Turrid

{{Short description|Common name for many species of snail}} thumb|A shell of ''Zonulispira chrysochildosa''

'''Turrid''', plural '''turrids''', is a common name for a very large group of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks which until recently were all classified in the family Turridae. However, recently the family was discovered to be polyphyletic and therefore was split into a number of families.

The original family Turridae used to contain more than 4,000 species.<ref name="Des Beechey 2003">Des Beechey (2003). [http://seashellsofnsw.org.au/Turridae/Pages/Turridae_intro.htm Family Turridae. Turrids.] Accessed 30 November 2007.</ref> the Turridae (''sensu'' Powell 1966) <ref>Powell, A.W.B. (1966) The molluscan families Speightiidae and Turridae an evaluation of the valid taxa, both Recent and fossil, with lists of characteristic species. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 5, 1–184, 23 pls</ref> It was the largest mollusk family and the largest group of marine caenogastropods.<ref>Bouchet, P. (1997) Inventorying the molluscan diversity of the world: what is our rate of progress? The Veliger, 40, 1–11.</ref> There were approximately 27,000 described scientific names (accepted names plus synonyms) within the family Turridae.<ref name="Robertson 1987"/> Turrids constituted more than half of the predatory species of gastropods in some parts of the world (Taylor et al. 1980).<ref>Taylor, J.D., Morris, N.J. & Taylor, C.N. (1980) Food specialization and the evolution of predatory prosobranch gastropods. Palaeontology, 23, 375–409</ref> However, this very large family was shown to be polyphyletic, and in 2011 it was divided into 13 separate families by Bouchet, Kantor, Sysoev and Puilandre.

The single most complete collection of turrids in museums worldwide is in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia malacology collection; this is because of specialized collecting by the American malacologist Virginia Orr Maes (1920-1986).<ref name="Robertson 1987">Robertson R. (1987). "Virginia Orr Maes (1920-1986): Biography and <Malacological Bibliography". ''Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' '''139''': [https://books.google.com/books?id=AV5YYsg-LgAC&lpg=PA527&pg=PA527 527]-532.</ref>

== Distribution == Turrids are found worldwide in every sea and ocean from both poles to the tropics. They occur from the low-intertidal zone to depths of more than eight thousand metres (e.g., ''Xanthodaphne levis'' Sysoev, 1988, collected between 7974–8006 m, in the Bougainville Trench). However, most species of turrids are found in the neritic zone.

==Shell description== Most turrids are rather small, with a height under 2&nbsp;cm, but the adult shells of different species are between 0.3 and 11.4&nbsp;cm in height.

The shape of the shells is more or less fusiform, varying from very high-spired to broadly ovate. The whorls are elongate to broadly conical.

The sculpture is very variable in form, but most have axial sculpture or spiral sculpture (or a combination of both). Others may be reticulate, beaded, nodulose, or striate.

The aperture of the shell very often has a V-shaped sinus or notch, an indentation on the upper end of the outer lip. This accommodates the anal siphonal notch, commonly known as the "turrid notch". The siphonal canal is usually open, varying from short and stocky to long and slender. The position of the turrid notch of the shell and the form and sculpture of the whorls have traditionally been the primary methods of classifying the turrids.

The columella is usually smooth and only seldom shows labial plicae. The operculum is horny, but is not always present.

Turrids are carnivorous, predatory gastropods. Most species have a poison gland used with the toxoglossan radula, used to prey on vertebrates and invertebrate animals (mostly polychaete worms) or in self-defense.<ref>Duda, T.F., Jr., Kohn, A.J. & Palumbi, S.R. (2001) Origins of diverse feeding ecologies within ''Conus'', a genus of venomous marine gastropods. ''Biological Journal of the Linnean Society'', 73, 391–409.</ref> Some turrids have lost the radula and the poison gland. The radula, when present, has two or three teeth in a row. It lacks lateral teeth and the marginal teeth are of the wishbone or duplex type. The teeth with a duplex form are not shaped from two distinct elements but grow from a flat plate, by thickening at the edges of the teeth and elevation of the rear edge from the membrane.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00620.x|last1=Kantor|first1=Yuri I.|first2=John D.|last2=Taylor|year=2000|title=Formation of marginal radular teeth in Conoidea (Neogastropoda) and the evolution of the hypodermic envenomation mechanism|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=252|issue=2|pages=251–262}}</ref>

Female turrids lay their eggs in lens-shaped capsules.

== History of the taxonomy == The turrids were perceived as one of the most difficult groups to study because of a large number of supra-specific described taxa,<ref>Sysoev, A.V. (1993) Appendix 2 Genus-group taxa of Recent Turridae S.L. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum of London, Zoology, 59, 163–169</ref> which are complicated by their species diversity.<ref>Sysoev, A.V. (1991) Preliminary analysis of the relationship between turrids (Gastropoda, Toxoglossa, Turridae) with different types of radular apparatus in various Recent and fossil faunas. Ruthenica, 1, 53–66.</ref> Although some species of turrids are relatively common, many are rare, some being known only from single specimens; this is another factor that makes studying the group difficult.

;2011 taxonomy The previous (2005) classification system for the group was thoroughly changed by the publication in 2011 of the article [http://mollus.oxfordjournals.org/content/77/3/273.full Bouchet P., Kantor Yu.I., Sysoev A. & Puillandre N. (2011) A new operational classification of the Conoidea. Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273-308.] The authors presented a new classification of the Conoidea on the genus level, based on anatomical characters but also on the molecular phylogeny as presented by Puillandre N., et al., 2008.<ref>Puillandre N., et al., 2008 " Starting to unravel the toxoglossan knot: molecular phylogeny of the “turrids” (Neogastropoda: Conoidea)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2008;47:1122-1134</ref> The polyphyletic family Turridae was resolved into 13 monophyletic families (containing 358 currently recognized genera and subgenera) : * Conorbidae * Borsoniidae * Clathurellidae * Mitromorphidae * Mangeliidae * Raphitomidae * Cochlespiridae * Drilliidae * Pseudomelatomidae (= Crassispiridae) * Clavatulidae * Horaiclavidae * Turridae ''s.s.'' * Strictispiridae

;2005 taxonomy According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, which attempted to set out a stable taxonomy, this group consisted of the following five subfamilies:<ref>{{Bouchet 2005}}</ref> * Turrinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (1838) - synonyms: Pleurotominae Gray, 1838; Lophiotominae Morrison, 1965 (n.a.) * Cochlespirinae Powell, 1942 * Crassispirinae McLean, 1971 - synonym: Belinae A. Bellardi, 1875 * Zemaciinae Sysoev, 2003 * Zonulispirinae McLean, 1971

==Genera== Genera in the family Turridae used to include:<ref>[http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=152 Turridae]. WoRMS, accessed 3 October 2010]</ref><ref>Powell A. W. B., ''New Zealand Mollusca'', William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 {{ISBN|0-00-216906-1}}.</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=30em}} * ''Abyssocomitas'' Sysoev & Kantor, 1986 * ''Acamptogenotia'' Rovereto, 1899 * ''Aforia'' Dall, 1889 * ''Anacithara'' Hedley, 1922 * ''Ancistrosyrinx'' Dall, 1881 * ''Anticomitas'' Powell, 1942 * ''Antiguraleus'' Powell, 1942 * ''Antimelatoma'' Powell, 1942 * ''Antiplanes'' Dall, 1902 * ''Aoteadrillia'' Powell, 1942 * ''Apiotoma'' Cossmann, 1889 * ''Asperdaphne'' Hedley, 1922 * ''Austrodrillia'' Hedley, 1918 * ''Bathybela'' Kobelt, 1905 * ''Belalora'' Powell, 1951 * ''Benthoclionella'' Kilburn, 1974 * ''Buchema'' Corea, 1934 * ''Burchia'' Bartsch, 1944 * ''Calcatodrillia'' Kilburn, 1988 * ''Carinapex'' Dall, 1924 * ''Carinodrillia'' Dall, 1919 * ''Carinoturris'' Bartsch, 1944 * ''Ceritoturris'' Dall, 1924 * ''Cheungbeia'' Taylor & Wells, 1994 * ''Clavatula'' Lamarck, 1801 * ''Clavosurcula'' Schepman, 1913 * ''Clavus'' Montfort, 1810 * ''Clionella'' Gray, 1847 * ''Cochlespira'' Conrad, 1865 * ''Compsodrillia'' Woodring, 1928 * ''Conorbela'' Powell, 1951 * ''Conticosta'' Laseron, 1954 * ''Crassiclava'' McLean, 1971 * ''Crassispira'' Swainson, 1840 * ''Cretaspira'' Kuroda & Oyama, 1971 * ''Cryptogemma'' Dall, 1918 * ''Cymakra'' Gardner, 1937 * ''Danilacarina'' Bozzetti, 1997 * ''Daphnella'' Hinds, 1844 * ''Darrylia'' Garcia, 2008 * ''Decollidrillia'' Habe & Ito, 1965 * ''Doxospira'' McLean, 1971 * ''Eosurcula'' {{small|Casey, 1904}} * ''Epideira'' Hedley, 1918 * ''Epidirona'' Iredale, 1931 * ''Fenimorea'' Bartsch, 1934 * ''Fusiturricula'' Woodring, 1928 * ''Fusiturris'' Thiele, 1929 * ''Gemmula'' Weinkauff, 1875 * ''Graciliclava'' Shuto, 1983 * ''Haedropleura'' Monterosato in Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883 * ''Hauturua'' Powell, 1942 * ''Hemilienardia'' Boettger, 1895 * ''Heterocithara'' Hedley, 1922 * ''Hindsiclava'' Hertlein and Strong, 1955 * ''Horaiclavus'' Oyama, 1954 * ''Inodrillia'' Bartsch, 1943 * ''Inquisitor'' Hedley, 1918 * ''Iotyrris'' Medinskaya & Sysoev, 2001 * ''Iredalea'' Oliver, 1915 * ''Irenosyrinx'' Dall, 1908 * ''Iwaoa'' Kuroda, 1953 * ''Knefastia'' Dall, 1919 * ''Kurilohadalia'' Sysoev & Kantor, 1986 * ''Kurodadrillia'' Azuma, 1975 * ''Kuroshioturris'' Shuto, 1961 * ''Leucosyrinx'' Dall, 1889 :p * ''Lienardia'' Jousseaume 1884 * ''Lioglyphostoma'' Woodring, 1928 * ''Lophiotoma'' Casey, 1904 * ''Lophioturris'' Powell, 1964 * ''Liracraea'' Odhner, 1924 * ''Lora'' Gistl, 1848 * ''Lucerapex'' Iredale, 1936 * ''Lusitanops'' F. Nordsieck, 1968 * ''Maesiella'' McLean, 1971 * ''Makiyamaia'' Kuroda, 1961 * ''Marshallena'' Finlay, 1926 * ''Mauidrillia'' Powell, 1942 * ''Megasurcula'' Casey, 1904 * ''Microdrillia'' Casey, 1903 * ''Micropleurotoma'' Thiele, 1929 * ''Miraclathurella'' Woodring, 1928 * ''Monilispira'' Bartsch & Rehder, 1939 * ''Naskia'' Sysoev & Ivanov, 1985 * ''Neodrillia'' Bartsch, 1943 * ''Neoguraleus'' Powell, 1939 * ''Neopleurotomoides'' Shuto, 1925 * ''Nihonia'' McNeil, 1961 * ''Nodotoma'' Bartsch, 1941 * ''Nquma'' Kilburn, 1988 * ''Oenopota'' Moerch, 1852 * ''Paradrillia'' Makiyama, 1940 * ''Perrona'' Schumacher, 1817 * ''Philbertia'' Monterosato, 1884 * ''Phymorhynchus'' Dall, 1908 * ''Pilsbryspira'' Bartsch, 1950 * ''Pinguigemmula'' McNeil, 1961 * ''Plicisyrinx'' Sysoev & Kantor, 1986 * ''Polystira'' Woodring, 1928 * ''Pseudexomilus'' Powell, 1944 * ''Pseudotaranis'' McLean, 1995 * ''Psittacodrillia'' Kilburn, 1988 * ''Ptychobela'' Thiele, 1925 * ''Ptychosyrinx'' Thiele, 1925 * ''Pusionella'' Gray, 1847 * ''Pyrgospira'' McLean, 1971 * ''Rectiplanes'' Bartsch, 1944 * ''Rhodopetoma'' Bartsch, 1944 * ''Riuguhdrillia'' Oyama, 1951 * ''Scaevatula'' Gofas, 1990 * ''Shutonia'' van der Bijl, 1993 * ''Sinistrella'' Meyer, 1887 * ''Spirotropis'' Sars, 1878 * ''Splendrillia'' Dell, 1956 * ''Steiraxis'' Dall, 1896 * ''Stenodrillia'' Korobkov, 1955 * ''Striatoguraleus'' Kilburn, 1994 * ''Surcula'' H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 * ''Teretia'' Norman, 1888 * ''Tomella'' Swainson, 1840 * ''Toxiclionella'' Powell, 1966 * ''Turricula'' Schumacher, 1817 * ''Turridrupa'' Hedley, 1922 * ''Turris'' Röding, 1798 - type genus * ''Unedogemmula'' MacNeil, 1961 * ''Veprecula'' Melvill, 1917 * ''Vexitomina'' Powell, 1942 * ''Viridoturris'' Powell, 1964 * ''Viridrillia'' Bartsch, 1943 * ''Vitricythara'' Fargo, 1953 * ''Zemacies'' Finlay, 1926 * ''Zonulispira'' Bartsch, 1950 {{div col end}}

<gallery style="text-align:center;" mode="packed"> Image:Antimelatoma buchanani maorum.JPG|''Antimelatoma buchanani'' Image:Comitas peelae 003.jpg|''Comitas peelae'' Image:Crassispira incrassata 003.jpg|''Crassispira incrassata'' Image:Epalxis cataphracta 01.JPG|''Epalxis cataphracta'' Image:Gemmula unedo 01.JPG|''Gemmula unedo'' Image:Iotyrris cingulifera 001.jpg|''Iotyrris cingulifera'' Image:Lophiotoma indica 001.jpg|''Lophiotoma indica'' Image:Megasurcula carpenteriana 2.jpg|''Megasurcula carpenteriana'' Image:Pilsbryspira leucocyma 001.jpg|''Pilsbryspira leucocyma'' Image:Polystira albida (G. Perry, 1811) 2013 000.JPG|''Polystira albida'' Image:Turris crispa crispa 01.JPG|''Turris crispa'' Image:Zonulispira chrysochildosa 002.jpg|''Zonulispira chrysochildosa'' </gallery>

== References == {{Reflist}}

== Further reading == * Kilburn R. N. (1983). "Turridae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of southern Africa and Mozambique. Part 1. Subfamily Turrinae." ''Ann. Natal. Mus.'' '''25''': 549–585. * McLean J. (1971). "A revised classification of the family Turridae, with the proposal of new subfamilies, genera, and subgenera from the Eastern Pacific". ''Veliger'' '''14''': 114–130. * Powell A. W. B. (1964). "The family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific. Part 1, The subfamily Turrinae". ''Indo-Pacific Mollusca'' '''1''': 227–345. * Tucker J. K. (2004). "Catalog of Recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)". ''Zootaxa'' '''682''': 1–1295. [http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2004f/z00682f.pdf preview]

== External links == {{Commons category|Turridae}} *[http://s190418054.onlinehome.us/Portal/Turrids/Turrid20.pdf (older) Turrid Classification]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}

Category:Turridae Category:Mollusc common names Category:Polyphyletic groups