculum Vitae}} }} In graduate school she was advised by Roger Brown, a founder in the field of child language acquisition. In January 1959 she married Harvard mathematician Andrew Gleason; they had three daughters.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bolker |first=Ethan D. |title=Andrew M. Gleason (1921–2008) |url=https://www.ams.org/notices/200910/rtx091001236p.pdf?q=gleason |journal=Notices of the American Mathematical Society |date=2009 |volume=56 |issue=10 |page=1236}}</ref>
Most of Berko Gleason's professional career has been at Boston University, where she served as Psychology Department chair and director of the Graduate Program in Applied Linguistics; Lise Menn and Harold Goodglass were among her collaborators there.<ref>{{citation| url=https://www.bu.edu/psych/files/2014/12/jeanberkogleasoncv.pdf| title=Jean Berko Gleason Boston University CV|date=April 2019}}</ref>
She has been a visiting scholar at Harvard University, Stanford University, and at the Linguistics Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.{{r|ceiling}} Although officially retired and no longer teaching, she {{as of|2006|alt=continues}} to be involved in research.<ref name=Skarabela>{{cite journal|last1=Skarabela|first1=Barbora|title=An interview with Jean Berko Gleason|journal=IASCL – Child Language Bulletin|date=July 2006|volume=26|issue=1|url=http://www.iascl.org/bulletins/bulletinV26N1.html|access-date=July 4, 2014|archive-date=January 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103220530/http://www.iascl.org/bulletins/bulletinV26N1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Gleason is the author or co-author of some 125 papers on language development in children, language attrition, aphasia, and gender and cultural aspects of language acquisition and use;{{refn|{{cite web |url=http://jeanberkogleason.com/?page_id=19 |title=Jean Berko Gleason – Biographical Summary|date=2014-03-02}}}} and is editor/{{zwsp}}coeditor of two widely used textbooks, ''The Development of Language'' (first edition 1985, ninth edition 2016) and ''Psycholinguistics'' (1993).{{r|ceiling}} She is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and of the American Psychological Association, and was president of the International Association for the Study of Child Language from 1990 to 1993, and of the Gypsy Lore Society 1996 to 1999.<ref name=AboutTheAuthor>{{cite book|editor-last2=Ratner|editor-first1=Jean Berko|editor-last1=Gleason |editor-first2=Nan Bernstein|title=The development of language |date=2009 |publisher=Pearson |location=Boston |isbn=9780205593033 |edition=7th |url=http://www.pearson.ch/HigherEducation/Communication/Speech-LanguagePathology/1471/9780132985321/Development-of-Language.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2014}}</ref> She has also served on the editorial boards of numerous academic and professional journals and was associate editor of ''Language'' from 1997 to 1999.{{refn| name=cv}}
Gleason was profiled in ''Beyond the Glass Ceiling: Forty Women Whose Ideas Shape the Modern World'' (1996).{{refn|name=ceiling|{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=meDtAAAAMAAJ |title=Beyond the Glass Ceiling: Forty Women Whose Ideas Shape the Modern World |editor1=Sian Griffiths |editor2=Helena Kennedy |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-7190-4773-2}}}}{{r|ceiling}} A festschrift in her honor, ''Methods for Studying Language Production'', was published in 2000.{{r|beginning}} In 2016 she received an honorary Doctor of Science degree from Washington & Jefferson College for her work as "a pioneer in the field of psycholinguistics",{{refn|{{cite web|url=https://www.washjeff.edu/wj-honors-four-extraordinary-individuals-during-commencement-ceremony| title=WJ Honors Four Extraordinary Individuals During Commencement Ceremony|website=www.washjeff.edu|date=May 23, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2016}} }} and in 2017 the Roger Brown Award (recognizing "outstanding contribution to the international child language community"){{refn|{{cite web|url=http://www.iascl.net/roger-brown-award.html| title=International Association for the Study of Child Language. Roger Brown Award | access-date=September 2, 2017}} }} from the International Association for the Study of Child Language.{{refn|{{cite journal|journal=IASCL{{snd}}Child Language Bulletin |volume= 37 |number=11|date=August 2017|title=Report on IASCL 2017 |last=Kern |first=Sophie|url=http://www.iascl.net/media/pdfs/IASCL_child_language_bulletin_August_2017.pdf <!--http://www.iascl.net/bulletins/bulletinV37N1.html#2-->}} }}
From 2007 to 2023, she delivered the "Welcome, welcome" and "Goodbye, goodbye" speeches at the annual Ig Nobel Awards ceremonies.{{refn|{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2010/11/26/131608853/silly-science-honored-with-ig-nobel-prizes |title=Strange News: Silly Science Honored With Ig Nobel Prizes |date=November 26, 2010 |publisher=NPR}}}}
==Selected research==
==={{anchor|wugtest}}Children's learning of English morphology{{mdashb}}the Wug Test=== <!--Wug test redirects here please retarget redirect if this section is renamed --> thumb|right|upright=1.0|One of Gleason's hand-drawn panels from the original Wug Test{{NoteTag|The drawings used in the actual tests are colored,{{clarify|date=March 2024}}{{refn|{{cite book|last=Gleason|first=Jean Berko|title=The Wug Test|year=2019|publisher=Larchwood Press|isbn=978-1-73403-890-3}}}} though the example drawing in the paper reporting the research was printed in black and white.{{r|childs_learning|p=153-4}}}}
Gleason devised the Wug Test as part of her earliest research (1958), which used nonsense words to gauge children's acquisition of morphological rules{{mdashb}}for example, the "default" rule that most English plurals are formed by adding an {{IPA|/s/}}, {{IPA|/z/}}, or {{IPA|/ɪz/}} sound depending on the final consonant, e.g. {{nobr|''hat''{{ndash}}''hats''}}, {{nobr|''eye''{{ndash}}''eyes''}}, {{nobr|''witch''{{ndash}}''witches''}}.{{r|childs_learning}} A child is shown simple pictures of a fanciful creature or activity,{{refn|<!--<<BARE URL NEEDS FIXING-->1= [http://childes.psy.cmu.edu/topics/ Topics in Language Acquisition] }}<ref name=Balota>{{cite book|editor-last1=Balota|editor-first1=David A.|editor-last2=Marsh|editor-first2=Elizabeth J.|title=Cognitive psychology: key readings|date=2004|publisher=Psychology press|location=Hove; New York, N.Y.|isbn=978-1841690650|page=526|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0jjVEHoK20C&pg=PA526}}</ref> with a nonsense name, and prompted to complete a statement about it: :<!--/:/ instead of /quote/ for consistency with bullet-list later-->''This is a WUG. Now there is another one. There are two of them. There are two ________.''{{r|childs_learning}} Each "target" word was a made-up (but plausible-sounding) pseudoword, so that the child cannot have heard it before. A child who knows that the plural of ''witch'' is ''witches'' may have heard and memorized that pair, but a child responding that the plural of ''wug'' (which the child presumably has never heard) is ''wugs'' (/wʌgz/, using the /z/ allomorph since "wug" ends in a voiced consonant) has apparently inferred (perhaps unconsciously) the basic rule for forming plurals.{{r|childs_learning}}{{NoteTag |Very young children are baffled by the question, sometimes responding with ''two wug''. Preschoolers ages 4 to 5 test best in dealing with {{IPA|/z/}} after a voiced consonant, and generally say that there are two wugs, with a {{IPA|/z/}}; they do almost as well with the voiceless {{IPA|/s/}}. They do less well in dealing with {{IPA|/z/}} in other environments such as after nasals, rhotics, and vowels. Children in the first year of primary school were almost fully competent with both {{IPA|/s/}} and {{IPA|/z/}}. Both preschool and first-grade children dealt poorly with {{IPA|/ɪz/}}, giving the correct answer less than half the time, possibly because it occurs in the most restrictive context. Also, because the root of the test word often ended in {{IPA|/s/}} in these cases, the children may have assumed that the word was already in its plural form. Even though the children were all able to produce the real plural "glasses" they generally responded two "tass" rather than two "tasses" when shown more than one nonsense creature called a "tass".{{r|childs_learning}} }}
The Wug Test also includes questions involving verb conjugations, possessives, and other common derivational morphemes such as the agentive ''-er'' (e.g. "A man who 'zibs' is a ________?"), and requested explanations of common compound words e.g. "Why is a birthday called a birthday?"{{NoteTag| {{r|childs_learning}} Preschoolers tend to form compounds rather than agentives e.g. a man whose job it is to "zib" is a ''zibman'', and often explain compound words in terms of their cultural, rather than linguistic, features e.g. a birthday is called ''birthday'' because one receives presents.}} Other items included: *''This is a dog with QUIRKS on him. He is all covered in QUIRKS. What kind of a dog is he? He is a ________ dog.'' *''This is a man who knows how to SPOW. He is SPOWING. He did the same thing yesterday. What did he do yesterday? Yesterday he ________.'' (The expected answers were ''QUIRKY'' and ''SPOWED''.){{r|childs_learning}}<!--not sure "expected" is the right word here-->
Gleason's major finding was that even very young children are able to connect suitable endings{{mdashb}}to produce plurals, past tenses, possessives, and other forms{{mdashb}}to nonsense words they have never heard before, implying that they have internalized systematic aspects of the linguistic system which no one has necessarily tried to teach them. However, she also identified an earlier stage at which children can produce such forms for real words, but not yet for nonsense words{{mdashb}}implying that children start by memorizing singular{{ndash}}plural pairs they hear spoken by others, then eventually extract rules and patterns from these examples which they apply to novel words.{{refn |name=childs_learning|{{cite journal|last=Berko|first=Jean|title=The Child's Learning of English Morphology|journal=Word|date=1958|volume=14|issue=2–3|pages=150–177|doi=10.1080/00437956.1958.11659661|hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-002A-5DDD-2|url=https://anthropology.uwo.ca/faculty/creider/027/wugs.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307070011/https://anthropology.uwo.ca/faculty/creider/027/wugs.pdf |archive-date=March 7, 2016 |hdl-access=free}} }}
The Wug Test was the first experimental proof that young children have extracted generalizable rules from the language around them, rather than simply memorizing words that they have heard,{{refn |name="pathways" |{{citation |last1=Karmiloff |first1=Kyra|first2= Annette|last2= Karmiloff-Smith|date=2001|title=Pathways to Language: From Fetus to Adolescent|publisher =Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674008359}}}}{{r|beginning|page=2}} and it was almost immediately adapted for children speaking languages other than English, to bilingual children, and to children (and adults) with various impairments or from a variety of cultural backgrounds.{{r|beginning|page=3}} Its conclusions are viewed as essential to the understanding of when and how children reach major language milestones, and its variations and progeny remain in use worldwide for studies on language acquisition.{{r|beginning|page=8}} It is "almost universal" for textbooks in psycholinguistics and language acquisition to include assignments calling for the student to carry out a practical variation of the Wug Test paradigm.{{r|beginning|page=7}} The ubiquity of discussion of the wug test has led to the wug being used as a mascot of sorts for linguists and linguistics students.<ref>{{cite web |title=This is a wug. And if there were two, there would... |url=https://www.superlinguo.com/post/31357585292/this-is-a-wug-and-if-there-were-two-there-would |website=Superlinguo |access-date=29 August 2019}}</ref>
The Wug Test's fundamental role in the development of psycholinguistics as a discipline has been mapped by studying references to Gleason's work in "seminal journals" in the field, many of which carried articles referencing it in their founding issues:{{r|beginning|page=4}} {{blockquote|A review of citation lists [for Gleason's paper] over the years gives an interesting mini-view of the evolution of developmental psycholinguistics... In the first 15 years following publication, the article was extensively cited by researchers attempting to validate its utility and extend its finding to nontypical populations. Over time, however... the fact that almost any human being can do that task... became much less interesting than the question of how it is accomplished.{{r|beginning|page=4}}}}
According to Ratner and Menn, "As an enduring concept in psycholinguistic research, the wug has become generic, like [''kleenex''] or [''xerox''], a concept so basic to what we know and do that increasingly it appears in the popular literature without attribution to its origins... Perhaps no innovation other than the invention of the tape recorder has had such an indelible effect on the field of child language research."{{r|beginning|page=8}}
It has been proposed that Wug Test{{ndash}}like instruments be used in the diagnosis of learning disabilities, but in practice success in this direction has been limited.{{r|beginning|page=4}}
===Parent–child interactions===
Another of Gleason's early papers "Fathers and Other Strangers: Men's Speech to Young Children" (1975) explored differences between mothers' and fathers' spoken interaction with their children, primarily using data produced by two female and two male daycare teachers at a large university, and by three mothers and three fathers, mostly during family dinners. Among other conclusions, this study found that: *mothers used less complex constructions in speaking to their children than did fathers; *mothers generated lengthier and more complex constructions in speaking to their eldest child than to their younger children; *fathers issued significantly more commands than did mothers, along with more threats and more teasing in the way of name{{hyp}}calling; and *the fathers' language also reflected traditional gender roles in the families (such as in an example in which a father, playing a game with his son, directs the son to the mother when the need for a diaper change arises).<ref name="Dato1975">Gleason, Jean Berko. (1975) "Fathers and other strangers: men's speech to young children". In Daniel P. Dato, ed., ''Developmental Psycholinguistics: Theory and Applications''. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.</ref>
In contrast, both male and female daycare teachers used language that was similar both quantitatively and qualitatively, with both focusing on a dialogue based in the present and on the immediate needs of the children. Differences included that the male teachers tended to address the children by name more often than did the female teachers and that the male teachers issued more imperatives than did the female teachers.{{refn |name=Gleason1975|{{cite journal |last=Gleason|first=Jean Berko |title=Fathers and Other Strangers: Men's speech to Young Children |journal=26th Annual Roundtable |date=1975 |pages=289–297}} }}
===Acquisition of routines in children===
Gleason's research eventually extended into the study of children's acquisition of routines{{mdashb}}that is, standardized chunks of language (or language-plus-gesture) that the culture expects of everyone, such as greetings, farewells, and expressions of thanks. Gleason was one of the first to study the acquisition of politeness, examining English-speaking children's use of routines such as ''thank you'', ''please'', and ''I'm sorry''. Researchers in this area have since studied both verbal and non-verbal routinization, and the development of politeness routines in a variety of cultures and languages.<ref name=Sheffield>{{cite book|editor-last1=Matthews|editor-first1=Danielle |title=Pragmatic development in first language acquisition|date=2014|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-9027234704|page=324|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VjTOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA336}}</ref>
====The Halloween routine====
Gleason's 1976 paper with Weintraub, "The Acquisition of Routines in Child Language", analyzed performance on the culturally standardized Halloween trick-or-treat routine in 115 children aged two to sixteen years. Alterations in ability and the function of parental contribution were analyzed concerning cognitive and social components. They discovered that in the acquisition of routines (in contrast to the acquisition of much of the rest of language) parents' major interest is for their children to achieve accurate performance, with little stress on children's understanding of what they are expected to say. Gleason and Weintraub found that the parents rarely if ever explain to children the meaning of such routines as ''Bye-bye'' or ''Trick or treat''{{mdashb}}there was no concern with the child's thoughts or intentions as long as the routine was performed as expected at the appropriate times. Thus, parents' role in the acquisition of routines is very different from their role in most of the rest of language development.{{refn |name=Gleason1976|{{cite journal |last1=Gleason|first1=Jean Berko|first2=Sandra|last2=Weintraub |title=The acquisition of routines in child language |journal=Language in Society|volume=5|issue=2|date=1976|pages= 129–136 |doi=10.1017/s0047404500006977 |s2cid=146769318 }} }}
===="Hi, Thanks, and Goodbye"==== {{external media | width = 18em | float = right | headerimage= | video1 = Jean Berko Gleason, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7y7Vn9TEnM4 ''Hi, Thanks, and Goodbye'']. NOVA's Secret Life of Scientists and Engineers}}<!--review cite and presentation-->
Gleason and Greif analyzed children's acquisition of three ubiquitous routines in "Hi, Thanks, and Goodbye: More Routine Information" (1980). The subjects were eleven boys and eleven girls and their parents. At the conclusion of a parent-child play period, an assistant entered the playroom bearing a present, in order to evoke routines from the children. The study's purpose was to analyze how parents communicate these routines to their children; major questions proposed included whether or not some routines were more obligatory than others, and whether mothers and fathers provide different models of politeness behavior for their children. The results suggest that children's ''spontaneous'' construction of the three routines was low, with ''Thank you'' the rarest. However, parents strongly encouraged their children to generate routines and, typically, the children complied. In addition, parents were more likely to prompt the ''Thank you'' routine than the ''Hi'' and ''Goodbye'' routines. Parents practiced the routines themselves, though mothers were more likely than fathers to speak ''Thank you'' and ''Goodbye'' to the assistant.{{refn |name=Gleason1980|{{cite journal |last2=Gleason|first2=Jean Berko|first1=Esther Blank|last1=Greif |title=Hi, Thanks, and Goodbye: More Routine Information |journal=Language in Society|date=1980|pages= 159–166|volume=9 |issue=2|doi=10.1017/s0047404500008034 |jstor=4167137 |s2cid=145771682 }} }}
====Apologies====
Gleason and Ely made an in-depth study of apologies in children's dialogue in their paper, "I'm sorry I said that: apologies in young children's discourse" (2006),{{refn |name=Gleason2006|{{cite journal|last1=Gleason|first1=Jean Berko|first2=Richard|last2=Ely|title=''I'm sorry I said that'': apologies in young children's discourse|journal=Journal of Child Language|volume=33|issue=3|date=2006|pages=33, 599–620|doi=10.1017/S0305000906007446|pmid=17017280|s2cid=31823853 }} }} which analyzed apology term usage (in parent–child dialogue) of five boys and four girls, aged one to six years. Their research suggested that apologies appear later in children than do other politeness routines, and that as the children grew older they developed a progressively refined expertise with this routine, gradually requiring fewer direct prompts and producing more elaborate apologies instead of just saying "I'm sorry". They also found that parents and other adults play an important role in fostering growth of apologetic abilities through the setting of examples, by encouraging the children to apologize, and by speaking specifically and purposefully to them about apologies.{{refn|name=Gleason2006}}
====Attention to language in family discourse====
With Ely, MacGibbon, and Zaretsky, Gleason also explored the discourse of middle-class parents and their children at the dinner table in, "Attention to Language: Lessons Learned at the Dinner Table" (2001), finding that the everyday language of these parents involves a remarkable portion of attention to language. The dinner-table conversation of twenty{{hyp}}two middle-class families, each with a child between two years and five and one{{hyp}}half years old, were recorded, then analyzed for the existence and activity of language{{hyp}}centered terms, including words like ''ask'', ''tell'', ''say'', and ''speak''. Mothers spoke more about language than did fathers, and fathers spoke more about it than did children: roughly eleven percent of mothers' sentences contained one or more language{{hyp}}centered terms, and the corresponding proportions for fathers and children were seven percent and four percent. Uses that were metalinguistic (for example, accounting for and remarking on speech) exceeded uses that were pragmatic (for example, managing how and when speech appears).{{r|Gleason2001}}
The more that mothers used language-centered terms, the more the children did as well{{mdashb}}but this was not true for fathers. The results imply that in routine family conversations, parents supply children with considerable information on the way language is used to communicate information.{{refn |name=Gleason2001|{{cite journal |last=Ely |first=Richard |author2=Jean Berko Gleason |author3=Ann MacGibbon |author4=Elena Zaretsky |title=Attention to Language: Lessons Learned at the Dinner Table |journal=Social Development |date=2001 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages= 355–373|doi=10.1111/1467-9507.00170}} }}
===Foreign-language studies===
Gleason has carried out significant research involving the learning and maintenance of second languages by sequential bilinguals. She has studied the acquisition of a second language while retaining the first (additive bilingualism),{{refn |name=Duarte|{{cite book |last1=Duarte|first1=Joana |title=Bilingual language proficiency |date=2010 |publisher=Waxmann |location=Munster |isbn=9783830923176|page=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qi-gD6nPWj4C&pg=PA32 }} }} examining discourse behaviors of parents who follow the one person-one language principle by using different languages with their child.{{refn |name=Halliday|{{cite book |editor-last1=Halliday|editor-first1=M.A.K. |title=Learning, Keeping and Using Language|date=1990|publisher=Benjamins|location=Amsterdam |isbn=9781556191046 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iieerHA4eLMC&pg=PA106 }} }} She has also studied language attrition, the loss of a known language through lack of use,{{refn |name="Clark">|{{cite book |last1=Clark|first1=Eve V.|title=First language acquisition |date=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780521629973 }} }} and suggests that the order in which a language is learned is less important in predicting its retention than the thoroughness with which it is learned.{{refn |name="Schmid2002">|{{cite book |last1=Schmid|first1=Monika S. |title=First language attrition, use and maintenance: the case of German Jews in anglophone countries |date=2002|publisher=J. Benjamins|location=Amsterdam|isbn=9789027241351|page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8YrEZETmZcC&pg=PA12 }} }}
====Psychophysiological responses to taboo words====
An unusual study carried out with Harris and Aycicegi, "Taboo words and reprimands elicit greater autonomic reactivity in a first language than in a second language" (2003), investigated the involuntary psychophysiological reactions of bilingual speakers to taboo words. Thirty{{hyp}}two Turkish{{hyp}}English bilinguals judged the pleasantness of an array of words and phrases in Turkish (their first language), and in English (their second), while their skin conductance was monitored via fingertip electrodes. Participants manifested greater autonomic arousal in response to taboo words and childhood reprimands in their first language than to those in their second language, confirming the commonplace claim that speakers of two languages are less uncomfortable speaking taboo words and phrases in their second language than in their native language.{{refn |name=Gleason2003|{{cite journal |last=Harris |first=Catherine |author2=Ayşe Ayçiçeĝi |author3=Jean Berko Gleason |title=Taboo Words and Reprimands Elicit Greater Autonomic Reactivity in a First than in a Second Language |journal=Applied Psycholinguistics|date=2003 |volume=24 |issue=4 |doi=10.1017/S0142716403000286 |s2cid=7219049 }} }}
====Maintenance of first and second languages====
In "Maintaining Foreign Language Skills", which discusses "the personal, cultural, and instructional factors involved with keeping up foreign language skills" (1988), Gleason and Pan consider both humans' remarkable capacity for language acquisition and their ability to lose it. In addition to brain damage, strokes, trauma and other physical causes of language loss, individuals may lose language skills due to the absence of a linguistically supportive social environment in which to maintain such skills, such as when a speaker of a given language relocates to a place where that language is not spoken. Culture also factors in. More often than not, individuals speaking two or more languages come into contact with one another, for reasons ranging from emigration and interrelationships to alterations in political borders. The result of such contact is typically that the community of speakers undergoes a progressive shift in usage from one language to the other.{{refn |name=Gleason1988|{{cite journal |last=Gleason|first=Jean Berko|author2=Pan |title=Maintaining Foreign Language Skills |journal=You CAN Take It with You|date=1988|pages=1–22 }} }}
===Aphasia===
Gleason has also done significant research on aphasia, a condition (usually due to brain injury) in which a person's ability to understand and/or to produce language, including their ability to find the words they need and their use of basic morphology and syntax, is impaired in a variety of ways.<ref name=Menn>{{cite book|editor-last1=Menn|editor-first1=Lise|title=Agrammatic aphasia a cross-language narrative sourcebook|date=1990|publisher=J. Benjamins|location=Amsterdam|isbn=9789027273512|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cNFO3HAWIfMC&q=Gleason&pg=PA1932}}</ref><ref name=Rosenberg1982>{{cite book|last1=Rosenberg|first1=Sheldon|title=Handbook of applied psycholinguistics|date=1982|publisher=L. Erlbaum Associates|location=Hillsdale, N.J.|isbn=9780898591736|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b-PJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA532}}</ref>
In "Some Linguistic Structures in the Speech of a Broca's Aphasic" (1972) Gleason, Goodglass, Bernholtz, and Hyde discuss an experiment carried out with a man who, after a stroke, had been left with Broca's aphasia/agrammatism, a specific form of aphasia typically impairing the production of morphology and syntax more than it impairs comprehension. This experiment employed the Story Completion Test (often used to probe a subject's capacity for producing various common grammatical forms) as well as free conversation and repetition to elicit speech from the subject; this speech was then analyzed to evaluate how well he used inflectional morphology (e.g. plural and past tense word endings) and basic syntax (the formation of, for example, simple declarative, imperative, and interrogative sentences).{{r|Gleason1972}}
To do this the investigator, in a few sentences, began a simple story about a pictured situation, then asked the subject to conclude the narrative. The stories were so designed that a non{{ndash}}language{{hyp}}impaired person's response would typically employ particular structures, for example, the plural of a noun, the past tense of a verb, or a simple but complete yes{{hyp}}no question (e.g. "Did you take my shoes?").{{r|Gleason1972}}
Gleason, Goodglass, Bernholtz, and Hyde concluded that the transition from verb to object was easier for this subject than was the transition from subject to verb and that auxiliary verbs and verb inflections were the parts of speech most likely to be omitted by the subject. There was considerable variation among consecutive repeat trials of the same test item, although responses on successive attempts usually came closer to those a normal speaker would have produced. The study concluded that the subject's speech was not the product of a stable abnormal grammar, and could not be accounted for by assuming that he was simply omitting words to minimize his effort in producing them{{refn |name=Gleason1972|{{cite journal |last=Goodglass Harold |author2=Jean Berko Gleason |author3=Nancy Ackerman Bernholtz |author4=Mary R. Hyde |title=Some Linguistic Structures in the Speech of a Broca's Aphasic |journal=Cortex|date=1972|volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=191–212 |pmid=5043793 |doi=10.1016/s0010-9452(72)80018-2 |doi-access=free}} }}{{mdashb}}questions of significant theoretical controversy at the time.{{refn|{{cite journal |last=Miceli|first=Gabriele |title=Grammatical deficits in aphasia |journal=Handbook of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology |editor1= Gianfranco Denes |editor2=Luigi Pizzamiglio |year=1998 }} }} <!--==See also== -->
==Selected publications== ===Papers=== * {{cite journal |last=Berko |first=Jean |title=The Child's Learning of English Morphology |journal=WORD |volume=14 |issue=2–3 |pages=150–177|doi=10.1080/00437956.1958.11659661 |year=1958 |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-002A-5DDD-2 |hdl-access=free }} * {{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Roger |last2=Berko |first2=Jean |title=Word Association and the Acquisition of Grammar |journal=Child Development |volume=31 |issue=1 |year=1960 |pages=1–14 |issn=0009-3920 |doi=10.2307/1126377 |jstor=1126377|pmid=13805002 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Goodglass |first1=Harold |last2=Berko |first2=Jean |title=Agrammatism and inflectional morphology in English |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/9716143 |journal=Journal of Speech and Hearing Research |year=1960 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=257–267|doi=10.1044/jshr.0303.257 |pmid=13851047 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Goodglass |first1=Harold |last2=Gleason |first2=Jean Berko |last3=Hyde |first3=Mary R. |title=Some Dimensions of Auditory Language Comprehension in Aphasia |journal=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research |volume=13 |issue=3 |year=1970 |pages=595–606 |issn=1092-4388 |doi=10.1044/jshr.1303.595|pmid=5528304 }} [http://jslhr.pubs.asha.org/article.aspx?articleid=1754772 JSLHR Editor's Award] * {{cite journal |last1=Goodglass |first1=Harold |last2=Gleason |first2=Jean Berko |last3=Bernholtz |first3=Nancy Ackerman |last4=Hyde |first4=Mary R. |title=Some Linguistic Structures in the Speech of a Broca's Aphasic |journal=Cortex |volume=8|issue=2 |year=1972 |pages=191–212 |issn=0010-9452 |doi=10.1016/S0010-9452(72)80018-2 |pmid=5043793|doi-access=free }} * {{cite book |last=Gleason |first=Jean Berko |editor=Daniel Peter Dato|title=Developmental psycholinguistics: theory and applications (26th Annual Roundtable) |date=1975 |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=978-0-87840-110-9 |pages=289–297 |chapter=Fathers and other strangers: Men's speech to young children}} * {{cite journal |last1=Gleason |first1=Jean Berko |last2=Goodglass |first2=Harold |last3=Green |first3=Eugene |last4=Ackerman |first4=Nancy |last5=Hyde |first5=Mary R. |title=The retrieval of syntax in Broca's aphasia |journal=Brain and Language |volume=2 |year=1975 |issue=4 |pages=451–471 |issn=0093-934X |doi=10.1016/S0093-934X(75)80083-6|pmid=1218378 |s2cid=569044 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Gleason |first1=Jean Berko |last2=Goodglass |first2=Harold |last3=Obler |first3=Loraine |last4=Green |first4=Eugene |last5=Hyde |first5=Mary R. |last6=Weintraub |first6=Sandra |title=Narrative Strategies of Aphasic and Normal-Speaking Subjects |journal=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research |volume=23 |issue=2 |year=1980 |pages=370–382 |issn=1092-4388 |doi=10.1044/jshr.2302.370|pmid=7442197 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Bellinger |first1=David C. |last2=Gleason |first2=Jean Berko |title=Sex differences in parental directives to young children |journal=Sex Roles |volume=8 |issue=11 |year=1982 |pages=1123–1139 |issn=0360-0025 |doi=10.1007/BF00290968|s2cid=144841855 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Gleason |first1=Jean Berko |title=Language Acquisition: Is it Like Learning to Walk, or Learning to Dance? |journal=Contemporary Psychology |volume=48 |issue=2 |year=2003 |pages=172–174 |issn=1554-0138 |doi=10.1037/000751}} * {{cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=Catherine L. |last2=Ayçiçegi |first2=Ayse |last3=Gleason |first3=Jean Berko |title=Taboo words and reprimands elicit greater autonomic reactivity in a first language than in a second language |journal=Applied Psycholinguistics |volume=24 |issue=4 |year=2003 |pages=561–579 |issn=0142-7164 |doi=10.1017/S0142716403000286|s2cid=7219049 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Gleason |first1=Jean Berko |last2=Weintraub |first2=Sandra |title=The acquisition of routines in child language |journal=Language in Society |volume=5 |issue=2 |year=2008 |pages= 129–136 |issn=0047-4045 |doi=10.1017/S0047404500006977|s2cid=146769318 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Greif |first1=Esther Blank |last2=Gleason |first2=Jean Berko |title=Hi, thanks, and goodbye: More routine information |journal=Language in Society |volume=9 |issue=2| year=2008 |pages=159–166 |issn=0047-4045 |doi=10.1017/S0047404500008034|s2cid=145771682 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Pan |first1=Barbara Alexander |last2=Gleason |first2=Jean Berko |title=The study of language loss: Models and hypotheses for an emerging discipline |journal=Applied Psycholinguistics |volume=7 |issue=3|year=2008 |pages=193–206 |issn=0142-7164 |doi=10.1017/S0142716400007530|s2cid=145114776 }}
===Book chapters=== * {{cite book |last1=Berko |first1=Jean |last2=Brown |first2=Roger |year=1960 |chapter=Psycholinguistic research methods |editor=Paul H. Mussen |title=Handbook of research methods in child development |pages=517–557 |publisher=Wiley}} * {{cite book |last=Gleason |first=Jean Berko |title=Cognitive Development and Acquisition of Language |editor=Timothy E. Moore |date=1973 |publisher=Academic Press |pages=159–167 |chapter=Code switching in children's language}} Reprinted as {{cite book |title=Cognitive Development and Acquisition of Language |editor=Timothy E. Moore |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4832-9456-8}} * {{cite book |last=Gleason |first=Jean Berko |editor-first1=Catherine E. |editor-last1=Snow |editor-first2=Charles A. |editor-last2=Ferguson |title=Talking to Children: Language Input and Acquisition |date=1977 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=199–205 |isbn=978-0-521-21318-9 |chapter=Talking to children: Some notes on feedback}} * {{cite book |last1=Gleason |first1=Jean Berko |last2=Weintraub |first2=Sandra |editor=Keith E. Nelson |title=Children's Language |date=1978 |publisher=Gardner Press |isbn=978-0-470-99385-9 |pages=171–222 |chapter=Input Language and the Acquisition of Communicative Competence}} * {{cite book |last=Gleason |first=Jean Berko |editor1=Susan U. Philips |editor2=Susan Steele |editor3=Christine Tanz |title=Language, Gender, and Sex in Comparative Perspective |year=1987 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-33807-3 |pages=189–199 |chapter=Sex differences in parent-child interaction}} * {{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=Catherine L. |last3=Ayçiçegi |first3=Ayse |last2=Gleason |first2=Jean Berko |editor=Aneta Pavlenko |title=Bilingual Minds: Emotional Experience, Expression, and Representation |date=2006 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-84769-981-7 |pages=257–283 |chapter=When is a first language more emotional? Psychophysiological evidence from bilingual speakers.}} * {{cite book |last=Gleason |first=Jean Berko |editor-first1=Jean Berko |editor-last1=Gleason |editor-first2=Nan Bernstein |editor-last2=Ratner |title=The Development of Language |edition=9th |date=2016 |publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=978-0-13-416114-3 |chapter=The Development of Language: An Overview and Preview |pages=1–25}}
===Textbooks=== * {{cite book |editor-first=Jean Berko |editor-last=Gleason |title=The Development of Language |date=1985 |publisher=Charles E. Merrill |isbn=978-0-675-20222-0}} Latest edition: {{cite book |editor-first1=Jean Berko |editor-last1=Gleason |editor-first2=Nan Bernstein |editor-last2=Ratner |title=The Development of Language |edition=10th |date=2023 |publisher=Plural Publishing |isbn=978-1-63550-426-2}} * {{cite book |editor-first1=Jean Berko |editor-last1=Gleason |editor-first2=Nan Bernstein |editor-last2=Ratner |title=Psycholinguistics |date=1993 |publisher=Harcourt, Brace |isbn=978-0030559648 |url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_p0v2 }}Latest edition: {{cite book |editor-first1=Jean Berko |editor-last1=Gleason |editor-first2=Nan Bernstein |editor-last2=Ratner |title=Psycholinguistics |date=1998 |edition=2nd |publisher=Harcourt, Brace |isbn=978-0155041066}}
==Notes== {{NoteFoot|30em}}
==References== {{Reflist | 35em | refs=
{{refn|name=beginning|{{cite book |title=Methods for Studying Language Production |isbn=978-0-8058-3033-0|publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates|year=2000 |editor1=Lise Menn|editor2=Nan Bernstein Ratner|editor1-link=Lise Menn|editor2-link=Nan Bernstein Ratner |chapter=In the Beginning Was the Wug |author1=Lise Menn|author2=Nan Bernstein Ratner |pages=1{{endash}}26 }}}}
}}
==External links== * [http://www.bu.edu/psych/files/2014/12/jeanberkogleasoncv.pdf Curriculum vitae] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118011056/http://www.bu.edu/psych/files/2014/12/jeanberkogleasoncv.pdf|date=November 18, 2016}} *{{Official website|http://jeanberkogleason.com}} *[http://www.bu.edu/psych/faculty/gleason Departmental page] *Nova/PBS: [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/jean-berko-gleason/ The Secret Life of Scientists and Engineers{{snd}}Jean Berko Gleason{{snd}}Psycholinguist/Speed Demon] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714234905/http://www.worldsciencefestival.com/2011/10/spotlight_the_dao_of_zib/ World Science Festival{{snd}}Spotlight: The Dao of Zib] Gleason discusses her education, career, and the Wug Test *[http://www.onbeing.org/program/unfolding-language-unfolding-life/256 On Being{{snd}}Jean Berko Gleason{{snd}}Unfolding Language, Unfolding Life]<!-- links need improved cite fmt--> *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=03LXJwyknqU Brief video of Gleason administering a Wug test. With Stephen Fry.]
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gleason, Jean Berko}} Category:American women linguists Category:American women psychologists Category:American developmental psychologists Category:Developmental psycholinguists Category:Phonologists from the United States Category:Boston University faculty Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Category:Radcliffe College alumni Category:1931 births Category:Living people Category:Cleveland Heights High School alumni Category:American women academics Category:21st-century American women Category:20th-century American psychologists Category:21st-century American psychologists