Wayside shrine

{{Short description|Religious image, usually in some sort of small shelter, placed by a road or pathway}}

[[Image:Gutu sādžas krucifikss (2).jpg|thumb|19th century Latgalian Catholic wayside shrine at The Ethnographic Open-Air Museum of Latvia]] A '''wayside shrine''' is a religious image, usually in some sort of small shelter, placed by a road or pathway, sometimes in a settlement or at a crossroads, but often in the middle of an empty stretch of country road, or at the top of a hill or mountain. They have been a feature of many cultures, including Chinese folk religious communities, Catholic and Orthodox Europe and some Asian regions.

== The origins of wayside shrines == {{no references|section|date=July 2023}} Wayside shrines were often erected to honor the memory of the victim of an accident, which explains their prevalence near roads and paths; in Carinthia, for example, they often stand at crossroads. Some commemorate a specific incident near the place; either a death in an accident or escape from harm. Other icons commemorate the victims of the plague. The very grand medieval English Eleanor crosses were erected by her husband to commemorate the nightly resting places of the journey made by the body of Queen Eleanor of Castile as it returned to London in the 1290s. Some make it clear by an inscription or notice that a specific dead person is commemorated, but most do not.

Wayside shrines were also erected along old pilgrim routes, such as the Via Sacra that leads from Vienna to Mariazell. Some mark parish or other boundaries, such as the edge or a landholding, or have a function as convenient markers for travelers to find their way. Shrines and calvaries are furthermore frequently noted on maps and therefore represent important orientation aids.

==Europe== [[File:Ariano Irpino, Valleluogo oak.jpeg|thumb|upright|A wayside shrine in a wood near Ariano Irpino, Italy]] The pre-Christian cultures of Europe had similar shrines of various types; many runestones may have been in this category, though they are often in the nature of a memorial to a dead person. Few Christian shrines survive in predominantly Protestant countries, but they remain common in many parts of Catholic and Orthodox Europe, often being repaired or replaced as they fall into disrepair, and relocated as roads are moved or widened. The most common subjects are a plain cross or a crucifix, or an image of the Virgin Mary, but saints or other scenes may also be shown. The surviving large stone high crosses of Celtic Christianity, and the related stone Anglo-Saxon crosses (mostly damaged or destroyed after the Protestant Reformation) are sometimes outside churches, but often not, and these may have functioned as preaching crosses, or in some cases just been wayside shrines. The ''calvaires'' of Brittany in France, are especially large stone shrines showing the Crucifixion, but these are typically in villages.

In Greece they may be called ''kandilakia'' (Greek: καντηλάκια) or εικονοστάσιο στην άκρη του δρόμου (''ikonostásio stin akri tu drómu'', literally "shrine at the roadside"). They are commonly built in the memory of a fatal car accident and usually include a photograph of the victim(s), their namesake Saint and sometimes personal items. They may also be built from car accident survivors thanking the saint who protected them.

Poland is one of the few European countries where the custom of singing Maytime hymns, ''majówki'', at wayside shrines still survives.<ref>[https://folklife.si.edu/magazine/poland-wayside-shrines Aufderheide, Chela. "The Layered Meanings of Poland’s Wayside Shrines", ''Folklife'', January 4, 2021]</ref> {{clear right}} == Asia == {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 600 | footer = Wayside shrines in Asia | footer_align = center | image1 = HK MaTinPok TinHauTemple.JPG | caption1 = Shrine dedicated to Tin Hau in Hong Kong | image2 = Hokora,_Kyoto.jpg | caption2 = Wayside shrine (hokora) in Kyoto | image3 = Thai_spirit_house_at_a_hotel_in_bangkok_ศาลพระภูมิ_ศาลเจ้าที่.jpg | caption3 = Spirit houses in Bangkok, Thailand | image4 = Miếu thờ hổ.jpg | caption4 = Wayside shrine in An Giang, Vietnam | image5 = Roadside Shrine in Ayodhya-2.jpg | caption5 = Wayside shrine in Ayodhya, India }} Wayside shrines exist throughout India alongside other features of public faith, including lingams, ghats, and kunds.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Bharne|first=Vinayak|title=From Tree to Temple Town: The Sacred Urbanism of Hindu India|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|year=2019|location=Eugene|pages=66}}</ref> This creates what is described by Vinayak Bharne as a ''faithscape'', a human landscape defined by the role of religion in the public sphere.<ref name=":0" /> The majority of these shrines are Hindu, and their public nature and rootedness to place leads them to be described as key expressions of working-class religiosity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Larios|first=Borayin|date=2018|title=Introduction. Wayside Shrines in India: An Everyday Defiant Religiosity|url=https://journals.openedition.org/samaj/4546|journal=South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal|volume=18|via=OpenEdition Journals}}</ref> Wayside shrines provide meeting points for the micro-communities who partake in religious practice as well as maintenance of the objects. Their presence within an increasingly urban environment creates a "parallel urbanism" which refutes secular notions of religion ebbing away as a society becomes more developed.<ref name=":0" />

== Types of shrines == Wayside shrines are found in a variety of styles, ranging from simpler column shrines and ''Schöpflöffel'' shrines to more elaborate chapel-shrines. Some have only flat painted surfaces, while other shrines are decorated with reliefs or with religious statues. Some feature a small kneeling platform, so that the faithful may pray in front of the image. A common wayside shrine seen throughout the Alpine regions of Europe, especially Germany, Austria and northern Italy, is the Alpine style crucifix wayside shrine. This style often has elaborate wood carvings and usually consists of a crucifix surrounded by a roof and shelter. {{clear right}} === Column shrines === {{multiple image | align = right | footer = Column shrines | footer_align = center | image1 = Garsdorf Shrine.JPG | width1 = 145 | caption1 = Wooden column shrine in Garsdorf, Bavaria | image2 = Boží muka - Vřesovice.jpg | width2 = 137 | caption2 = Stone column shrine in Vřesovice, Czech Republic | image3 = Shrine - Mali Lipoglav Slovenia.JPG | width3 = 121 | caption3 = Roofed column shrine in Mali Lipoglav, Slovenia }} A column shrine<ref>Leary, James P. 1998. ''Wisconsin Folklore''. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, p. 451.</ref> ({{langx|de|Bildstock}}, also ''Marterl'', ''Helgenstöckli'', or ''Wegstock''; {{langx|sl|slopno znamenje}}; {{langx|lt|koplytstulpis}}) normally resembles a pole or a pillar, made either of wood or of masonry, and is sometimes capped with a roof.<ref>[http://www.epigraphica-europea.uni-muenchen.de/LexikonSystematisch.html Reallexikon zur deutschen Kunstgeschichte. - II. Band Bauer-Buchmalerei, S. 698, Uni München accessed 26 November 2008] (in German)</ref> The Austrian/south German designation ''Marterl'' hearkens back to the Greek ''martyros'' 'martyr'. In a setting resembling a tabernacle, there is usually a picture or a figure of Christ or a saint. For this reason, flowers or prayer candles are often placed on or at the foot of the shrine.

In Germany, they are most common in Franconia, in the Catholic parts of Baden, Swabia, in the Alpine regions and Catholic areas of the historical region of Eichsfeld and in Upper Lusatia. In Austria, they are to be found in the Alpine regions, as well as in great numbers in the Weinviertel, the Mühlviertel and in the Waldviertel. There are also similar structures in the South Bohemian Region and the South Moravian Region. In Czech, column shrines are traditionally called "boží muka" (= divine sufferings). {{clear}}

=== ''Schöpflöffel'' shrines === [[Image:Einig Schoepfloeffel.jpg|thumb|''Schöpflöffel'' shrine near Einig with an image of Mary]] In the Eifel in particular, shrines that consist of a pillar with a niche for a depiction of a saint are known as ''Schöpflöffel'' (German for 'ladle' or 'serving spoon'). Some of these icons date from the Late Middle Ages, but for the most part were put up in the 16th century.

Near Arnstadt in Thuringia, there is a medieval shrine that is over two metres tall and that has two niches. According to a legend recorded by Ludwig Bechstein, this shrine was once a giant’s spoon, and it is therefore known as the ''Riesenlöffel''. {{clear}}

=== Chapel-shrines === {{multiple image | align = | footer = Slovenian chapel-shrines | footer_align = center | image1 = Topol Slovenia - wayside shrine.JPG | width1 = 143 | caption1 = Open chapel-shrine in Topol pri Medvodah | image2 = Trboje Slovenia - chapel-shrine.JPG | width2 = 154 | caption2 = Closed chapel-shrine in Trboje | image3 = Kozarje Ljubljana Slovenia - chapel shrine with belfry.JPG | width3 = 120 | caption3 = Belfry chapel-shrine in Ljubljana }} Chapel-shrines, built to resemble a small building, are common in Slovenia. They are generally too small to accommodate people and often have only a niche (occasionally, a small altar) to display a depiction of a saint. The main two varieties generally distinguished in Slovenia are the open chapel-shrine ({{langx|sl|kapelica odprtega tipa, odprti tip kapelice}}), which has no doors, and the closed chapel-shrine ({{lang|sl|kapelica zaprtega tipa, zaprti tip kapelice}}), which has a door.<ref>Zadnikar, Marijan. 1970. ''Znamenja na Slovenskem: Risbe je naredil Ignacij Vok''. Ljubljana: Slovenska matica, pp. 26, 28.</ref> The closed chapel-shrine is the older form, with examples known from the 17th century onward. The earliest open chapel-shrines date from the 19th century.<ref>Omerzu, Rozika. 1964. "Marijan Zadnikar, Znamenja na Slovenskem. Izdala in založila Slovenska matica, Ljubljana 1964." Book review. ''Kronika: časopis za slovensko krajevno zgodovino'' 12(2), p. 144.</ref> Also known in Slovenia are the belfry chapel-shrine ({{lang|sl|kapelica - zvonik}}) and the polygonal chapel-shrine ({{lang|sl|poligonalna kapelica}}).<ref>Skok, Barbara. 1985. "Tipi in razvoj znamenj na Loškem ozemlju - Selška dolina." ''Loški razgledi'' 32: 44-62, p. 45.</ref>

Chapel-shrines, known as ''kapliczka'', are also often found in Poland.

In the Czech Republic, chapel-shrines are called ''výklenková kaple'' 'niche chapels' and are characterized as a type of chapel (''kaple'') in Czech.<ref>[http://www.lidova-architektura.cz/prehled-seznam/encyklopedie/kaple.htm Kaple s interiérem a výklenkové], Lidová architektura – Encyklopedie architektury a stavitelství</ref> In Moravia, they are also called ''poklona'' 'bow, tribute'. {{clear}}

==Gallery== <gallery> Image:Poggersdorf Pubersdorf Bildstock 15062007 01.jpg|A shrine to the east of Pubersdorf in Austria Image:Znamenje-LuzeGorenjska1.jpg|A shrine near Luže in Slovenia File:Waldorf_Bildstock.jpg|A shrine in Waldorf in Germany Image:Hesselbach Bildstock 01a Flur Spitzacker 1803.jpg|A shrine in Hesselbach, Germany File:Leixnertaferl 02.jpg|Shrine "Leixnertaferl" near Neustadt an der Donau in Lower Bavaria File:Auksudzio koplytstulpis 2005-08-03 resize.JPG|Wayside shrine in Auksūdys, Lithuania File:Alsungas krucifikss (2).jpg|A 19th century Suiti column shrine with Saint Joseph from Alsunga, Latvia File:Kandylakia in Athens.png|A typical, small roadside kandilakia. Athens, Greece File:Kandylakia in Thessaloniki.png|A larger kandilakia for a church in Thessaloniki, Greece File:Kandylakia for Panagia Chalkeon.png|A large kandilakia for the Metropolitan Church in Thessaloniki, Greece File:SSConstantineHelenKandylakiaThessaloniki.png|Kandilakia for Saints Constantine & Helen Church in Thessaloniki, Greece File:Kandylakia Interior - Analipsi Church.png|The interior of the kandilakia for Analipsi Church File:HK NamChungTinHauTemple.JPG|Shrine of Tin Hau in Nam Chung, Hong Kong File:林安泰古厝旁的土地祠.jpg|Shrine of Tu Di Gong, the Earth Deity in rural part of Taipei, Taiwan File:佳冬鄉下隨處可見的客家伯公小廟.jpg|Shrine of Earth Deity in Pingtung County, Taiwan File:NaTukKong003.jpg|Shrine of Na Tuk Kong in Malaysia File:HongKong-personalhistoricalphotos-streetshrine-feb9-2005.jpg|Simple small shrine in Hong Kong File:Seonangdang in the Lotte World Folk Museum.jpg|A recreated Seonangdang on display at the Lotte World Folk Museum in Seoul File:Hokora in Yokohama.jpg|A shrine in Yokohama, Japan with an inari </gallery>

== References == {{Reflist}}

==External links== *[http://www.argolis.de/proskinitaria.htm Roadside "proskynetaria" by the German photographer Wilfried Jakisch] *[http://kapliczki.org.pl Wayside shrine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002095001/http://kapliczki.org.pl/ |date=2013-10-02 }} {{in lang|pl}} {{Commons category|Wayside shrines}}

Category:Catholic sculpture Category:Catholic architecture Category:Christian symbols Category:Architectural elements Category:Greek Orthodoxy

pl:Kapliczka