{{short description|Watertight jacket used when paddling a kayak}} [[File:Tuilik nansen.jpg|thumb|Traditional West Greenland sealskin akuilisaq (left) and ''tuilik'' (right), ~1893 drawing.]] [[File:Siukkut tunusummillugu.jpg|thumb|A kayaker wearing a ''tuiliusaq'' (modern neoprene tuilik), in the starting position for a siukkut tunusummillugu rolling exercise.]] A '''tuilik''' is an Inuit watertight jacket, used when paddling a kayak. It is sealed at the face, at the wrists and around the cockpit coaming. In this way the paddler can capsize and come back upright (using an ''Eskimo Rescue'' or kayak roll) without getting wet, and without getting any water into the kayak.
The air trapped in a tuilik makes rolling easier. If the paddler comes out of their kayak, a tuilik provides considerable initial buoyancy, and the legs may be drawn up into the air pocket.<ref name=qajaqusa>[http://www.qajaqusa.org/Equipment/clothing.html Tuiliks (tuillit) and Kayak Clothing]</ref> A flotation device may be worn over or under a tuilik or tuiliusaq.<ref name=Baker/>
In summer months an ''akuilisaq'' (a spray skirt or spray deck) may be used instead.<ref name=qajaqusa/>
Many kayakers do not use a tuilik, but instead a separate spray skirt and kayaking top (often a drytop, something like a drysuit jacket), which usually seals around the waist, arms, and neck.<ref name=kayarchy_clothing/> A tuilik integrates the skirt and top into one piece of clothing, with a hood-edge seal rather than a neck seal. Tuiliks are generally less restrictive of motion,<ref name=Baker/> but the fit is finnickier.<ref name=brooks_reed/>
==Fit== thumb|A hunter in 1891 wearing a sealskin tuilik with a traditional narrow fit. The hood must fit snugly, but the arms and body fit loosely to allow free movement and clothing underneath.<ref name=Baker/> Rolling requires extra length in the torso.<ref name=brooks_reed/> Quick-release suspenders were traditionally used to lift the front and prevent water from pooling in the excess length.<ref name=goretex/><ref>[https://kayakgreenland1959.wordpress.com/2012/07/09/new-draft-kayaks-and-kayaking/ Chapter Four: Building the Kayaks]</ref> The tuilik must seal at the face and kayak cockpit coaming, and usually at the wrists (unless there are integrated mittens, as in the tuilikusaq image above).
Traditional tuiliks are narrower, to fit narrow custom-fitted cockpits; mass-produced kayaks have larger cockpits (including long keyhole cockpits, image comparison) and the tuilik must therefore be wider at the hem. Some tuiliks are made with double decks to fit a range of cockpits.<ref>[https://www.chillcheater.com/tuliqs\ Reed Tuiliqs]</ref>
Commercial tuiliks may be custom-fitted or made in a broad range of off-the-peg shapes and sizes (one manufacturer stocks 15 sizes).<ref name=brooks_reed/>
Some kayakkers make tuiliks by sewing or gluing commercial drytops and sprayskirts/spraydecks together, with a permanent waterproof join.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Simenc |first1=Dan |title=How to Make a Drydeck |url=http://www.kayakdiaries.com/2011/12/13/how-to-make-a-drydeck/ |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111184935/http://www.kayakdiaries.com/2011/12/13/how-to-make-a-drydeck/ |archive-date=January 11, 2012 |language=en |date=Dec 13, 2011 |url-status=unfit}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Glossary of Basic White Water Kayaking Terms |url=https://mindbodypaddle.com/508/glossary-of-basic-white-water-kayaking-terms/ |website=Mind Body Paddle |date=19 November 2008}}</ref>
==Materials and manufacture== [[File:Parka c1900 Linden-Museum.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Seal intestine. Rear, an Eastern Arctic garment made of summer gut; front, an Alaskan garment made of winter gut (''imarnin'' in the Yup'ik language of the Yup'ik and Cup'ik<ref name="yupeskdict"/>).]]
Traditionally, a tuilik can be made from specially-prepared seal-skin, sewn with sinew, with draw-string seals. A sealskin tuilik is soaked, stretched, rubbed, and greased to keep it soft and waterproof.<ref name=Baker/>
Garments to seal a person to a kayak coaming can also be made of gut.<ref name="Pissurcuutet">Yuungnaqpiallerput : [http://www.yupikscience.org/3coastspring/3-1b.html Pissurcuutet Imarpigmi = Tools for Ocean Hunting]</ref> Gut tuiliks are made of the intestines of sea mammals or bears.<ref name="Franreed">Reed, Fran (2008). "[http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1127&context=tsaconf Embellishments of the Alaska Native gut parka]". ''Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings'', Paper 127.</ref> The gut is turned inside-out to clean both sides, then inflated to dry. Inflated gut dries quickly. If it is dried in cold, dark, windy weather, it becomes opaque and white, and is known as "winter gut". "Summer gut" is yellowish and transparent, and stiffer. The gut is then slit open lengthwise and the strips are sewn into a garment.<ref name="Franreed"/> The smoother inside of the gut becomes the outside of the garment.<ref name="Imarpigmiutarnek Piliat">Yuungnaqpiallerput : [http://www.yupikscience.org/3coastspring/3-3.html Imarpigmiutarnek Piliat = Things Made from Sea Mammals]</ref>
Modern tuiliks made from neoprene are called ''tuiliusaq'' (tuilik-like).<ref name=Baker>"[http://www.qajaqusa.org/newsletter/Masik_Fall20036.pdf#page=14 Tuiliks: Versatile garments with variety]", by Shawn Baker. "Masik", Fall 2003: Volume 1, Issue 3, p.14</ref> Neoprene tuiliusaqs provide buoyancy and good insulation against the cold. This makes them feel quite unlike a sealskin tuilik.<ref>{{cite web|last=Carroll|first=Tom|title=THE TUILIK - THEN and NOW|url=http://www.seacanoe.org/tuilik.htm|work=Seacanoe.org|access-date=26 June 2012}}</ref>
Thinner materials feel more like the traditional sealskin. Some tuiliks have been made of cotton canvas.<ref name=Baker/> They are also made from waterproof, breathable laminate fabrics similar to those used for rain jackets.<ref name=kayarchy_clothing>[http://kayarchy.com/html/01equipment/022clothing.htm Clothing & tow-belt (1)]</ref> Some now use polyurethane laminate fabrics (including fleeces), which are less warm and buoyant than neoprene.<ref name=brooks_reed>[http://qajaqrolls.com/2011/06/brooks-tuilik-v-reed-tuiliq-great.html Brooks Tuilik v Reed Tuiliq the great debate]</ref> However, PUL is somewhat stretchy, less bulky and more durable,<ref>[http://kayarchy.com/html/01equipment/023clothing.htm#thermalstretchmaterials Thermal stretch materials ]</ref> and works better over a drysuit.<ref name=Baker/> Teflon laminate fabrics are also used.<ref name=kayarchy_clothing/>
Seams are avoided in areas where their bulk would make the tuilik stiff or cause water to pool, such as on top of the shoulders.<ref name=Baker/> One Greenlandic traditional cut has a front which wraps yoke-like over the shoulder, dropped sleeves, a seam along each sleeve in line with the thumb, two vertical side seams, and a hood seam around the front and side base of the neck (the hood is cut in one piece with the back).<ref>[http://freyahoffmeister.com/expeditions/greenland-national-championships-in-sisimiut-2006/ Greenland National Championchips Sisimuit 2006]</ref> See lede illustration.
===Seals=== The tuilik must seal reasonably at the face and kayak cockpit coaming, and usually at the wrists. This is done using smooth, stretchy, grippy materials. Both laminate fabrics and neoprene will seal, but stretchier neoprene often seals better, so some non-neoprene tuiliks have neoprene rands.<ref name=goretex>[http://www.qajaqusa.org/newsletter/Masik_Winter_2005_02054.pdf#page=3 Making A Chris Cunningham Tuilik: A southern hemisphere interpretation], by Pete Notman and Tony Calvert. "Masik", Winter 2005, Volume 3, Number 1</ref> Stretchier neoprene with one smooth side may grip and seal better, so even neoprene tuilikusaqs may use a different neoprene for the seals.<ref name=sewing>[http://www.qajaqusa.org/newsletter/Masik_Summer_2010_v2.pdf#page=28 Making a Tuilik, Akuilisaq, & Cockpit Cover], by Dana Rutherford "Masik", Spring/Summer 2010. Volume 2, p.28</ref><ref>[http://www.qajaq.nl/content/view/33/10/lang,en/ Making a neoprene Tuilik]</ref><ref name=grippier>[http://redoorninkayak.embarqspace.com/#/tuilik/4530713466 Tuilik Making Page 1]</ref>
Elastic cords (including leather thongs), and sometimes velcro straps,<ref name=sewing/> are used to keep the seals in place.
The hood edge must seal to the face, and usually has a draw-cord that wraps 1.3 times around the hood opening, with the cord doubled at the top and exiting the casing through holes near the ends of the wearer's eyebrows before tying adjustably behind the head.<ref name=sewing/> The entire hood may be made of stretchier materials for a closer fit.<ref name=brooks_reed/>
Any cuffs must be at least fairly water-tight. Cuffs may therefore may be made of neoprene (like the hood edge) or dry-suit wrist seals (which can be made of silicone rubber, or latex rubber similar to that used in bicycle inner tubes).
<gallery mode=packed heights=200> File:Summer dried seal gut parka, Aleutian Islands, Yupik, 20th century, Honolulu Museum of Art, 2014-25-01.JPG|Stretchy drawstrings seal this gut tuilik at the cuffs, face, and kayak coaming Shirt, Tjukotka, Russia, view 2, stitched intestines with tufts of hair, No. 9000.20.0972 - Etnografiska museet - Stockholm, Sweden - DSC01296.JPG|A closeup of a drawstring face seal. Fur is sewn into watertight seams. File:MutaSemistagnaCaviglia.jpg|Neoprene cuff (of a wetsuit). Outer layer is single-sided neoprene; inner layer is double-sided. File:Dry suit latex seals.jpg|Latex cuff seals File:Fartuch neoprenowy.jpg|Spraydeck (an alternative to a tuilik) showing a cord sewn to the rand that seals to the kayak cockpit. </gallery>
==See also== *''Kamleika'', the Russians called traditional Aleut gut garments ''kamleika''s; this word has been borrowed into Yup'ik from the Russian as ''kamliikaq'',<ref name="yupeskdict">Jacobson, Steven A. (2012). [http://www.uaf.edu/anla/collections/search/resultDetail.xml?id=CY972J2012 Yup'ik Eskimo Dictionary, 2nd edition]. Alaska Native Language Center.</ref> and that word has been used generally for any gut garment.<ref name="Franreed"/>
==References== {{reflist}}
== External links == {{commons category|Tuiliks}} * [http://www.skirtfit.com/ Skirtfit], a free and open database of kayak rim sizing
{{Canoeing and kayaking}}
Category:Canoeing and kayaking equipment Category:Inuit clothing