Veena

{{italic title}} {{Short description|Various chordophone instruments from the Indian subcontinent}} {{About|various Indian musical instruments called ''veena''|the modern mainstream veena|Saraswati veena|the ancient Indian harp|ancient veena|other uses|veena (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox Instrument |name= |image= File:Veena.png |image_capt= A Saraswati Veena |background=string | names = Vina<ref name=britveena/> |classification= String instruments |developed = ''Veena'' has applied to stringed instruments in Indian written records since at least 1000 BCE. Instruments using the name have included forms of arched harp and musical bow, lutes, medieval stick zithers and tube zithers, bowed chordophones, fretless lutes, the Rudra bīn and Sarasvati veena.<ref name=grovekinnari/> |related= Chitra veena, Harp-style veena, Mohan veena, Rudra veena, Saraswati veena, Vichitra veena, Sarod, Sitar, Surbahar, Sursingar, Tambouras, Tambura, |sound sample = thumb|A veena improvisation (2004) thumb|A veena kushree }} The '''''veena''''', also spelled '''''vina''''' ({{langx|sa|वीणा}} IAST: vīṇā), is any of various chordophone instruments from the Indian subcontinent.<ref name=hastvina/> Ancient musical instruments evolved into many variations, such as lutes, zithers and arched harps.<ref name=britveena>[https://www.britannica.com/art/vina Vina: Musical Instrument], Encyclopædia Britannica (2010)</ref> The many regional designs have different names such as the ''Rudra veena'', the ''Saraswati veena'', the ''Vichitra veena'' and others.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Tutut Herawan|author2=Rozaida Ghazali|author3=Mustafa Mat Deris|title=Recent Advances on Soft Computing and Data Mining|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VdYlBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA512 |year=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-07692-8|page=512}}</ref><ref name=sanyal24>{{cite book|author1=Ritwik Sanyal|author2=Richard Widdess|title=Dhrupad: Tradition and Performance in Indian Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7o8HAQAAMAAJ |year=2004|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-0-7546-0379-5|pages=23–25}}</ref>

The North Indian ''rudra veena'', used in Hindustani classical music, is a stick zither.<ref name=britveena/> About 3.5 to 4 feet (1 to 1.2 meters) long to fit the measurements of the musician, it has a hollow body and two large resonating gourds, one under each end.<ref name=sanyal24/> It has four main strings which are melodic, and three auxiliary drone strings.<ref name=britveena/> To play, the musician plucks the melody strings downward with a plectrum worn on the first and second fingers, while the drone strings are strummed with the little finger of the playing hand. The musician stops the resonating strings, when so desired, with the fingers of the free hand. In modern times the veena has been generally replaced with the sitar in North Indian performances.<ref name=britveena/><ref name=hastvina/>

The South Indian ''Saraswati veena'', used in Carnatic classical music, is a lute. It is a long-necked, pear-shaped lute, but instead of the lower gourd of the North Indian design, it has a pear-shaped wooden piece. However it, too, has 24 frets, four melody strings, and three drone strings, and is played similarly. It remains an important and popular string instrument in classical Carnatic music.<ref name=britveena/>{{Sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|pp=753–754}}{{Sfn|Randel|2003|pp=819–820}}

As a fretted, plucked lute, the veena can produce pitches in a full three-octave range.<ref name=hastvina>{{cite book|author1=Dorothea E. Hast|author2=James R. Cowdery|author3=Stanley Arnold Scott|title=Exploring the World of Music: An Introduction to Music from a World Music Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=00CwGRwv6XQC&pg=PA151 |year=1999|publisher=Kendall & Hunt|isbn=978-0-7872-7154-1|pages=151–152}}</ref> The long, hollow neck design of these Indian instruments allows portamento effects and legato ornaments found in Indian ''ragas''.{{Sfn|Randel|2003|pp=819–820}} It has been a popular instrument in Indian classical music, and one revered in the Indian culture by its inclusion in the iconography of Saraswati, the Hindu goddess of arts and learning.{{Sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|pp=753–754}}

==Etymology and history== :''See: Ancient veena'' :''See: History of lute-family instruments'' {{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center | align = left |header= Historical vinas, harp, lute and stick zither

| image1 = Plaque with a Dancer and a Vina Player 1st century B.C.jpg | width1 = 130 | alt1 = Plaque with harp vina | caption1 =Plaque with a dancer and a veena (harp) player 1st century B.C.

|image3 = Kinnara with kachchapa veena, part of the Bodhisattva Padmapani, Cave 1, Ajanta, India.jpg |width3 = 130 |alt3 = painting of kachappi veena from circa 450 CE |caption3 = India, ca. 450-490 CE, Ajanta Caves. A ''Kinnara'' holding a lute-type veena, possibly a ''kacchapī veena'' (Sanskrit for "tortoise veena").<ref>{{cite web |author= Subramanian Swaminathan |title= Paintings |website= saigan.com|url= https://www.saigan.com/heritage/painting/ajanta/ajanta15.html|quote= Kinnara playing Kachchapa Vina, Padmapani Panel, Cave 1 }}</ref> No description survives to go with name.

|image4= Embekke Temple, Carving of a Kinnari 0557.jpg |width4 = 130 |alt4 = stick zither veena in the hands of a Kinnari |caption4 = Embekka Devalaya temple, Sri Lanka. A Kinnari holds an ālāpīni vīnī, a type of stick-zither with a half gourd used for the resonator. |footer = }}

The Sanskrit word ''veena'' ({{lang|sa|वीणा}}) in ancient and medieval Indian literature is a generic term for plucked string musical instruments. It is mentioned in the Rigveda, Samaveda and other Vedic literature such as the ''Shatapatha Brahmana'' and ''Taittiriya Samhita''.<ref name=mmw1005>Monier Monier-Williams, [http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/1000/mw__1038.html वीणा], Sanskrit-English Dictionary with Etymology, Oxford University Press, page 1005</ref>{{Sfn|Rowell|2015|pp=33, 86–87, 115–116}}

In the ancient texts, Narada is credited with inventing the ''Tanpura'', described as a seven-string instrument with frets.<ref name="mmw1005" /><ref name="Miner2004p26">{{cite book|author=Allyn Miner|title=Sitar and Sarod in the 18th and 19th Centuries|url=https://archive.org/details/sitarsarodin18th00mine|url-access=registration|year=2004|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1493-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sitarsarodin18th00mine/page/26 26]–27}}</ref> According to Suneera Kasliwal, a professor of music, in the ancient texts such as the ''Rigveda'' and ''Atharvaveda'' (both pre-1000&nbsp;BCE), as well as the Upanishads (c. 800–300&nbsp;BCE), a string instrument is called ''vana'', a term that evolved to become ''veena''. The early Sanskrit texts call any stringed instrument ''vana''; these include bowed, plucked, one string, many strings, fretted, non-fretted, zither, lute or harp lyre-style string instruments.<ref name="Kasliwal2004">{{cite book|author=Suneera Kasliwal|title=Classical musical instruments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVsUAQAAIAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Rupa|isbn=978-81-291-0425-0|pages=70–72, 102–114}}</ref>{{Sfn|Te Nijenhuis|1974|pp=17–22}}{{Sfn|Beck|1993|pp=108–112}}

A person who plays a veena is called a ''vainika''.<ref>{{cite web |author = Gabe Hiemstra |website= Wisdom Library (wisdom lib.org) |title= Vainika, Vaiṇika: 6 definitions |date= 22 February 2019 |url= https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/vainika |quote= Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary...Vaiṇika (वैणिक).—i. e. vīṇā + ika, m. A lutist. }}</ref>

The ''Natya Shastra'' by Bharata Muni, the oldest surviving ancient Hindu text on classical music and performance arts, discusses the ''veena''.<ref name="Liu2016p131">{{cite book|author=A Madhavan|editor=Siyuan Liu|title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1iFCwAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-27886-3|pages=131–132}}</ref> This Sanskrit text, probably complete between 200&nbsp;BCE and 200&nbsp;CE,{{Sfn|Lidova|2014}} begins its discussion by stating that "the human throat is a ''sareer veena'', or a body's musical string instrument" when it is perfected, and that the source of ''gandharva'' music is such a throat, a string instrument and flute.<ref name="Liu2016p131"/> The same metaphor of human voice organ being a form of ''veena'', is also found in more ancient texts of Hinduism, such as in verse 3.2.5 of the ''Aitareya Aranyaka'', verse 8.9 of the ''Shankhayana Aranyaka'' and others.{{Sfn|Rowell|2015|pp=33, 86–87, 115–116}}{{Sfn|Beck|1993|pp=108–112}}<ref name="Baumer1988p135">{{cite book|author1=Bettina Bäumer|author2=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=Kalatattvakosa: A Lexicon of Fundamental Concepts of the Indian Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPoIZaGGtiMC&pg=PA135 |year=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1402-8|pages=135–136 }}</ref> The ancient epic ''Mahabharata'' describes the sage Narada as a Vedic sage famed as a "vina player".{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|pp=272–273}}

The ''Natya Shastra'' describes a seven-string instrument and other string instruments in 35 verses,{{Sfn|Rowell|2015|pp=114–116}} and then explains how the instrument should be played.<ref name="Miner2004p26"/>{{Sfn|Rowell|2015|pp=98–104}} The technique of performance suggests that the veena in Bharata Muni's time was quite different than the zither or the lute that became popular after the ''Natya Shastra'' was complete. The ancient veena, according to Allyn Miner and other scholars, was closer to an arched harp. The earliest lute and zither style veena playing musicians are evidenced in Hindu and Buddhist cave temple reliefs in the early centuries of the common era. Similarly, Indian sculptures from the mid-1st millennium CE depict musicians playing string instruments.<ref name="Miner2004p26"/> By about the 6th century CE, the goddess Saraswati sculptures are predominantly with veena of the zither-style, similar to modern styles.<ref name=ludvik227/>

===The early Gupta veena: depiction and playing technique=== thumb|250px|Coin ca. 335-380 CE. (Front side) Samudragupta seated left on a low couch or throne, playing veena set on his knees. (Reverse side) Lakshmi seated left on wicker stool, holding diadem and cornucopia. One of the early veenas used in India from early times until the Gupta period was an instrument of the harp type, and more precisely of the arched harp. It was played with the strings kept parallel to the body of the player, with both hands plucking the strings, as shown on Samudragupta's gold coins.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://coinindia.com/galleries-samudragupta.html|title="The Coin Galleries: Gupta: Samudragupta"}}</ref> The Veena Cave at Udayagiri has one of the earliest visual depictions of a veena player, considered to be Samudragupta.

==Construction== {{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center | align = center |header = Saraswati and the vina

| image1 = Raja Ravi Varma, Goddess Saraswati.jpg | width1 = 130 | alt1 = The Hindu goddess Saraswati with a veena | caption1 =1896. Saraswati with a southern style "Saraswati veena" instrument.

| image2 = Saraswati with bīn on white bird.jpg | width2 = 151 | alt2 = The Hindu Goddess Saraswati riding a white bird and holding a bīn (rudra vīnā) | caption2 = Ca. 1700. Saraswati riding a white bird and holding a northern style bīn (rudra vīnā). |footer= The Hindu Goddess Saraswati has been pictured holding different veenas over the centuries. The oldest known Saraswati-like relief carvings are from Buddhist archaeological sites dated to 200 BCE, where she holds a harp-style veena.<ref name=ludvik227>{{cite book|author=Catherine Ludvík|title=Sarasvatī, Riverine Goddess of Knowledge: From the Manuscript-carrying Vīṇā-player to the Weapon-wielding Defender of the Dharma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lsYKIXBOK0C&pg=PA227|year=2007|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-15814-6|pages=227–229}}</ref>

| image3 = Saraswati with an alapini vina, from a larger image God Vishnu with Goddesses Lakshmi and Sarasvati.jpg | width3 = 102 | alt3 = Saraswati with an ālāpiṇī vīṇā | caption3 = Bangladesh, 10th-12th century CE Saraswati with an ''ālāpiṇī vīṇā''.

|image4 =Saraswati Third Century AD.jpg |width4= 170 |alt4 = Saraswati Third Century CE with harp Veena |caption4= Saraswati, 3rd century CE with harp-style veena. Variations included the ''chitra vīṇā'' with seven strings and ''vipanchi vīṇā'' with 9 strings. Chitra veena refers to another instrument today. }}

At a first glance, the difference between the North and South Indian design is the presence of two resonant gourds in the North, while in the South, instead of the lower gourd there is a pear-shaped wooden body attached. However, there are other differences, and many similarities.<ref name=britveena/> Modern designs use fiberglass or other materials instead of hollowed jackwood and gourds.{{sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|pp=352–355}} The construction is personalized to the musician's body proportions so that she can hold and play it comfortably. It ranges from about 3.5 to 4 feet (1 to 1.2 meters). The body is made of special wood and is hollow. Both designs have four melody strings, three drone strings and twenty-four frets.<ref name=britveena/><ref name=hastvina/><ref name=sanyal24/> The instrument's end is generally tastefully shaped such as a swan and the external surfaces colorfully decorated with traditional Indian designs.{{sfn|Nettl et al.|1998|pp=352–355}}

The melody strings are tuned in ''c' g c G'' (the tonic, the fifth, the octave and the fourth<ref name=alainrudra/>), from which ''sarani'' (chanterelle) is frequently used.{{Sfn|Randel|2003|pp=819–820}} The drone strings are tuned in ''c" g' c''' (the double octave, the tonic and the octave<ref name=alainrudra/>). The drones are typically used to create rhythmic ''tanams'' of Indian classical music and to express harmony with clapped ''tala'' of the piece.{{Sfn|Randel|2003|pp=819–820}}

The main string is called ''Nāyakī Tār'' (नायकी तार), and in the Sarasvati veena it is on the onlooked's left side.{{Sfn|Caudhurī|2000|p=79}} The instrument is played with three fingers of the right (dominant) hand, struck inward or outward with a bent-wire plectrum (a "mizrab"). The index and second fingers strike inward on the melody string, alternating between notes, and the little finger strikes outward on the sympathetic strings.

The ''bola'' alphabets struck in the North Indian veena are ''da, ga, ra'' on the main strings, and many others by a combination of fingers and other strings.{{Sfn|Caudhurī|2000|pp=26–27}}{{Sfn|Rowell|2015|pp=153–164}} The veena settings and tuning may be fixed or adjusted by loosening the pegs, to perform ''Dhruva'' from fixed and ''Cala'' with loosened pegs such that the second string and first string coincide.{{Sfn|Caudhurī|2000|pp=111–113}}

One of the earliest description of the terminology currently used for veena construction, modification and operation appears in ''Sangita Cudamani'' by Govinda.{{Sfn| Gautam|1993|p=9}}

==Types== {{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center | align = right

| image1 = Saraswati holding an Eka-tantri vina, ca. 1000 C.E.jpg | width1 = 90 | alt1 = Saraswati with an Eka-tantri vina | caption1 = Saraswati holding an Eka-tantri vina, ca. 1000 CE

|image2 = One type of Veena, cithare sur tube "Bin" at Musée de la musique, Philharmonie de Paris.jpg |width2 = 168 |alt2 = Rudra veena |caption2 = A ''rudra veena'', now at Musée de la Musique (Paris). The frets are held to the body by a black wax.

|image3 = Kinnari vina, 19th century C.E., from the Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg |width3 = 230 |alt3 = Kinnari vina, 19th century CE, from the Metropolitan Museum of Art |caption3 = ''Kinnari vina'', 19th century CE, from the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

|footer = The eka-tantri developed from the alapini veena. It was longer and had a larger gourd. Over time gourds were added and the instrument may have developed into the rudra veena and the kinnari veena. }}

{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center | align = right

| image1 = Pinaka vina.jpg | width1 = 130 | alt1 = Saraswati with an ālāpiṇī vīṇā | caption1 =India, early 19th century. ''Pinaka veena''. Stick used on string as a slide, to choose notes.

|width2 = 130 |alt2 = bīn or rudra veena |caption2 =Early 19th century. A ''bīn'' or ''rudra veena'' without frets. Stick being used as slide on string to choose notes.

|image3 = Pandit Gopal Krishan.png |width3 = 172 |alt3 = Vichitra veena |caption3 = ''Vichitra veena'', uses a slide to choose notes instead of frets.

| image4= Concert de Raghunath Manet pour le Tibet.jpg | width4 = 170 | alt4 = saraswati veena | caption4 =Saraswati veena |footer = }} [[file:Mayuri.jpg|thumb |200px|Mayuri veena, 1903]] [[File:A Mohan Veena, string musical instruments of India.jpg|thumb|A ''Mohan veena''.]] thumb|Modern recreations of Naga veena (1957) and Kachyapi vina (1957) thumb|Modern recreation of Nagula vina [[File:Pullavan Veenai.jpg|thumb |Pulluva veena used by the Pulluvan tribals of Kerala in religious ceremony and Pulluvan paattu.]]

Being a generic name for any string instrument, there are numerous types of veena.{{Sfn|Martinez|2001|pp=127–128}} Some significant ones are: * ''Rudra veena'' is a fretted veena, with two large equal size tumba (resonators) below a stick zither.{{Sfn|Sorrell|Narayan|1980|pp=48–49}} This instrument is played by laying it slanting with one gourd on a knee and other above the shoulder.<ref name=alainrudra/><ref name=kasliwal116/> The mythology states that this instrument was created by god Shiva{{Sfn|Sorrell|Narayan|1980|pp=48–49}} It may be a post-6th century medieval era invention.<ref name=kasliwal116>{{cite book|author=Suneera Kasliwal|title=Classical musical instruments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVsUAQAAIAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Rupa|isbn=978-81-291-0425-0|pages=116–124}}</ref> According to Alain Daniélou, this instrument is more ancient, and its older known versions from 6th to 10th century had just one resonator with the seven strings made from different metals.<ref name=alainrudra>[http://media.smithsonianfolkways.org/liner_notes/unesco/UNES08021.pdf Rudra Veena], Alain Danielou, Smithsonian Folkways and UNESCO (1987)</ref> * ''Saraswati veena'' is another fretted veena, and one highly revered in Indian traditions, particularly Hinduism. This is often pictured, shown as two resonators of different size. Previously known as ''Raghunatha veena'', during the period of King Raghunatha Nayaka. This is played by holding it at about a 45-degree angle across one's body, and the smaller gourd over the musician's left thigh. This instrument is related to an ancient instrument of South India, around the region of Cauvery delta, where the ancient version is called Nanthuni or Nanduruni.<ref>{{cite book|author=Suneera Kasliwal|title=Classical musical instruments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVsUAQAAIAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Rupa|isbn=978-81-291-0425-0|pages=117–118, 123}}</ref> * ''Vichitra veena'' and ''Chitra veena'' or ''gottuvadhyam'' do not have frets. It sounds close to humming human singer. The Vichitra veena is played with a piece of ovoid or round glass, which is used to stop the strings to create delicate musical ornaments and slides during a performance.{{Sfn|Sorrell|Narayan|1980|pp=48–49}} * ''Sitar'' is a Persian word meaning three strings.{{Sfn|Caudhurī|2000|p=179}} Legends state that Amir Khusro of Delhi Sultanate renamed the Tritantri veena to sitar, but this is unlikely because the list of musical instruments created by Akbar historians makes no mention of sitar or sitariya.{{Sfn|Caudhurī|2000|p=65}} The sitar has been popular with Indian Muslim musicians.{{Sfn|Caudhurī|2000|p=66}} * ''Surbahar'' the base tuned version of the Sitar, created due to the fact that Sitar players wanted to play a bass tone like that of the Rudra veena. * ''Ālāpiṇī vīṇā''. Historical. A one string stick-zither style veena, shorter than the one string ''Eka-tantri vina''. It had one half-gourd resonator, which was pressed into the player's chest while plucking the string. *''Bobbili Veena'', a specialized Saraswati veena, carved from a single piece of wood. Named for Bobbili in Andhra Pradesh, where the instrument originated. *''Chitra veena'', a modern 21-string fretless lute, also called ''Gottuvadhyam'' or ''Kotuvadya''. *''Chitra veena'', a 7-string arched harp, mainstream from ancient times until about the 5th century CE. * ''Kachapi veena'', now called ''Kachua sitar'', built with a wooden model of a turtle or tortoise as a resonator.{{Sfn|Caudhurī|2000|p=179}} *''Kinnari veena'', one of three veena types mentioned in the Sangita Ratnakara (written 1210–1247 CE) by Śārṅgadeva. The other two mentioned were the ''Ālāpiṇī vīṇā'' and the ''Eka-tantri vina''. Tube zither with multiple gourds for resonators.<ref name=grovekinnari>{{cite encyclopedia |author = Alastair Dick |author2= Gordon Geekie |author3= Richard Widdess |editor-last= Sadie |editor-first=Stanley |entry= Vina, section 4 Medieval stick zithers|encyclopedia= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |year=1984 |id= Volume 3 |pages=729–730 |quote=}}</ref> In surviving museum examples, the center gourd is open where it presses against the player's chest, like the Kse diev or Ālāpiṇī vīṇā. * ''Pinaki veena'', related to ''Sarangi''.{{Sfn|Caudhurī|2000|p=177}} Historical. A bowed Veena, resembling the rudra veena. The notes were picked by moving a stick or coconut shell along the string. * ''Pulluva veena'', used by the Pulluvan tribe of Kerala in religious ceremonies and ''Pulluvan pāttu''. * ''Mattakokila vīṇā'' (meaning "intoxicated cuckoo"), a 21-string instrument, mentioned in literature, type unproven. Possibly an ancient veena (arched harp) or a board zither.<ref name=grovekinnari/><ref name=grovematto>{{cite encyclopedia |author = |editor-last= Sadie |editor-first=Stanley |entry= Mattakokilā |encyclopedia= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |year=1984 |id= Volume 2 |page=623 |quote=}}</ref><ref name=grovesurman>{{cite encyclopedia |author = |editor-last= Sadie |editor-first=Stanley |entry= Surmandal|encyclopedia= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |year=1984 |id= Volume 3 |page=477 |quote= in...Sangītaratnākara, a chordophone with 21 strings...is mentioned...does not make it clear whether this was a board zither or even whether the author had actually seen one...may have been a...harp-vīnā...}}</ref> * ''Mohan veena'', A modified sarod, created by sarod player Radhika Mohan Maitra in the 1940s. Made out of a modified Hawaiian guitar and a sarod. * ''Mayuri veena'', Also called ''Taus'' (derived from Arabic ''tawwus'' meaning, peacock), an instrument with the carving of a peacock as a resonator, decorated with genuine peacock feathers. * ''Mukha veena'', A blowing instrument. * ''Naga veena'', An instrument with the carving of a snake for decoration. * ''Nagula veena'', An instrument with no resonator. * ''Shatatantri veena'' * ''Gayatri veena'' (with one string only) * ''Saptatantri veena'' * ''Ranjan veena'' * ''Sagar veena'', a Pakistani instrument, created in 1970 by prominent Pakistani lawyer Raza Kazim. * ''Saradiya veena'', now called ''Sarod''.{{Sfn|Caudhurī|2000|p=176}} * ''Thanjavur veena'', a specialized Saraswati veena, carved from a single piece of wood. Named for Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu, where the instrument originated. * ''Triveni veena''

==See also== {{Portal|India|Music}} *Pandura *Sarod *Sitar *Surbahar *Sursingar *Tambouras *Tambura

==References== {{Reflist|30em}}

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==External links== {{Commons category-inline}} *[http://media.smithsonianfolkways.org/liner_notes/unesco/UNES08021.pdf Rudra Veena, Vichitra Veena, Sarod and Shahnai], Alain Danielou, Smithsonian Folkways and UNESCO *[https://www.ethnomusic.ucla.edu/music-of-india-ensemble Music of India Ensemble: Veena], Department of Ethnomusicology, UCLA

{{Indian musical instruments}} {{Lute}} {{Authority control}}

Category:Chordophones Category:String instruments Category:Indian musical instruments Category:Sacred musical instruments Category:Indian inventions