{{Short description|Canadian land designated as a First Nations reserve within an urban area}} {{hatnote|The term Indian in this article refers to Indigenous peoples in Canada; not to be confused with Indian people from India}} {{distinguish|Indian colony|Little India}} {{Indigenous Peoples of Canada}} {{Use Canadian English|date=March 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
An '''urban Indian reserve''' ({{langx|fr|réserve indienne urbaine}}) or '''urban First Nations reserve''' ({{langx|fr|réserve urbaine des premières nations}}) is land that the Government of Canada has designated as a First Nations reserve that is situated within an urban area.<ref name="WD">{{cite web | url=http://www.wd.gc.ca/eng/10949.asp#b1 | title=Urban Reserves in Saskatchewan | publisher=Western Economic Diversification Canada | date=April 2005 | access-date=2009-12-17 }}</ref> Such lands allow for aboriginal commercial ventures which enjoy the tax exemptions offered to traditional reserves.<ref name="OTCR" /> They may be located within either a municipality or, in the case of Saskatchewan, a Northern Administration District.<ref name="WD" />
An urban reserve may result from either encroachment of a municipal area into existing reserve lands, or from the designation of land in an existing urban territory.<ref name="INACMB" />
Some commercial urban reserves exist as satellites to rural reserves. It has been suggested that the generated revenue will help maintain the economic well-being of the associated rural community.
==History== [[File:Salt River First Nation timmies.JPG|thumb|Many urban reserves host successful businesses. This Petro-Canada and Tim Hortons is on an urban reserve in Fort Smith, Northwest Territories.]]
Many reserves that were first established by the Indian Act in 1876, far from urban centers, have now been surrounded by urban agglomerations and fit within the category of urban reserves, such as Wendake, Quebec City. Near the end of the 20th century, reserves started to be created explicitly to act as urban reserves.
The first such reserve was established in 1981 at Kylemore, Saskatchewan as operated by the Fishing Lake First Nation (Treaty 4). Another urban reserve under the Peter Ballantyne Cree Nation (Treaty 6) followed at Prince Albert in 1982.<ref name="OTCR">{{cite web | url=http://www.otc.ca/PDFs/NEW/Relationships.Urban%20Reserve.pdf | format=PDF | access-date=2008-03-02 | title=Relationships: Treaty awareness in Saskatchewan / Urban Reserves | publisher=Office of the Treaty Commissioner (Saskatchewan) | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706192648/http://www.otc.ca/PDFs/NEW/Relationships.Urban%20Reserve.pdf | archive-date=6 July 2011 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
It is argued that the first formal commercial urban reserve was a property of {{convert|33|acre|ha}} established within Saskatoon in 1988 for the Muskeg Lake Cree Nation.<ref name="Sktn1" /> By 2004, the reserve's commercial activity grew to provide employment for 350 people under 37 businesses, today known as the McKnight Commercial Centre.<ref name="Sktn1" /><ref name="FCPP">{{cite web | url=http://www.fcpp.org/main/publication_detail.php?PubID=650 | publisher=Frontier Centre for Public Policy | access-date=2008-03-02 | date=21 October 2003 | title=Urban Reserves, A Temporary Stop-Gap }}</ref>
The Treaty Land Entitlement Framework Agreement (TLEFA) was signed on 9 September 1992<ref name="OTCR" /> to settle unresolved treaty land claims for 28 First Nation groups in Saskatchewan. Article 9 of this accord provides a mechanism for First Nations groups to contract with municipal governments to allow designation of certain properties as reserves.<ref name="WD" /><ref name="Sktn1">{{cite web | url=http://www.city.saskatoon.sk.ca/org/city_planning/resources/publications/Urban%20Reserves.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050531111816/http://www.city.saskatoon.sk.ca/org/city_planning/resources/publications/Urban%20Reserves.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=31 May 2005 | access-date=2009-12-17 | title=Urban Reserves: The City of Saskatoon's Partnership with First Nations | last1=Sully | first1=Lorne A. | last2=Emmons | first2=Mark D. | publisher=City of Saskatoon, City Planning Branch | date=22 April 2004 | page=6 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
At least four urban reserves are also established in Manitoba.<ref name="INACMB">{{cite web|url=http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/ai/scr/mb/ops/urs-eng.asp |title=Urban Reserves |publisher=Indian and Northern Affairs Canada |access-date=2009-12-17 |date=2 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131203044/http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/ai/scr/mb/ops/urs-eng.asp |archive-date=31 January 2010 }}</ref> One of these, situated north of Winnipeg under the auspices of the Roseau River Anishinabe First Nation (Treaty 1), includes a gas station and a tobacco retailer with plans to include a medical facility and larger operations such as automobile retail.<ref name="CBCMB">{{cite news | url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/medical-clinic-planned-for-newly-opened-urban-reserve-1.687010 | date=27 November 2007 | access-date=2008-03-05 | title=Medical clinic planned for newly opened urban reserve | publisher=CBC News }}</ref>
In 2021 the City of Edmonton's City Council adopted a motion directing administration to develop an urban reserve strategy. The ''Urban Reserve Strategy'' was approved by council ''on'' June 28, 2021. It focuses on the possibility of First Nations band governments perusing an Addition-to-Reserve/Reserve Creation (ARC/CC) development within the City of Edmonton boundaries, but acknowledges that urban reserves could also be created in other municipalities that border the city. It summarizes the process as the First Nation applying to create a new reserve with the federal government, negotiating a Municipal Services Agreement (MSA) with the municipality, and then developing the land into housing, businesses, parks, or whatever the band desires.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Urban Reserves {{!}} City of Edmonton |url=https://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/indigenous-relations-office/urban-reserves |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=www.edmonton.ca |language=en}}</ref>
==Opinions== Critics such as the Canadian Taxpayers Federation are concerned that such reserves are entitled to exemptions from taxation that other businesses in a community do not enjoy. Furthermore, there are complications in disposing of urban reserve lands which require approval of the operating First Nation, and that reserve lands would revert to federal government control.<ref name="CTF">{{cite web | url=http://www.taxpayer.com/commentary/urban-reserve-coming-city-near-you | title=Urban Reserve - Coming to a City Near You | access-date=2009-12-17 | date=15 September 2005 | publisher=Canadian Taxpayers Federation | last1=Fiss | first1=Tanis | last2=Batra | first2=Adrienne | archive-date=16 July 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716195157/http://taxpayer.com/commentary/urban-reserve-coming-city-near-you | url-status=dead }}</ref> Other critics such as the Frontier Centre for Public Policy concede that urban reserves have benefits, but wish the abolishment of the reserve system and other racially based policies as a whole.<ref name="FCPP" />
Proponents of urban reserves note that these encourage a diverse land base which provides business opportunities for First Nations people. It is also claimed that there are advantages to the surrounding community due to spin-off business activity which contributes favourably to those outside the reserve.<ref name="Sktn1" />
==Examples==
Examples include: * Capilano Indian Reserve No.5, inside Vancouver * Enoch Cree Nation 135, which borders Edmonton * Kitsilano Indian Reserve No.6, inside Vancouver * Mission Indian Reserve No.6, which borders North Vancouver * Tsuu T'ina Nation 145, Alberta, which borders Calgary * Membertou First Nation, inside Sydney, Nova Scotia (Cape Breton Regional Municipality) * Cole Harbour 30, inside Cole Harbour, Nova Scotia (Halifax Regional Municipality) * St. Mary's First Nation, inside Fredericton * Keeshkeemaquah Reserve, which borders Portage la Prairie * Madison Reserve #1, inside Winnipeg * Naawi-Oodena, inside Winnipeg. * Wendake, an enclave surrounded by Quebec City * Kahnawake, Quebec, which borders Montreal, Quebec
==See also== *Urban Māori *Urban Indian
==References== {{reflist}}
==Further reading== * {{cite news |last=Fontaine |first=Tim |date=13 March 2015 |title=Demystifying urban reserves |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/demystifying-urban-reserves-1.2993051 |work=CBC News |access-date=2 April 2026}} * {{cite news | url=http://centretownnewsonline.ca/archives/nov2505/Insite1.htm | title=Straddling two worlds to make a better one | newspaper=Centretown News | access-date=2011-12-12 | date=25 November 2005 | first=Matt | last=Goerzen | archive-date=29 April 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429191022/http://centretownnewsonline.ca/archives/nov2505/Insite1.htm | url-status=dead }} Opinion item which advocates urban reserves for Ottawa, Ontario.
{{Ethnic enclaves}}
Category:Business parks of Canada Category:Indian reserves Category:Urban geography Category:Ethnic enclaves in Canada Category:Urban Indian reserves in Canada