Valide sultan

{{Short description|Title used for the mother of an Ottoman sultan}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}} {{Infobox official post | post = Valide Sultan | body = the Ottoman Empire | insignia = | insigniasize = 120px | insigniacaption = | image = BustOfAyseHafsaSultan ManisaTurkey.jpg | imagesize = | imagecaption = A bust of the first ''valide sultan'', Hafsa Sultan, in Manisa, Turkey | style = | residence = {{plainlist| *Topkapı Palace * Dolmabahçe Palace * Yıldız Palace}} | appointer = | appointer_qualified = | precursor = | formation = 30 September 1520 | first = Hafsa Sultan | last = Rahime Perestu Sultan | abolished = 1 November 1922 | succession = }}

'''''Valide Sultan''''' ({{langx|ota|والده سلطان}}, lit. "Sultana Mother") was the title held by the mother of a ruling sultan of the Ottoman Empire. The title was supposedly created by Murad III in the 16th century for his mother Nurbanu, superseding the previous epithets of ''mehd-i ulya'' ("cradle of the great").<ref name="Davis"> {{cite book |title = The Ottoman Lady: A Social History from 1718 to 1918 |first = Fanny|last = Davis|year = 1986|isbn = 0-313-24811-7 |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DTIrK0et4LwC&pg=PA11 |chapter = The Valide | publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }} </ref> Normally, the living mother of a ruling sultan held this title; mothers who died before their sons' accession to the throne never received it. In special cases, there were grandmothers, stepmothers, adoptive mothers and sisters of the ruling sultans who, although not officially holding the title, assumed the role of {{Lang|tr|valide sultan}}, like Mihrimah Sultan the most powerful and influential Ottoman princess, and Rahime Perestu Sultan.

==Term== The word {{Lang|ota|valide}} ({{Lang|ota|والده}}) literally means 'mother' in Ottoman Turkish, from Arabic {{Lang|ar-latn|wālida}}. The Turkish pronunciation of the word {{Lang|tr|valide}} is {{IPA|tr|vaː.liˈde|}}.

Sultan ({{Lang|ar|سلطان}}, {{Transliteration|ar|sulṭān}}) is an Arabic word originally meaning 'authority' or 'dominion'. By the beginning of the 16th century, this title, carried by both men and women of the Ottoman dynasty, was replacing other titles by which prominent members of the imperial family had been known (notably ''hatun'' for women and ''bey'' for men). Consequently, the title {{Lang|tr|valide hatun}} (title for living mother of reigning Ottoman sultan before 16th century) also turned into {{Lang|tr|valide sultan}}. This usage underlines the Ottoman conception of sovereign power as family prerogative.

Western tradition knows the Ottoman ruler as ''sultan'', but the Ottomans themselves used {{Lang|tr|padişah}} (emperor) or {{Lang|tr|hünkar}} to refer to their ruler. The emperor's formal title consisted of ''sultan'' together with ''khan'' (for example, Sultan Suleiman Khan). In formal address, the sultan's children were also entitled ''sultan'', with imperial princes (şehzade) carrying the title before their given name, with imperial princesses carrying it after. For example, Şehzade Sultan Mehmed and Mihrimah Sultan were the son and daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent. Like imperial princesses, the living mother and main consort of reigning sultans also carried the title after their given names, for example, Hafsa Sultan, Suleiman's mother and first {{Lang|tr|valide sultan}}, and Hürrem Sultan, Suleiman's chief consort and first ''haseki sultan''. The evolving usage of this title reflected power shifts among imperial women, especially between the Sultanate of Women, as the position of main consort eroded over the course of 17th century, the main consort lost the title ''sultan'', which replaced by {{Lang|tr|kadïn}}, a title related to the earlier {{Lang|tr|khatun}}. Henceforth, the mother of the reigning sultan was the only person of non-imperial blood to carry the title ''sultan''.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=}}{{pn|date=March 2026}}

== Role and position == [[File:De sultane-moeder Rijksmuseum SK-A-2016.jpeg|thumb|289x289px|Painting of a {{Lang|tr|Valide Sultan}} (Saliha Sultan), {{circa|1730}} by Jean Baptiste Vanmour.]] {{Lang|tr|Valide sultan}} was, in most cases, the most important position in the Ottoman Empire after the sultan himself. As the mother to the sultan, by Islamic tradition ("A mother's right is God's right"),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beliefnet.com/Love-Family/Holidays/Mothers-Day/Can-Muslims-Celebrate-Mothers-Day.aspx?p=2# |title=Muslims can celebrate Mothers Day because honoring your mother comes right after worshipping God. |publisher=Beliefnet.com |date=17 February 2011 |access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref> the {{Lang|tr|valide sultan}} would often have a significant influence on the affairs of the empire. She had great power in the court and her own rooms (always adjacent to her son's) and state staff.<ref name="Davis" /> The valide sultan had quarters within the New Palace, where the Sultan himself resided, beginning in the 16th century.

As the Valide Sultan (Sultana mother), who had direct and intimate access to the Sultan's person, often influenced government decisions bypassing the Imperial Council and the Grand Vizier altogether or the grille-covered window from which the Sultan or Valide Sultan could observe Council meetings. This left her at the heart of the political ongoings and machinations of the Ottoman Empire. {{Lang|tr|Valide Sultan}} also traditionally had access to considerable economic resources and often funded major architectural projects, such as the Atik Valide Mosque Complex in Istanbul. Many Valide Sultans undertook massive philanthropic endeavors and buildings, as this was seen as one of the main ways to demonstrate influence and wealth. Valide Sultans were also conveniently one of the few people within the empire with the status and means to embark on these expensive projects. Nurbanu Sultan's daily stipend as Valide Sultan to her son, Murad III, was 2000 aspers, an extraordinary sum for the time, which revealed the highly influential position she held at court.

The valide sultan also maintained special privileges that other harem members could not. A valide sultan had mobility outside of the harem, sometimes through ceremonial visibility to the public or veiled meetings with government officials and diplomats. Additionally, the valide sultan led a crucial elements of diplomacy within the empire’s court: marriages of royal princesses. The most powerful and influential valide sultans forged crucial alliances through the marriages of their daughters.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=147}} During the 17th century, in a period known as the Sultanate of Women, a series of incompetent or child sultans raised the role of the {{Lang|tr|valide sultan}} to new heights. Two Valide sultans acted as regents for their sons, assuming the vast power and influence the position entailed.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=}}{{pn|date=March 2026}}

The most powerful and well-known of all {{Lang|tr|Valide Sultans}} in the history of the Ottoman Empire were Kösem Sultan, Turhan Sultan, Safiye Sultan and Nurbanu Sultan.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=147}}

Nurbanu Sultan became the first of the great Valide Sultans during the 16th century, as Haseki Sultan as well as legal wife to Sultan Selim II. Nurbanu’s influential career as Valide Sultan established the precedent of Valide Sultan maintaining more power than her nearest harem rival, the Haseki Sultan, or favorite concubine of the reigning Sultan. The following influential Valide Sultans, Kösem Sultan, Turhan Sultan and Safiye Sultan, maintained this precedent and occupied positions of great power within the Ottoman imperial court. These positions, as well as helping them solidify their own power within the imperial court, also eased diplomatic tensions internationally.{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=147}}

Most harem women who were slaves were never formally married to the Sultans. Nevertheless, their children were considered fully legitimate under Islamic law if recognized by the father.<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Montgomery-Massingberd |editor-first=Hugh |editor-link=Hugh Massingberd |title=Burke's Royal Families of the World |volume=II: Africa & the Middle East |year=1980 |publisher=Burke's Peerage |location=London |isbn=978-0-85011-029-6 |page=238 |chapter=The Imperial Family of Turkey}}</ref>

== List of {{Lang|tr|Valide Sultans}} == The list does not include the complete list of mothers of the Ottoman sultans. Most who held the title of {{Lang|tr|Valide Sultan}} were the biological mothers of the reigning sultans. The mothers who died before their sons' accession to throne, never assumed the title of {{Lang|tr|Valide Sultan}}, like Hürrem Sultan, Mahfiruz Hatun, Muazzez Sultan, Mihrişah Kadın, Şermi Kadın, Tirimüjgan Kadın, Gülcemal Kadın and Gülistu Kadın. In special cases, there were grandmothers, stepmothers, adoptive mothers and sisters of the reigning sultans who, although not officially holding the title, assumed the role of {{Lang|tr|Valide Sultan}}, like Mihrimah Sultan, the most powerful and influential imperial woman in the Ottoman Empire, and Rahime Perestu Sultan. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center" |+ !Appearance !Name !Maiden name !Origin !Became {{Lang|tr|valide}} !Ceased to be {{Lang|tr|valide}} !Death !Sultan(s) |- |180x180px | align="center" |Ayşe Hafsa Sultan {{Lang|ota|حفصه سلطان}}|| align="center" | ''unknown''|| align="center" | Slave of European or Circassian origin{{sfn|Alderson|1956|p=83}}<ref name="Hafsa bint-i Abdü'l-Muin">{{cite book|title=Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6WUMAQAAMAAJ&q=hafsa+sultan |pages=148 |author=Sakaoğlu, Necdet|publisher=Oğlak Publications|year=2008|isbn=978-9-753-29623-6|author-link=:tr:Necdet Sakaoğlu}} (Her name is given as "Hafsa bint-i Abdü'l-Muin" in ''Kitâbeler'' by İ. H. Uzunçarşılı. This shows that she was of non-Turkish origin, and later converted to Islam. The assertions that she was daughter of Meñli_I_Giray of the Crimean_Khanate was never proven even though one of the wives of Selim_I, namely Ayşe Hatun, was the real daughter of Meñli_I_Giray.)</ref>{{sfn|Sakaoğlu|2015|p=199}}|| align="center" | 30 September 1520 ''son's ascension'' || colspan="2" align="center" |19 March 1534 || align="center" | Suleiman the Magnificent (son) |- ||center|thumb|| align="center" | Mihrimah or Mihrimah Sultan مهرماه سلطان | align="center" | Turkish( by her mother roots she was also Polish or Ukrainians or Ruthenians ) || align="center" | daughter of Suleiman I, sister of Selim II || align="center" |1566 brother's accesion | colspan="2" |25 January 1578 |-

| align="center" |thumb|| align="center" | Afife Nurbanu Sultan {{Lang|ota|نور بانو سلطان}}Cecilia Venier-Baffo<ref>Godfrey Goodwin, ''The Private World of Ottoman Women'', Saqi Book, {{ISBN|0-86356-745-2}}, {{ISBN|3-631-36808-9}}, 2001. page 128</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/cecilia-baffo_(Dizionario-Biografico)|title=BAFFO, Cecilia in "Dizionario Biografico"|website=www.treccani.it}}</ref> or Kalē Karatanou{{sfn|Arbel|1992|p=241-259}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thys-Senocak|first=Lucienne|url=|title=Ottoman Women Builders: The Architectural Patronage of Hadice Turhan Sultan|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-91315-7|pages=58|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Rossi|first1=Irena Radić|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzNaEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA139|title=The Shipwreck at Gnalić: A Mirror to the Renaissance World|last2=Nicolardi|first2=Mariangela|last3=Bondioli|first3=Mauro|last4=Batur|first4=Katarina|date=2021|publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd|isbn=978-1-80327-151-4|p=139|language=en}}</ref> or Rachel Marié Nassi<ref>Valeria Heuberger, Geneviève Humbert, Geneviève Humbert-Knitel, Elisabeth Vyslonzil (ed.), ''Cultures in Colors'', page 68. {{ISBN|3-631-36808-9}}, 2001</ref> | align="center" | Venetian or Greek or Jewish|| align="center" | 15 December 1574 ''son's ascension'' || colspan="2" align="center" |7 December 1583 || align="center" | Murad III (son) | |- |155x155px | align="center" |Safiye Sultan {{Lang|ota|صفیه سلطان}}|| align="center" | (?)Sofia|| align="center" | Albanian{{sfn|Peirce|1993|p=94}}|| align="center" | 15 January 1595 ''son's ascension'' || align="center" | 22 December 1603 ''son's death'' | align="center" |January/April 1619<ref name="tezcan">{{cite journal |last=Tezcan |first=Baki |title=The Debut of Kösem Sultan's Political Career |journal=Turcica |url=http://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=article&id=2037143&download=yes |type=Turcica|year=2008|volume=40|pages=347–359|doi= 10.2143/TURC.40.0.2037143|url-access=subscription}}</ref>|| align="center" | Mehmed III (son) |- | | align="center" | Handan Sultan {{Lang|ota|خندان سلطان}}|| align="center" | (?)Helena|| align="center" | Bosnian<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Börekçi |first1=Günhan |title=A Queen-Mother at Work: On Handan Sultan and Her Regency During the Early Reign of Ahmed I |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1733853 |journal=The Journal of Southeastern European Studies |issue=34 |date=2020 |pages=45–92 |s2cid=236832964 |doi=10.26650/gaad.20213403|doi-access=free }}, pp. 45 and 53–54</ref> or Greek{{sfn|Sakaoğlu|2008|p=219}}|| align="center" | 22 December 1603 ''son's ascension'' || colspan="2" align="center" |9 November 1605 || align="center" | Ahmed I (son) |- |137x137px | align="center" |Halime Sultan {{Lang|ota|حلیمه سلطان}}|| align="center" | ''unknown''|| align="center" | Abkhaz<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.osmanli.org.tr/osmanlisultanlari-5-222.html|title=Mother Of Mustafa I|publisher=Osmanlı Araştırmaları Vakfı (Ottoman Research Foundation)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013161234/http://osmanli.org.tr/osmanlisultanlari-5-222.html|archive-date=2007-10-13|url-status=dead}}</ref>|| align="center" | 22 November 1617 ''son's ascension'' {{small|(first tenure)}} 19 May 1622 ''son’s second ascension'' | align="center" | 26 February 1618 ''son's first deposition'' {{small|(first tenure)}} 10 September 1623 ''son’s second deposition'' {{small|(second tenure)}} | align="center" | after 1623 || align="center" | Mustafa I (son) |- |257x257px | align="center" | Mahpeyker Kösem Sultan {{Lang|ota|ماه پیکر كوسم سلطان}}|| align="center" | Anastasía (?)<ref>Bosworth, C.E (1986). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. V (Khe-Mahi). Brill Archive. p. 272. ISBN 9004078193.</ref>{{sfn|Davis|1970|p=227–228}}<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Murād IV|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam|last=Groot|first=A.H. de|edition=2nd|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5533}}</ref><ref name="Hogan, Christine 2006 74">{{cite book |last=Hogan|first=Christine|title=The Veiled Lands: A Woman's Journey Into the Heart of the Islamic World|publisher=Macmillan Publishers Aus|year=2006|isbn=9781405037013|page=74}}</ref>|| align="center" | Greek<ref name="tezcan" /><ref name="Amila Buturović, İrvin Cemil Schick 2007 23">{{cite book |last=Augustinos |first=Olga |title=Women in the Ottoman Balkans: gender, culture and history |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84511-505-0 |editor-last1=Buturović |editor-first1=Amila |page=23 |chapter=Eastern Concubines, Western Mistesses: Prévost's ''Histoire d'une Grecque moderne'' |quote=Kösem, who was of Greek origin. Orphaned very young, she found herself at the age of fifteen in the harem of Sultan Ahmed I. |editor-last2=Schick |editor-first2=İrvin Cemil}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Finkel |first=Caroline |title=Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923 |date=2005 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-02396-7 |place=New York |pages=197}}</ref> or Bosnian<ref>Somel, S. A. (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire. The Scarecrow Press, imprint of Rowman & Littlefield. p. 518. ISBN 0810866064.</ref>{{sfn|Somel|2003|p=158}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=İlgürel |first=M. |title=Kösem Sultan|url=http://www.islamansiklopedisi.info/dia/pdf/c26/c260166.pdf|journal=Islamansiklopedisi|year=2002|number=26|pages=273–275|language=tr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624025237/http://www.islamansiklopedisi.info/dia/pdf/c26/c260166.pdf|archive-date=24 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>||| align="center" | 10 September 1623 ''son's ascension'' || align="center" |8 August 1648 ''son's deposition''|| align="center" | 2 September 1651|| align="center" |Murad IV (son) Ibrahim (son) |- |192x192px | align="center" |Hatice Turhan Sultan {{Lang|ota|ترخان خدیجه سلطان}} |Nadia or Nadieżda(?)||| Russian,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sakaoğlu|first=Necdet|title=Famous Ottoman women|date=2007|publisher=Avea|isbn=978-975-7104-77-3|location=Istanbul|oclc=472256214}}</ref>{{sfnm|1a1=Sakaoğlu|1y=2008|1p=245|2a1=Baer|2y=2011|2p=35|3a1=Cooke|3a2=Göknar|3a3=Parker|3y=2008|3p=214|4a1=Carsten|4y=1961|4p=505|5a1=Karaca|5y=2012}}<ref>Ruth Barzilai-Lumbroso (2008). Turkish Men, Ottoman Women: Popular Turkish Historians and the Writing of Ottoman Women's History. ProQuest. {{ISBN|978-0-549-48355-7}}.</ref> Circassian{{sfn|Sakaoğlu|2015|p=337—338}} or Ukrainian<ref>''T. V. Chukhlib.'' [https://archive.org/details/10_2013/page/364/mode/2up?view=theater Khatije Turhan Valide-Sultan]</ref>|| align="center" | 8 August 1648 ''son's ascension'' || colspan="2" align="center" |4 August 1683 || align="center" | Mehmed IV (son) |- |160x160px | align="center" |Saliha Dilaşub Sultan {{Lang|ota|صالحه دل آشوب سلطان}} | align="center" | ''Katrina or Katerina(?)''|| align="center" | Serbian|| align="center" | 8 November 1687 ''son's ascension'' || colspan="2" align="center" |4 December 1689 || align="center" | Suleiman II (son) |- |215x215px | align="center" | Emetullah Rabia Gülnuş Sultan {{Lang|ota|رابعه گلنوش سلطان}} | align="center" | Evmania Voria Verzini<ref>A Queen Mother and the Ottoman Imperial Harem: Rabia Gülnuş Emetullah Valide Sultan (1640-1715). In Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History, ed. Matthew S. Gordon- Kathryn A. Hain. Oxford University Press, 2017 p.208</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Sakaoglu, Necdet |title=Bu Mülkün Sultanlari |publisher=Oglak |year=1999 |isbn=975-329-299-6 |pages=303, 315 |quote=His mother was a harem girl, Rabia Gülnuş, who was of the Venetian Verzini family, settled in the city of Resmo in Crete.}}</ref>|| align="center" | Greek<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1996 |title=Erratum |journal=Neonatology |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=248 |doi=10.1159/000244372 |issn=1661-7800 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{sfnm|Sakaoğlu|2015|s=367}} or Venetian from the island of Crete{{sfnm|İpşirli|1996|s=248}}{{sfnm|Uluçay|2011|s=105}}{{sfnm|Sakaoğlu|2015|s=367}}{{sfnm|Alderson|1956|loc=table XXXVIII (note 2)}}|| align="center" | 6 February 1695 ''son's ascension'' || colspan="2" align="center" |6 November 1715 || align="center" | Mustafa II (son) Ahmed III (son) |- |219x219px | align="center" | Sebkati Saliha Sultan {{Lang|ota|صالحه سلطان}} | align="center" | ''unknown<ref>{{cite book |last=Alderson |first=Anthony Dolphin |title=The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty |date=1956 |publisher=Clarendon Press}}, p. 83</ref>''|| align="center" | ''unknown'',<ref name="ald832">A. D. Alderson, The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty, Oxford: Clarendon, 1956, p.83</ref>{{sfnm|Sakaoğlu|2015|p=286}} Serbian or Greek<ref name="Akyıldız 307–3522">{{Cite journal|last=Akyıldız|first=Ali|date=1 April 2016|title=Müsrif, Fakat Hayırsever: Pertevniyal Valide sultan|journal=Osmanlı Araştırmaları|volume=47|issue=47|pages=307–352|doi=10.18589/oa.583206|issn=0255-0636|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=December 2024}}{{sfnm|Akyıldız|2009|p=45}}|| align="center" | 20 September 1730 ''son's ascension'' || colspan="2" align="center" |21 September 1739 || align="center" | Mahmud I (son) |- | | align="center" | Şehsuvar Sultan {{Lang|ota|شهسوار سلطان}} | align="center" | ''unknown''|| align="center" | Ukrainian,<ref name="camlica">{{cite book |title=Osman Gazi'den Sultan Vahidüddin Han'a Osmanlı tarihi, Volume 4 |publisher=Çamlıca Basım Yayın |pages=422}}</ref> Russian<ref name="ald833">A. D. Alderson, The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty, Oxford: Clarendon, 1956, p.83</ref><ref name="Ald832">A.D. Alderson, ''The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty'', Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1955, p.83</ref> or Serbian<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last=Kemal.|first=Meram, Ali|title=Padişah anaları : resimli, belgesel tarih romanı|date=1977|publisher=Öz Yayınları|oclc=23697956}}</ref>|| align="center" | 13 December 1754 ''son's ascension'' || colspan="2" align="center" |27 April 1756 || align="center" | Osman III (son) |- |208x208px | align="center" | Mihrişah Sultan {{Lang|ota|مهر شاه سلطان}} | align="center" | || align="center" | Georgian<ref>{{cite book|author=Y. İzzettin Barış|title=Osmanlı padişahlarının yaşamlarından kesitler, hastalıkları ve ölüm sebepleri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p4ppAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Bilimsel Tıp Yayınevi|isbn=978-975-6986-17-2|page=184|quote=Selim'in annesi olan Mihrişah, Gürcistan'dan kaçırılan bir papazın kızıydı}}</ref> || align="center" | 7 April 1789 ''son's ascension'' || colspan="2" align="center" |16 October 1805 || align="center" | Selim III (son) |- |312x312px | align="center" | Ayşe Sineperver Sultan {{Lang|ota|سینه پرور سلطان}} | align="center" | ''unknown'' || align="center" | Bulgarian,<ref>{{Cite book|author=Sakaoğlu, Necdet|title=Bu mülkün kadın sultanları : valide sultanlar, hatunlar, hasekiler, kadinefendiler, sultanefendiler|year=2015|isbn=978-605-171-079-2|oclc=961810963}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=December 2024}} Circassian or Georgian{{sfn|Sakaoğlu|2008|p=354}}|| align="center" | 29 May 1807 ''son's ascension'' || align="center" | 28 July 1808 ''son's deposition'' || align="center" | 11 December 1828 || align="center" | Mustafa IV (son)<ref>Yavuz Bahadıroğlu, Resimli Osmanlı Tarihi, Nesil Yayınları ''(Ottoman History with Illustrations, Nesil Publications)'', 15th Ed., 2009, page 387 & 395, {{ISBN|978-975-269-299-2}}</ref> |- |156x156px | align="center" | Nakşidil Sultan {{Lang|ota|نقش دل سلطان}} | align="center" | ''unknown''|| align="center" | Georgian or Circassian|| align="center" | 28 July 1808 ''son's ascension'' || colspan="2" align="center" |22 August 1817 || align="center" | Mahmud II (son) |- | | align="center" | Bezmiâlem Sultan {{Lang|ota|بزم عالم سلطان}} | align="center" | ''unknown''|| align="center" | Georgian<ref name="Ald833">A.D. Alderson, ''The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty'', Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1955, p.83</ref> or Circassian<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Kemal.|first=Meram, Ali|title=Padişah anaları : resimli, belgesel tarih romanı|date=1977|publisher=Öz Yayınları|oclc=23697956}}</ref>|| align="center" | 2 July 1839 ''son's ascension'' || colspan="2" align="center" |2 May 1853 || align="center" | Abdülmecid I (son) |- | | align="center" | Pertevniyal Sultan {{Lang|ota|پرتو نهال سلطان}} | align="center" | Besime<ref>{{cite book |last=Akyıldız |first=Ali |title=Müsrif, Fakat Hayırsever: Pertevniyal Valide Sultan |year=2016 |pages=308}}</ref>|| align="center" | Kurd, Romanian<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alpgüvenç|first1=Can|year=2013|chapter=Pertevniyal Valide Sultan|title=Hayırda Yarışan Hanım Sultanlar|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nsDZAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT138|language=tr|edition=1|location=Istanbul|publisher=Kaynak Kültür Yayınları|isbn=9786054770151|access-date=24 Apr 2016}}</ref> or Circassian<ref name="Akyıldız 307–352">{{Cite journal|last=Akyıldız|first=Ali|date=1 April 2016|title=Müsrif, Fakat Hayırsever: Pertevniyal Valide sultan|journal=Osmanlı Araştırmaları|volume=47|issue=47|pages=307–352|doi=10.18589/oa.583206|issn=0255-0636|doi-access=free}}</ref>|| align="center" | 25 June 1861 ''son's ascension'' || align="center" | 30 May 1876 ''son's deposition'' || align="center" | 5 February 1883 || align="center" | Abdülaziz I (son) |- |178x178px | align="center" | Şevkefza Sultan {{Lang|ota|شوق افزا سلطان}}|| align="center" | || align="center" | Mingrelian and Circassian<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dolphin.|first=Alderson, Anthony|title=The structure of the Ottoman dynasty|date=1982|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=0-313-22522-2|oclc=643105131}}</ref>|| align="center" | 30 May 1876 ''son's ascension'' || align="center" | 31 August 1876 ''son's deposition'' || align="center" | 17 September 1889 || align="center" | Murad V (son) |- |185x185px | align="center" | Rahime Perestu Sultan {{Lang|ota|رحيمه پرستو سلطان}}|| align="center" | Rahime Hanim || align="center" | Ubykh adoptive daughter of Esma Sultan | align="center" | 31 August 1876 ''step-son's ascension'' || colspan="2" align="center" |11 December 1904 || align="center" | Abdul Hamid II (adoptive son)<ref>Brookes, Douglass Scott, ''The Concubine, the Princess, and the Teacher'', p.287. University of Texas Press, 2008. {{ISBN|0-292-71842-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN/belge/2-1305/sultan-ii-abdulhamid-han.html|title = Sultan II. Abdülhamid Han|access-date = 6 February 2009|publisher = Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism|archive-date = 2 April 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120402034709/http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN/belge/2-1305/sultan-ii-abdulhamid-han.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> |}

== {{Lang|tr|Büyük Valide Sultan}} == The title of ''Büyük Valide Sultan'' (Senior Valide Sultan) or ''Büyükanne Sultan'' (Grandmother Sultana) was created by Kösem Sultan and officially used only by her during the reign of her grandson Mehmed IV, thus limiting the power of Turhan Sultan who was deemed too young to fulfill the title of Valide Sultan.

{| class="wikitable" !Appearance !Name !Maiden name !Note !Became {{Lang|tr|Büyük valide}} !Ceased to be {{Lang|tr|Büyük valide}} !Death !Sultan(s) |- |257x257px | align="center" | Büyük Valide Mahpeyker Kösem Sultan {{Lang|ota|ماه پیکر كوسم سلطان}}|| align="center" | Anastasía (?)|| align="center" | Following Mehmed IV's accession, she proclaimed herself as Büyük Valide Sultan || align="center" | 8 August 1648 – her death || colspan="2" align="center" |2 September 1651|| align="center" | Mehmed IV (grandson) |}

==References== {{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography== {{refbegin}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Akyıldız |first=Ali |entry=Saliha Sultan |entry-url=https://cdn2.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/36/C36011776.pdf |encyclopedia=Islam Ansiklopedisi |location=Istanbul |publisher=İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi |date=2009 |volume=36 |page=45 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Arbel |first1=Benjamin |date=1992 |title=Nur Banu (c. 1530-1583): A Venetian Sultana? |journal=Turcica|issue=24 |publisher= |pages=241–259 |doi= }} * {{cite book |last=Baer |first=Marc David |title=Honored by the Glory of Islam: Conversion and Conquest in Ottoman Europe |url={{GBurl|CIPR5L5SAtYC}} |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2011 |isbn=9780199797837}} * {{cite book |last=Carsten |first=F. L. |title=The New Cambridge Modern History |url={{GBurl|FzQ9AAAAIAAJ}} |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1961 |volume=V. The Ascendancy of France, 1648—88 |pages=505–506 |isbn=9780521045445 }} * {{cite book |last1=Cooke |first1=Miriam |last2=Göknar |first2=Erdağ M. |last3=Parker |first3=Grant Richard |title=Mediterranean passages: readings from Dido to Derrida |url={{GBurl|q5rtAAAAMAAJ}} |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |date=2008 |isbn=9780807831830 }} * {{cite book|last=Davis |first=Fanny |title=The Palace of Topkapi in Istanbul |url=https://archive.org/details/palaceoftopkapii00davi |url-access=registration |publisher=Scribner |year=1970 |oclc=636864790}} * {{cite book |last=İpşirli|first=Mehmet |title=Gülnûş Emetullah Sultan | url=https://cdn2.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/14/C14005047.pdf|place=İstanbul |publisher=İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi |date=1996 |volume=14 |pages=248–249}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Karaca |first=Filiz |chapter=Turhan Sultan |chapter-url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/turhan-sultan |encyclopedia=Islam Ansiklopedisi |publisher=İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi |date=2012 |volume=41 |pages=423–425 |lang=tr}} *{{cite book|last=Peirce |first=Leslie P. |author-link=Leslie P. Peirce|title=The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L6-VRgVzRcUC&pg=PA112|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-508677-5}} * {{cite book |last=Somel |first=S. A. |title= Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire|publisher=The Scarecrow Press, imprint of Rowman & Littlefield|year=2003|isbn=0810866064|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGZQL41tg_oC}} * {{cite book |last=Sakaoğlu|first= Necdet |title=Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6WUMAQAAMAAJ|publisher =Oğlak Yayıncılık |date=2008 |isbn=978-9753296236}} * {{cite book |last=Sakaoğlu|first=Necdet |title=Bu mülkün kadın sultanları|place= İstanbul|publisher=ALFA Basım Yayım Dağıtım San. ve T ic. Ltd. Şti. |date=2015|pages=279–291 |isbn=978-605-171-079-2|language=tr }} * {{cite book |last=Uluçay|first= M. Çağatay |title=Padişahların Kadınları ve Kızları|place=Is.|publisher=Ötüken |date=2011 |pages=105–107 |isbn=978-9754378405|language=tr }} {{refend}}

Category:Valide sultan Category:Lists of queens Category:Turkish words and phrases Category:Sultanate of Women