{{Short description|Family of carnivorans}} {{About|the extant family of carnivorans|an extinct family of carnivorous mammals|Viverravidae}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Viverridae<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Wozencraft | pages = 548–559 |id=14000270 |heading=Family Viverridae}}</ref> | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|34|0}}Eocene to Recent<ref name=Gaubert2006/> | image = Viverrids_mosaic.jpg | image_upright = 1.3 | image_alt = A mosaic of four small photos of viverrids in trees | image_caption = Viverrids <small>(clockwise from top left)</small>: species of ''Paradoxurus'', ''Genetta'', ''Arctictis'' and ''Paguma'' | display_parents = 2 | taxon = Viverridae | authority = Gray, 1821 | type_genus = ''Viverra'' | type_genus_authority = Linnaeus, 1758 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = * Subfamily '''Genettinae''' ** ''Genetta'' ** ''Poiana'' ** †''Semigenetta'' * Subfamily '''Hemigalinae''' ** ''Hemigalus'' ** ''Chrotogale'' ** ''Cynogale'' ** ''Diplogale'' ** ''Macrogalidia'' * Subfamily '''Paradoxurinae''' ** ''Paradoxurus'' ** ''Paguma'' ** ''Arctictis'' ** ''Arctogalidia'' ** †''Kanuites'' ** †''Kichechia'' ** †''Siamictis'' ** †''Tugenictis'' * Subfamily '''Viverrinae''' ** ''Civettictis'' ** ''Viverra'' ** ''Viverricula'' ** †''Vishnuictis'' |range_map = Viverridae_Distribution.png |range_map_caption = Distribution of living viverrid species }}
'''Viverridae''' is a family of small to medium-sized feliform mammals, comprising 14 genera with 33 species. This family was named and first described by John Edward Gray in 1821.<ref name=Gray1821>{{cite journal |last1=Gray |first1=J. E. |year=1821 |title=On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals |journal=London Medical Repository |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=296–310 |url=https://archive.org/stream/londonmedicalre08unkngoog#page/n314/mode/1up}}</ref> Viverrids occur all over Africa, in southern Europe, and in South and Southeast Asia on both sides of the Wallace Line.<ref name=Pocock1939>{{cite book |last1=Pocock |first1=R. I. |year=1939 |title=The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma |volume=Mammalia. – Volume 1 |location=London |publisher=Taylor and Francis |pages=330–332 |chapter=Family Viverridae |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/PocockMammalia1/pocock1#page/n411/mode/2up}}</ref>
The species of the subfamily Genettinae are known as genets and oyans. The viverrids of the subfamily Viverrinae are commonly called civets; the Paradoxurinae and most Hemigalinae species are called palm civets.
==Characteristics== [[File:Binturong_skeleton.jpg|thumb|Binturong (''Arctictis binturong)'' on display at the Museum of Osteology]]
Viverrids have four or five toes on each foot and half-retractile claws. They have six incisors in each jaw and molars with two tubercular grinders behind in the upper jaw, and one in the lower jaw. The tongue is rough with sharp prickles. A pouch or gland occurs beneath the anus, but there is no cecum.<ref name=Gray1821/> The male's urethral opening is directed backward.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Estes |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g977LsZHpcsC&pg=PA279 |title=The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates |date=1991 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-08085-0 |language=en}}</ref>
Viverrids are the most primitive of all the families of feliform Carnivora and clearly less specialized than the Felidae. In external characteristics, they are distinguished from the Felidae by the longer muzzle and tuft of facial vibrissae between the lower jaw bones, and by the shorter limbs and the five-toed hind foot with the first digit present. The skull differs by the position of the postpalatine foramina on the maxilla, almost always well in advance of the maxillopalatine suture, and usually about the level of the second premolar; and by the distinct external division of the auditory bulla into its two elements either by a definite groove or, when rarely this is obliterated, by the depression of the tympanic bone in front of the swollen entotympanic. The typical dental formula is: {{DentalFormula |upper=3.1.4.2 |lower=3.1.4.2}}, but the number may be reduced, although never to the same extent as in the Felidae.<ref name=Pocock1939/>
Their flesh-shearing carnassial teeth are relatively undeveloped compared to those of other feliform carnivorans.<ref name=EoM>{{cite book |editor=Macdonald, D. |author=Wozencraft, W. C. |year=1984 |title=The Encyclopedia of Mammals |publisher=Facts on File |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/134 134–135] |isbn=0-87196-871-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/134 }}</ref> Most viverrid species have a penis bone (a baculum).<ref name="Ewer1998">{{cite book |author=Ewer, R. F. |title=The Carnivores |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IETMd3-lSlkC |year=1998 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=0-8014-8493-6}}</ref>
==Classification== ===Living species=== In 1821, Gray defined this family as consisting of the genera ''Viverra'', ''Genetta'', ''Herpestes'', and ''Suricata''.<ref name=Gray1821/> Reginald Innes Pocock later redefined the family as containing a great number of highly diversified genera, and being susceptible of division into several subfamilies, based mainly on the structure of the feet and of some highly specialized scent glands, derived from the skin, which are present in most of the species and are situated in the region of the external generative organs. He subordinated the subfamilies Hemigalinae, Paradoxurinae, Prionodontinae, and Viverrinae to the Viverridae.<ref name=Pocock1939/>
In 1833, Edward Turner Bennett described the Malagasy fossa (''Cryptoprocta ferox'') and subordinated the ''Cryptoprocta'' to the Viverridae.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bennett |first1=E. T. |year=1833 |title=Notice of a new genus of Viverridous Mammalia from Madagascar |url = https://archive.org/stream/lietuvostsrmoksl33liet#page/n58/mode/1up |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |volume=1833 |page=46}}</ref> A molecular and morphological analysis based on DNA/DNA hybridization experiments suggests that ''Cryptoprocta'' does not belong within Viverridae, but is a member of the Eupleridae.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Veron |first1=G. |last2=Catzeflis |first2=F. M. |year=1993 |title=Phylogenetic relationships of the endemic Malagasy carnivore Cryptoprocta ferox (Aeluroideae): DNA/DNA hybridization experiments |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=169–185 |doi=10.1007/bf01024706|s2cid=21555307 }}</ref>
The African palm civet (''Nandinia binotata'') resembles the civets of the Viverridae, but is genetically distinct and belongs in its own monotypic family, the Nandiniidae. There is little dispute that the ''Poiana'' species are viverrids.<ref name=msw3/>
DNA analysis based on 29 carnivoran species, comprising 13 Viverrinae species and three species representing ''Paradoxurus'', ''Paguma'' and Hemigalinae, confirmed Pocock's assumption that the African linsang ''Poiana'' represents the sister group of the genus ''Genetta''. The placement of ''Prionodon'' as the sister group of the family Felidae is strongly supported, and it was proposed that the Asiatic linsangs be placed in the monogeneric family Prionodontidae.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gaubert |first1=P. |last2=Veron |first2=G. |year=2003 |title=Exhaustive sample set among Viverridae reveals the sister-group of felids: the linsangs as a case of extreme morphological convergence within Feliformia |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=270 |issue=1532 |pages=2523–2530 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2003.2521 |pmid=14667345 |pmc=1691530}}</ref> {|class="wikitable" |+ style="text-align:left;" |Family Viverridae<ref name="Gaubert2006"/><ref name=msw3/><ref name=Nyakatura-2012/> |- ! Subfamily !! Genus !! Species !! Image of type species |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccFFcc;" ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ccFFcc;"|Viverrinae ||'''''Viverra''''' {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}}<ref name=Linnaeus>{{cite book |author=Linnaeus, C. |year=1758 |title=Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis 1 |chapter=''Viverra'' |pages=43–45 |chapter-url=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN362053006&DMDID=DMDLOG_0013&LOGID=LOG_0013&PHYSID=PHYS_0047 |edition=Tenth |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |location=Stockholm}}</ref> || * Large Indian civet (''V. zibetha'') {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}}<ref name=Linnaeus/> * Malayan civet (''V. tangalunga'') {{small|Gray, 1832}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gray |first1=J. E. |year=1832 |title=On the family of Viverridae and its generic sub-divisions, with an enumeration of the species of several new ones |journal=Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London |volume=2 |pages=63–68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOdJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA63}}</ref> * Malabar large-spotted civet (''V. civettina'') {{small|Blyth, 1862}}<ref name=Blyth>{{cite journal |author1=Blyth, E. |title=Report of Curator, Zoological Department, February 1862|journal=The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |year=1862 |volume=31 |pages=331–345 |issue=3 |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofasiatic3118asia/page/331}}</ref> * Large-spotted civet (''V. megaspila'') {{small|Blyth, 1862}}<ref name=Blyth/> |frameless |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccFFcc;" ||'''''Viverricula''''' {{small|Hodgson, 1838}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hodgson |first1=B. H. |year=1838 |title=Classified Catalogue of Nepalese Mammalia |journal=Annals of Natural History |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=152−154 |url=https://archive.org/details/annalsofnaturalh1183unse/page/152}}</ref> || Small Indian civet (''V. indica'') {{small|(Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803)}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire |first1=E. |year=1803 |chapter=La Civette de l'Inde |chapter-url=https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10482289?page=117 |page=113 |title=Catalogue des Mammifères du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle |location=Paris |publisher=Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle}}</ref> |frameless |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccFFcc;" ||'''''Civettictis''''' {{small|Pocock, 1915}}<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pocock, R. I. |year=1915 |title=On the Feet and Glands and other External Characters of the Viverrinae, with the description of a New Genus |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |volume=85 |pages=131−149 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1915.00131.x |url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofzoo19151298zool/page/131}}</ref> || African civet (''C. civetta'') {{small|(Schreber, 1776)}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Schreber, J. C. D. |year=1778 |chapter=Die Civette ''Viverra civetta'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/SaYugthiereAbbiIIISchr#page/418/mode/2up |pages=418–420 |title=Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen |location=Erlangen |publisher=Wolfgang Walther}}</ref> |frameless |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccccFF;" ! rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#ccccFF;"|Hemigalinae {{small|Gray, 1864}}<ref name=Gray1864>{{cite journal |author=Gray, J. E. |year=1864 |title=A revision of the genera and species of viverrine animals (Viverridae), founded on the collection in the British Museum |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 1864 |pages=502–579 |url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofgen64zool#page/524/mode/2up}}</ref> |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccccFF;" ||'''''Hemigalus''''' {{small|Jourdan, 1837}}<ref name=Jourdan>{{cite journal |author=Jourdan, C. |year=1837 |title=Mémoire sur deux mammifères nouveaux de l'Inde, considérés comme types des deux genres voisins des Paradoxures, genres Hémigale et Ambliodon |journal=Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences |pages=442–447 |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2964f/f442.image}}</ref> ||Banded palm civet (''H. derbyanus'') {{small|Jourdan, 1837}}<ref name=Jourdan/> |frameless |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccccFF;" ||'''''Cynogale''''' {{small|Gray, 1836}}<ref name=Gray1836>{{cite journal |author=Gray, J.E. |year=1836 |title=Characters of some new species of Mammalia in the Society's collection |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |volume=Part IV |issue=October |pages=87–88 |url=https://archive.org/details/lietuvostsrmoksl33liet/page/n645/mode/1up}}</ref> || Otter civet (''C. bennettii'') {{small|Gray, 1836}}<ref name=Gray1836/> |frameless |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccccFF;" ||'''''Diplogale''''' {{small|Thomas, 1912}}<ref name=Thomas1912>{{cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1912 |title=Two new Genera and a Species of Viverrine Carnivora |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |volume=Part II |pages=498–503 |url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofzoo19121504zool#page/498/mode/2up}}</ref> || Hose's palm civet (''D. hosei'') {{small|(Thomas, 1892)}}<ref>{{cite journal |author=Thomas, O. |year=1892 |title=On some Mammals form Mount Dulit, North Borneo |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |volume=Part I |pages=221–226 |url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofzoo1892zool/page/n279/mode/2up}}</ref> |frameless |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccccFF;" ||'''''Macrogalidia''''' {{small|Schwarz, 1910}}<ref>{{cite journal |author=Schwarz, E. |year=1910 |title=Notes on some Palm-Civets |journal=The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology |series=8 |volume=5 |issue=29 |pages=422–424 |url=https://archive.org/details/annalsmagazineof851910lond/page/422/mode/2up}}</ref> ||Sulawesi palm civet (''M. musschenbroekii'') {{small|(Schlegel, 1877)}}<ref>{{cite journal |author=Schlegel, H. |year=1879 |title=''Paradoxurus musschenbroekii'' |journal=Notes from the Royal Zoological Museum of the Netherlands at Leyden |volume=1 |issue=Note XIV |pages=43 |url=https://archive.org/details/notesfromleydenm01rijk/page/43/mode/1up}}</ref> |frameless |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccccFF;" ||'''''Chrotogale''''' {{small|Thomas, 1912}}<ref name=Thomas1912/> || Owston's palm civet (''C. owstoni'') {{small|Thomas, 1912}}<ref name=Thomas1912/> |frameless |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eeccFF;" ! rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#eeccFF;"|Paradoxurinae {{small|Gray, 1864}}<ref name=Gray1864/> ||'''''Paradoxurus''''' {{small|Cuvier, 1822}}<ref name=Cuvier>{{cite journal |author=Cuvier, F. |year=1822 |title=Du genre Paradoxure et de deux espèces nouvelles qui s'y rapportent |journal=Mémoires du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle Paris |volume=9 |pages=41–48 |url=https://archive.org/stream/mmoiresdumus91822mus#page/n55/mode/2up}}</ref> || * Asian palm civet (''P. hermaphroditus'') {{small|(Pallas, 1777)}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Pallas, P. S. |year=1778 |chapter=Das Zwitterstinkthier |page=426 |editor=Schreber, J. C. D. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/SaYugthiereAbbiIIISchr#page/426/mode/2up |title=Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen |location=Erlangen |publisher=Wolfgang Walther}}</ref> * Golden palm civet (''P. zeylonensis'') {{small|(Pallas, 1778)}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Pallas, P. S. |year=1778 |chapter=Der Boshond |page=451 |editor=Schreber, J. C. D. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/SaYugthiereAbbiIIISchr#page/450/mode/2up |title=Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen |location=Erlangen |publisher=Wolfgang Walther}}</ref> * Brown palm civet (''P. jerdoni'') {{small|Blanford, 1885}}<ref>{{cite journal |author=Blanford, W. T. |year=1885|title=A Monograph of the Genus ''Paradoxurus'', F. Cuvier |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |volume=53 |issue=4|pages= 780–808 |url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofgen85zool#page/802/mode/1up |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1885.tb02921.x}}</ref> |frameless |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eeccFF;" ||'''''Arctictis''''' {{small|Temminck, 1824}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Temminck, C. J. |year=1824 |title=Monographies de mammalogie |publisher=Dufour & d'Ocagne |location=Paris |chapter=XVII Genre ''Arctictis'' |page=xxi |chapter-url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5800774n/f26.item}}</ref> || Binturong (''A. binturong'') {{small|(Raffles, 1822)}}<ref>{{cite journal |author=Raffles, T. S. |year=1822 |title=XVII. Descriptive Catalogue of a Zoological Collection, made on account of the Honourable East India Company, in the Island of Sumatra and its Vicinity, under the Direction of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Lieutenant-Governor of Fort Marlborough', with additional Notices illustrative of the Natural History of those Countries |journal=The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London |volume=XIII |pages=239–274 |url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753002433594#page/253/mode/2up}}</ref> |frameless |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eeccFF;" ||'''''Paguma''''' {{small|Gray, 1831}}<ref name=Gray1831>{{cite book |last1=Gray |first1=J. E. |year=1831 |chapter=Paguma |title=Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London |location=London |publisher=Zoological Society of London |volume=1 |page=95 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/lietuvostsrmoksl30liet/page/n108}}</ref> ||Masked palm civet (''P. larvata'') {{small|(Smith, 1827)}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Smith, C.H. |year=1827 |title=The animal kingdom : arranged in conformity with its organization |volume=2. Mammalia |editor=Griffith, E. |publisher= G.B. Whittaker |location=London |chapter=Gulo larvatus, the Masked Glutton |page=281 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/classmammalia21827cuvi/page/n319/mode/2up}}</ref> |frameless |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eeccFF;" ||'''''Arctogalidia''''' {{small|Merriam, 1897}}<ref>{{cite journal |author=Merriam, C. H. |year=1897 |title=The generic names Ictis, Arctogale, and Arctogalidia |journal=Science |volume=5 |issue=112 |page=302 |doi=10.1126/science.5.112.302 |pmid=17741859 |s2cid=5336742 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1715829}}</ref> ||Small-toothed palm civet (''A. trivirgata'') {{small|(Gray, 1832)}}<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gray, J.E. |year=1832 |title=On the Family of Viverridae and its generic subdivisions; with an enumeration of the Species of ''Paradoxurus'', and Characters of several new ones |journal=Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London |issue=Part 2 |pages=63–68 |url=https://archive.org/details/lietuvostsrmoksl30liet/page/68/mode/1up}}</ref> |frameless |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#FFdddd;" ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFdddd;"|Genettinae ||'''''Genetta''''' {{small|Cuvier, 1816}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cuvier |first1=F. |year=1816 |title=Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée |volume=I |editor=Cuvier, G. |location=Paris |publisher=Deterville |url=https://archive.org/details/lergneanimaldi181701cuvi/page/156/mode/2up}}</ref> || * Common genet (''G. genetta'') {{small|(Linnaeus, 1758)}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Linnaeus, C. |year=1758 |title=Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis 1 |chapter=''Viverra genetta'' |page=45 |chapter-url=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN362053006&DMDID=DMDLOG_0013&LOGID=LOG_0013&PHYSID=PHYS_0049 |edition=Tenth |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |location=Stockholm}}</ref> * Cape genet (''G. tigrina'') {{small|(Schreber, 1778)}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Schreber, J. C. D. |date=1778 |chapter-url=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN574903313&DMDID=DMDLOG_0006&LOGID=LOG_0010&PHYSID=PHYS_0152 |chapter=Die Bisamkaze ''Viverra tigrina'' |pages=425–426 |title=Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen |volume=Dritter Theil |publisher=Walther |location=Erlangen}}</ref> * South African small-spotted genet (''G. felina'') {{small|(Thunberg, 1811)}}<ref>{{cite journal |author=Thunberg, C. P. |year=1811 |title=Beskrifning och teckning pa ''Viverra felina'' |journal=Kungliga Swenska Wetenskaps Academiens Handlingar |pages=165–168 |url=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN607539224_0032&IDDOC=519955 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Rusty-spotted genet (''G. maculata'') {{small|(Gray, 1828)}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Gray, J. E. |year=1828 |title=Spicilegia zoologica : original figures and short systematic descriptions of new and unfigured animals |location=London |publisher=Treuttel, Wurtz & Co. |page=9 |chapter=''Viverra maculata'' |chapter-url=https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10231416?page=13}}</ref> * Pardine genet (''G. pardina'') {{small|Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1832}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, I. |year=1832 |title=Études Zoologiques : Ouvrage comprenant l'histoire et la description d'un grand nombre d'animaux récemment découverts et des observations nouvelles sur plusieurs genres déjà connus |location=Paris |publisher=Lequien Fils |page=73 |chapter=Descriptions d'une nouvelle espèce du genre Genette. Genetta. Cuv. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=roc-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA73}}</ref> * Abyssinian genet (''G. abyssinica'') {{small|(Rüppell, 1835)}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Rüppell, E. |year=1835 |title=Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig |location=Frankfurt |publisher=Siegmund Schmerber |chapter=''Viverra abyssinica''. Rüppell |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/neuewirbelthiere00rupp#page/n43/mode/2up}}</ref> * King genet (''G. poensis'') {{small|Waterhouse, 1838}}<ref>{{cite journal |author=Waterhouse, G. R. |year=1838 |title=On some New Species of Mammalia from Fernando Po |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |pages=57–61 |url=https://archive.org/stream/lietuvostsrmoksl33liet#page/58/mode/2up}}</ref> * Servaline genet (''G. servalina'') {{small|Pucheran, 1855}} * Angolan genet (''G. angolensis'') {{small|Bocage, 1882}} * Giant forest genet (''G. victoriae'') {{small|Thomas, 1901}}<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Thomas, O. |year=1901 |title=On the more notable Mammals obtained by Sir Harry Johnston in the Uganda Protectorate |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |volume=II |pages=85–90 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1901.tb08165.x |url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofzoo19012zo/page/n121/mode/2up}}</ref> * Hausa genet (''G. thierryi'') {{small|Matschie, 1902}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Matschie, P. |year=1902 |title=Verhandlungen des V. Internationalen Zoologen-Congresses zu Berlin, 12.–16. August 1901 |location=Jena |publisher=Gustav Fischer |pages=1128–1145 |chapter=Über die individuellen und geographischen Abänderungen der Ginsterkatzen |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/verhandlungende00inte/verhandlungende00inte#page/1142/mode/2up}}</ref> * Letaba genet (''G. letabae'') {{small|Thomas and Schwann, 1906}}<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Thomas, O. |author2=Schwann, H. |name-list-style=amp |year=1906 |title=The Rudd Exploration of South Africa.—IV. List of Mammals obtained by Mr. Grant at Knysna |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |volume=76 |issue=1–2 |pages=159–168 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1906.tb08427.x|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/94474 }}</ref> * Johnston's genet (''G. johnstoni'') {{small|(Pocock, 1908)}} * Aquatic genet (''G. piscivora'') {{small|(Allen, 1919)}}<ref>{{cite journal |author=Allen, J. A. |year=1919 |title=Preliminary notes on African carnivora |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=23–31 |doi= 10.2307/1373716|jstor=1373716 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1431779}}</ref> * Crested servaline genet (''G. cristata'') {{small|Hayman, 1940}} * Schouteden's genet (''G. schoutedeni'') {{small|Crawford-Cabral, 1970}} * Bourlon's genet (''G. bourloni'') {{small|Gaubert, 2003}}<ref name="Gaubert2003">{{cite journal |author=Gaubert, P. |year=2003 |title=Description of a new species of genet (Carnivora; Viverridae; genus ''Genetta'') and taxonomic revision of forest forms related to the Large-spotted Genet complex |journal=Mammalia |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=85–108 |doi= 10.1515/mamm.2003.67.1.85|s2cid=84351854 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249943708}}</ref> |frameless |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#FFdddd;" ||'''''Poiana''''' {{small|Gray, 1864}}<ref name=Gray1864/> || * Central African oyan (''P. richardsonii'') {{small|(Thomson, 1842)}}<ref>{{cite journal |author=Thomson, T. R. H. |year=1842 |title=Description of a new species of ''Genetta'', and of two species of Birds from Western Africa |journal=The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology |volume=10 |issue=64 |url=https://archive.org/details/annalsmagazineof10lond/page/202 |pages=203–205 |doi=10.1080/03745484209445224}}</ref> * West African oyan (''P. leightoni'') {{small|(Pocock, 1907)}}<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pocock, R. I. |year=1907 |title=Report upon a Small Collection of Mammalia brought from Liberia by Mr. Leonard Leighton |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |volume=77 |issue=November |pages=1037–1046 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1907.tb06966.x |url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofzoo19074471121zool/page/1042}}</ref> |frameless |}
===Phylogeny=== The phylogenetic relationships of Viverridae are shown in the following cladogram:<ref name="Gaubert2006">{{cite journal |last1=Gaubert |first1=P. |last2=Cordeiro-Estrela |first2=P. |name-list-style=amp |title=Phylogenetic systematics and tempo of evolution of the Viverrinae (Mammalia, Carnivora, Viverridae) within feliformians: implications for faunal exchanges between Asia and Africa |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |year=2006 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=266–278 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.034 |url=http://www.cetpo.upol.cz/files/lib/26/711/gaubert2006viveridae.pdf |pmid=16837215 |bibcode=2006MolPE..41..266G |access-date=2020-08-01 |archive-date=2022-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815132137/http://www.cetpo.upol.cz/files/lib/26/711/gaubert2006viveridae.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{open access}}</ref><ref name=Nyakatura-2012>{{cite journal |last1=Nyakatura |first1=K. |first2=O. R. P. |last2=Bininda-Emonds |name-list-style=amp |title=Updating the evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia): a new species-level supertree complete with divergence time estimates|journal=BMC Biology |year=2012 |volume=10 |page=12 |doi=10.1186/1741-7007-10-12 |pmid=22369503 |pmc=3307490 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Veron |first1=Geraldine |last2=Bonillo |first2=Céline |last3=Hassanin |first3=Alexandre |last4=Jennings |first4=Andrew |year=2017 |title=Molecular systematics and biogeography of the Hemigalinae civets (Mammalia, Carnivora) |journal=European Journal of Taxonomy |issue=285 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.5852/ejt.2017.285 |doi-access=free}}</ref> {{clade |style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%; |label1='''Viverridae''' |1={{clade |1={{clade |label1='''Paradoxurinae'''|style1=background-color:#eeccFF; |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |label1=''Paradoxurus'' |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=Golden palm civet ''P. zeylonensis'' |2=Jerdon's palm civet ''P. jerdoni'' }} }} |2=Asian palm civet ''P. hermaphroditus'' }} |label2=''Paguma'' |2=Masked palm civet ''P. larvata'' }} |label2=''Arctictis'' |2=Binturong ''A. binturong'' }} |label2=''Arctogalidia'' |2=Small-toothed palm civet ''A. trivirgata'' }} |label2='''Hemigalinae'''|style2=background-color:#ccccFF; |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=''Cynogale'' |1=Otter civet ''C. bennettii'' |label2=''Macrogalidia'' |2=Sulawesi palm civet ''M. musschenbroekii'' }} |2={{clade |label1=''Diplogale'' |1=Hose's palm civet ''D. hosei'' |2={{clade |label1=''Chrotogale'' |1=Owston's palm civet ''C. owstoni'' |label2=''Hemigalus'' |2=Banded palm civet ''H. derbyanus'' }} }} }} }} |label2='''Viverrinae'''|sublabel2=''sensu lato'' |2={{clade |label1='''Viverrinae'''|sublabel1=''sensu stricto''|style1=background-color:#ccFFcc; |1={{clade |1={{clade |label1=''Viverra'' |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=Malabar large-spotted civet ''V. civettina'' |2=Large-spotted civet ''V. megaspila'' }} |2=Large Indian civet ''V. zibetha'' }} |2=Malayan civet ''V. tangalunga'' 50px }} |label2=''Civettictis'' |2=African civet ''C. civetta'' 50px }} |label2=''Viverricula'' |2=Small Indian civet ''V. indica'' }} |label2='''Genettinae'''|style2=background-color:#FFdddd; |2={{clade |label1=''Poiana'' |1={{clade |1=West African oyan ''P. leightoni'' |2=Central African oyan ''P. richardsonii'' }} |label2=''Genetta'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Abyssinian genet ''G. abyssinica'' |2=Haussa genet ''G. thierryi'' }} |2={{clade |1=Giant forest genet ''G. victoriae'' |2={{clade |1=Johnston's genet ''G. johnstoni'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=Aquatic genet ''G. piscivora'' |2=Servaline genet ''G. servalina'' }} |2=Crested servaline genet ''G. cristata'' }} |2={{clade |1=South African small-spotted genet ''G. felina'' |2=Common genet ''G. genetta'' |3={{clade |1=Cape genet ''G. tigrina'' |2={{clade |1=Letaba genet ''G. letabae'' |2=Schouteden's genet ''G. schoutedeni'' |3=Rusty-spotted genet ''G. maculata'' |4={{clade |1={{clade |1=Angolan genet ''G. angolensis'' |2=Pardine genet ''G. pardina'' }} |2={{clade |1=Bourlon's genet ''G. bourloni'' |2=King genet ''G. poensis'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
=== Extinct species === {|class="wikitable" |- ! Subfamily !! Genus !! Species |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="2" |Viverrinae |''Viverra'' {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}} |Leakey's civet (''V. leakeyi'') {{small|Leakey, 1982}} |- style="vertical-align:top;" |''Semigenetta'' {{small|Helbing 1927}} | * †''S. cadeoti'' {{small|Roman and Viret 1934}} * †''S. elegans'' {{small|Dehm, 1950}} * †''S. grandis'' {{small|Crusafont & Golpe, 1981}} * †''S. laugnacensis'' {{small|De Bonis, 1973}} * †''S. ripolli'' {{small|Petter, 1976}} * †''S. sansaniensis'' {{small|Lartet, 1851}} |- style="vertical-align:top;" | rowspan="4"|Paradoxurinae |''Kichechia'' {{small|Savage, 1965}}<ref name="Savage1965">{{Cite journal |title=Fossil mammals of Africa: 19, The Miocene Carnivora of East Africa |author1=Savage, R. J. G. |journal=Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) |year=1965 |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=239–316 |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletinofbritis10brit/page/239}}</ref> | *†''K. zamanae''<ref name="Savage1965" /> *†''K. savagei''<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Adrian, B. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Werdelin, L. |author3=Grossman, A. |year=2018 |title=New Miocene Carnivora (Mammalia) from Moruorot and Kalodirr, Kenya |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=21 |issue=1 10A |pages=1–19 |doi=10.26879/778 |url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1193864/FULLTEXT01.pdf|doi-access=free |bibcode=2018PalEl..21..778A }}</ref> |- |''Tugenictis'' {{small|Morales & Pickford, 2005}}<ref name="Morales2005">{{cite journal|author1=Morales, J.|author2=Pickford, M.|name-list-style=amp|year=2005|title=Carnivores from the Middle Miocene Ngorora Formation (13-12 Ma), Kenya|url=https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/2322/1/ngorora.pdf|journal=Estudios Geológicos|volume=61|issue=3–6|pages=271–284|doi=10.3989/egeol.05613-668|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="FortTernan">{{cite journal|author=Werdelin, L.|year=2019|title=Middle Miocene Carnivora and Hyaenodonta from Fort Ternan, western Kenya|url=http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/hd/g2019v41a6-pdfa.pdf|journal=Geodiversitas|volume=41|issue=6|page=267|doi=10.5252/geodiversitas2019v41a6|s2cid=146620949|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019Geodv..41S.267W }}</ref> |†''T. ngororaensis''<ref name="Morales2005" /> {{small|Morales & Pickford, 2005}} |- |''Kanuites'' {{small|Dehghani & Werdelin, 2008}}<ref name="Dehghani">{{cite journal|author1=Dehghani, R.|author2=Werdelin, L.|name-list-style=amp|year=2008|title=A new small carnivoran from the Middle Miocene of Fort Ternan, Kenya|journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen|volume=248|issue=2|pages=233–244|doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2008/0248-0233|bibcode=2008NJGPA.248..233D }}</ref> |†''K. lewisae''<ref name="Dehghani" /> {{small|Dehghani & Werdelin, 2008}} |- |''Siamictis'' <small>Grohé ''et al.'', 2020</small><ref name=Grohé>{{Cite journal |last1=Grohé|first1=C. |last2=Bonis |first2=L. D. |last3=Chaimanee |first3=Y. |last4=Chavasseau |first4=O. |last5=Rugbumrung |first5=M. |last6=Yamee |first6=C. |last7=Suraprasit |first7=K. |last8=Gibert |first8=C. |last9=Surault |first9=J. |last10=Blondel |first10=C. |last11=Jaeger |first11=J.-J. |date=2020 |title=The Late Middle Miocene Mae Moh Basin of Northern Thailand: The Richest Neogene Assemblage of Carnivora from Southeast Asia and a Paleobiogeographic Analysis of Miocene Asian Carnivorans |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3952|pages=1–57 |doi=10.1206/3952.1|s2cid=219296152 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/288354 }}</ref> |†''S. carbonensis<ref name=Grohé />'' <small>Grohé ''et al''., 2020</small> |}
== See also == *List of viverrids
== References == {{Reflist}}
==External links== {{Commons category|Viverridae}} {{Wikispecies}} * {{cite web |url=https://www.awf.org/wildlife-conservation/genet |title=Genet: Wildlife summary |publisher=African Wildlife Foundation}} * {{cite web| url= https://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/information/Viverridae.html |title= Viverridae| publisher= University of Michigan| website= AnimalDiversity.org| date= }} * {{cite web| url= https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=621757#null | title= Viverridae| website= ITIS.gov| publisher= Integrated Taxonomic Information System}} * {{cite web| url= https://www.straightdope.com/21343447/does-civet-come-from-tortured-cats-does-kopi-luwak-coffee-come-from-pre-eaten-beans |title= Does civet come from tortured cats? Does kopi luwak coffee come from pre-eaten beans?| first= Cecil |last= Adams| work= StraightDope.com| date= May 25, 2001}}
{{Carnivora|V.}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q185864}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Viverridae Category:Mammal families Category:Extant Ypresian first appearances Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray