Ceasefire

{{Short description|Temporary agreement to stop a war}} {{Redirect|Truce|selfref=yes}} {{Other uses}} [[File:Tilden or blood.jpg|thumb|250px|''A truce—not a compromise, but a chance for high-toned gentlemen to retire gracefully from their very civil declarations of war''<br />By Thomas Nast in ''Harper's Weekly'', February 17, 1877, p. 132.]]

A '''ceasefire''' (also known as a '''truce'''),'''<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Clayton |first1=Govinda |last2=Nygård |first2=Håvard Mokleiv |last3=Rustad |first3=Siri Aas |last4=Strand |first4=Håvard |date=2023 |title=Ceasefires in Civil Conflict: A Research Agenda |journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution |language=en |volume=67 |issue=7–8 |pages=1279–1295 |doi=10.1177/00220027221128300 |issn=0022-0027 |s2cid=252793375 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/576568}}</ref>''' also spelled '''cease-fire''' (the antonym of 'open fire'),<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Forster |first=Robert A. |title=Ceasefires |date=2019 |pages=1–8 |editor-last=Romaniuk |editor-first=Scott |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_8-2 |isbn=978-3-319-74336-3 |s2cid=239326729 |editor2-last=Thapa |editor2-first=Manish |editor3-last=Marton |editor3-first=Péter |encyclopedia=The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies}}</ref> is a stoppage of a war in which each side agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions, often due to mediation by a third party.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Fortna|first=Virginia Page|title=Peace Time: Cease-Fire Agreements and the Durability of Peace|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-691-18795-2|location=|pages=|oclc=1044838807}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ceasefire |url=https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e263?prd=EPIL |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=Oxford Public International Law |language=en |doi=10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690| doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 }}</ref> Ceasefires may be between state actors or involve non-state actors.'''<ref name=":2" />''' Unlike declarations of a cessation of hostilities or a truce, a cease-fire is generally meant to be binding. Like a cessation of hostilities or truce, it is only temporary in nature but is generally expected to last for a longer period of time. Unlike a truce, a humanitarian pause, or a cessation of hostilities, the declaration of a cease-fire often applies to the entire geographical area of a conflict, according to the UN.<ref>Roth, Clare (28 October 2023). ''[https://www.dw.com/en/cease-fire-truce-armistice-whats-the-difference/a-67243219 Cease-fire, truce, armistice: What's the difference?]'' www.dw.com.</ref>

Ceasefires may be declared as part of a formal treaty but also as part of an informal understanding between opposing forces.<ref name=":0" /> They may occur via mediation or otherwise as part of a peace process or be imposed by United Nations Security Council resolutions via Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter.<ref name=":0" /> A ceasefire can be temporary with an intended end date or may be intended to last indefinitely. A ceasefire is distinct from an armistice in that the armistice is a formal end to a war whereas a ceasefire may be a temporary stoppage.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Ceasefires are fragile: Can Israel and Hamas find peace? |url=https://goodauthority.org/news/good-to-know-what-is-a-ceasefire-israel-hamas/ |website=Good Authority |language=en-US}}</ref>

The immediate goal of a ceasefire is to stop violence but the underlying purposes of ceasefires vary. Ceasefires may be intended to meet short-term limited needs (such as providing humanitarian aid), manage a conflict to make it less devastating, or advance efforts to peacefully resolve a dispute.<ref name=":2" /> An actor may not always intend for a ceasefire to advance the peaceful resolution of a conflict but instead give the actor an upper hand in the conflict (for example, by re-arming and repositioning forces or attacking an unsuspecting adversary), which creates bargaining problems that may make ceasefires less likely to be implemented and less likely to be durable if implemented.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sosnowski |first=Marika |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/redefining-ceasefires/AEDBE40203BCD110435E69E19D931BF3 |title=Redefining Ceasefires: Wartime Order and Statebuilding in Syria |date=2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-34722-8 |doi=10.1017/9781009347204}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026 |title=The game theory behind violating ceasefires |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2026/04/16/the-game-theory-behind-violating-ceasefires |work=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

The durability of ceasefire agreements is affected by several factors, such as demilitarized zones, withdrawal of troops and third-party guarantees such as monitoring or peacekeeping. Ceasefire agreements are more likely to be durable when they reduce incentives to attack, reduce uncertainty about the adversary's intentions, and when mechanisms are put in place to prevent accidents from spiraling into conflict.<ref name=":3" />

==Overview== Ceasefire agreements are more likely to be reached when the costs of conflict are high and when the actors in a conflict have lower audience costs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Clayton |first1=Govinda |last2=Nygård |first2=Håvard Mokleiv |last3=Rustad |first3=Siri A. |last4=Strand |first4=Håvard |date=2022 |title=Costs and Cover: Explaining the Onset of Ceasefires in Civil Conflict |journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution |volume=67 |issue=7–8 |pages=1296–1324 |language=en |doi=10.1177/00220027221129195 |s2cid=252739885 |issn=0022-0027|doi-access=free |hdl=10852/99393 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Scholars emphasize that war termination is more likely to occur when actors have more information about each other, when actors can make credible commitments, and when the domestic political situation makes it possible for leaders to make war termination agreements without incurring domestic punishment.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2022-09-29 |title=How the War in Ukraine Might End |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/annals-of-inquiry/how-the-war-in-ukraine-might-end |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US}}</ref>

By one estimate, there were at least 2202 ceasefires across 66 countries in 109 civil conflicts over the period 1989–2020.<ref name=":2" />

==Ceasefire types== Researchers Govinda Clayton and Valerie Sticher classified civil-war ceasefire agreements into three types, with successively broader peace agreements and higher trust levels: * a "cessation of hostilities" agreement that can be implemented quickly, while detailed peace negotiations are still unrealistic and trust levels are low; * a "preliminary ceasefire" agreement, in which the motivations for the parties to stop the conflict are stronger and negotiations are ongoing, but trust remains low; * a "definitive ceasefire" agreement, in which the ceasefire is part of a broad peace agreement, typically including disarmament, demobilization and reintegration procedures.<ref name="IntlStudQuart_ClaytonSticher">{{cite Q|Q137449577}}</ref> Clayton and Sticher found, based on ceasefire data for civil wars from 1990 to 2019, that the periods without violence following a ceasefire were successively longer for cessations of hostilities, preliminary ceasefires, and definitive ceasefires. Within three months of the ceasefire initiation, 30 percent of cessations of hostility, 50 percent of preliminary ceasefires, and 70 percent of definitive ceasefires still had no conflict-related deaths.<ref name="IntlStudQuart_ClaytonSticher" />

==Historical examples== Historically, the concept of a ceasefire existed at least by the time of the Middle Ages, when it was known as a 'truce of God'.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bailey |first=Sydney D. |date=1977 |title=Cease-Fires, Truces, and Armistices in the Practice of the UN Security Council |journal=The American Journal of International Law |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=461–473 |doi=10.2307/2200012 |issn=0002-9300 |jstor=2200012 |s2cid=147435735}}</ref>

===World War I=== {{Main|Christmas truce}} During World War I, on December 24, 1914, there was an unofficial ceasefire on the Western Front as France, the United Kingdom, and Germany observed Christmas. There are accounts that claimed the unofficial ceasefire took place throughout the week leading to Christmas, and that British and German troops exchanged seasonal greetings and songs between their trenches.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Long Shadow of Emile Cailliet: Faith, Philosophy, and Theological Education|last1=Evans|first1=Abigail|last2=Bartollas|first2=Clemens|last3=Graham|first3=Gordon|last4=Henke|first4=Kenneth|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|year=2011|isbn=9781610971126|location=Eugene, OR}}</ref> The ceasefire was brief but spontaneous. Beginning when German soldiers lit Christmas trees, it quickly spread up and down the Western Front.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brockell |first=Gillian |date=24 December 2017 |title=The Christmas Truce miracle: Soldiers put down their guns to sing carols and drink wine |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/12/24/the-christmas-truce-miracle-soldiers-put-down-their-guns-to-sing-carols-and-drink-wine/ |access-date=2018-08-27 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en}}</ref> One account described the development in the following words:

<blockquote>It was good to see the human spirit prevailed amongst all sides at the front, the sharing and fraternity. All was well until the higher echelons of command got to hear about the effect of the ceasefire, whereby their wrath ensured a return to hostilities.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cultural Heritage of the Great War in Britain|last=Wilson|first=Ross|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=9781409445739|location=Oxon|pages=74}}</ref></blockquote>

There was no peace treaty signed during the Christmas truce, and the war resumed after a few days. [[File:The Liberation of Bergen-belsen Concentration Camp, April 1945 BU4068.jpg|thumb|right|British and German officers after arranging the German handover of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp and the surrounding area, negotiated during a temporary truce, April 1945]]

===Karachi Agreement=== {{Main|Karachi Agreement}} The '''Karachi Agreement''' of 1949 was signed by the military representatives of India and Pakistan, supervised by the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan, establishing a cease-fire line in Kashmir following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wirsing |first1=Robert |title=War Or Peace on the Line of Control?: The India-Pakistan Dispute Over Kashmir Turns Fifty |date=1998 |publisher=IBRU |isbn=978-1-897643-31-0 |page=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CqsA-YVuV2UC |language=en}}</ref>

===Korean War=== On November 29, 1952, the US president-elect, Dwight D. Eisenhower, went to Korea to see how to end the Korean War. With the UN's acceptance of India's proposed armistice, the ceasefire between the UN Command on the one side and the Korean People's Army (KPA) and the People's Volunteer Army (PVA) on the other took hold at approximately the 38th parallel north. These parties signed the Korean Armistice Agreement on July 27, 1953,<ref>{{cite web|title=Document for July 27th: Armistice Agreement for the Restoration of the South Korean State|url=https://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/todays-doc/index.html?dod-date=727|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019201719/http://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/todays-doc/index.html?dod-date=727|archive-date=19 October 2012|access-date=13 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="findlaw-19530727">{{cite web|date=27 July 1953|title=Korean War Armistice Agreement|url=http://news.findlaw.com/cnn/docs/korea/kwarmagr072753.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305164517/http://news.findlaw.com/cnn/docs/korea/kwarmagr072753.html|archive-date=5 March 2014|access-date=5 March 2014|work=FindLaw|publisher=Thomson Reuters|location=Canada and United States}}</ref> but South Korean President Syngman Rhee, who attacked the ceasefire proceedings, did not.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kollontai|first1=Ms Pauline|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhAEmcLqrA8C&pg=PA111|title=Peace and Reconciliation: In Search of Shared Identity|last2=Kim|first2=Professor Sebastian C. H.|last3=Hoyland|first3=Revd Greg|date=2013-05-28|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-7798-3|pages=111|language=en}}</ref> Upon agreeing to the ceasefire which called upon the governments of South Korea, the United States, North Korea and China to participate in continued peace talks, the principal belligerents of the war established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) and it has since been patrolled by the joint Republic of Korea Army, US, and UN Command on the one side and the KPA on the other. The war is considered to have ended at that point even though there still is no peace treaty.

===Vietnam War=== On New Years Day, 1968, Pope Paul VI convinced South Vietnam and the United States to declare a 24-hour-truce. However, the Viet Cong and North Vietnam did not adhere to the truce, and ambushed the 2nd Battalion, Republic of Vietnam Marine Division, 10 minutes after midnight in Mỹ Tho. The Viet Cong would also attack a U.S. Army fire support base near Saigon, causing more casualties.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kurlansky, Mark.|title=1968 : the year that rocked the world|date=2004|publisher=Ballantine|isbn=0-345-45581-9|edition=1st|location=New York|pages=3, 13|oclc=53929433}}</ref>

On January 15, 1973, US President Richard Nixon ordered a ceasefire of the aerial bombings in North Vietnam. The decision came after Henry Kissinger, the National Security Advisor to the President, returned to Washington, D.C., from Paris, France, with a draft peace proposal. Combat missions continued in South Vietnam. By January 27, 1973, all parties of the Vietnam War signed a ceasefire as a prelude to the Paris Peace Accord.

===Persian Gulf War=== After Iraq was driven out of Kuwait by US-led coalition forces during Operation Desert Storm, Iraq and the UN Security Council signed a ceasefire agreement on March 3, 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC News {{!}} Saddam's Iraq: Key events|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_iraq_timeline/html/ceasefire.stm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031217140210/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_iraq_timeline/html/ceasefire.stm|archive-date=2003-12-17|access-date=2020-08-01|website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Subsequently, throughout the 1990s, the U.N. Security Council passed numerous resolutions calling for Iraq to disarm its weapons of mass destruction unconditionally and immediately. Because no peace treaty was signed after the Gulf War, the war still remained in effect, including an alleged assassination attempt of former US President George H. W. Bush by Iraqi agents while on a visit to Kuwait;{{CN|date=January 2023}} Iraq being bombed in June 1993 as a response, Iraqi forces firing on coalition aircraft patrolling the Iraqi no-fly zones, US President Bill Clinton's bombing of Baghdad in 1998 during Operation Desert Fox, and an earlier 1996 bombing of Iraq by the US during Operation Desert Strike. The war remained in effect until 2003, when US and UK forces invaded Iraq and toppled Saddam Hussein's regime from power.

===Kashmir conflict=== {{Main|Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute}} A UN-mediated ceasefire was agreed between India and Pakistan, on 1 January 1949, ending the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 (also called the 1947 Kashmir War). Fighting broke out between the two newly independent countries in Kashmir in October 1947, with India intervening on behalf of the princely ruler of Kashmir, who had joined India, and Pakistan supporting the rebels. The fighting was limited to Kashmir, but, apprehensive that it might develop into a full-scale international war, India referred the matter to the UN Security Council under Article 35 of the UN Charter, which addresses situations "likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace". The Security Council set up the dedicated United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan, which mediated for an entire year as the fighting continued. After several UN resolutions outlining a procedure for resolving the dispute via a plebiscite, a ceasefire agreement was reached between the countries towards the end of December 1948, which came into effect in the New Year. The Security Council set up the United Nations Military Observer Group for India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) to monitor the ceasefire line.<ref>{{citation |first=Victoria |last=Schofield |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |orig-year=First published in 2000 |isbn=978-1860648984 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC|pages=68–69}}</ref> India declared a ceasefire in Kashmir Valley during Ramadan in 2018.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

===Northern Ireland=== The Irish Republican Army held several Christmas ceasefires (usually referred to as truces) during the Northern Ireland conflict.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/12/21/archives/ira-provisionals-announce-a-christmas-truce.html|title = I.R.A. Provisionals Announce a Christmas Truce|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 21 December 1974}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-12-24-mn-5192-story.html|title=IRA Declares Usual Christmas Truce|website=Los Angeles Times|date=24 December 1993}}</ref>

===Israeli–Palestinian conflict=== {{Main|2023 Gaza war ceasefire}} [[File:117a.CeaseFireVigil.WH.WDC.24December2023 (53451851200).jpg|thumb|Christmas Eve Ceasefire Vigil at the White House in Washington, D.C. on 24 December 2023]] An example of a ceasefire in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict was announced between Israel and the Palestinian National Authority on February 8, 2005. When announced, chief Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat publicly defined the ceasefire as follows: "We have agreed that today President Mahmoud Abbas will declare a full cessation of violence against Israelis anywhere and Prime Minister Ariel Sharon will declare a full cessation of violence and military activities against Palestinians anywhere."<ref>{{cite news | last =Wedeman | first =Ben |author2=Raz, Guy |author3=Koppel, Andrea | title =Mideast cease-fire expected Tuesday | publisher =CNN |date=2005-02-07 | url =http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/02/07/mideast/ | access-date =2007-01-03 | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20050208043014/http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/02/07/mideast/ | archive-date =2005-02-08}}</ref> On November 21, 2023, Qatar announced that they had negotiated a truce between Israel and Hamas would pause Gaza war, allow for the release of some hostages and bring more aid to Palestinian civilians. As part of the deal, 50 hostages held by Hamas were released while Israel released 150 Palestinian prisoners.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Federman |last2=Jeffrey |first1=Josef |first2=Jack |title=Qatar announces Israel-Hamas truce-for-hostages deal that would pause Gaza fighting, bring more aid |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-11-21-2023-39f5ae0bdb4e32f0e69115aa43446132 |website=AP News |date=21 November 2023 |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=22 November 2023}}</ref>

===Syrian Civil War=== {{main|Syrian peace process}} Several attempts have been made to broker ceasefires in the Syrian Civil War.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lundgren|first=Magnus|year=2016|title=Mediation in Syria: initiatives, strategies, and obstacles, 2011–2016|journal=Contemporary Security Policy|volume=37|issue=2|pages=273–288|doi=10.1080/13523260.2016.1192377|s2cid=156447200|url=https://zenodo.org/record/895893}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Karakus |first1=Dogukan Cansin |last2=Svensson |first2=Isak |date=2020-05-18 |title=Between the Bombs: Exploring Partial Ceasefires in the Syrian Civil War, 2011–2017 |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=681–700 |doi=10.1080/09546553.2017.1393416 |s2cid=149165856 |issn=0954-6553|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lundgren |first1=Magnus |last2=Svensson |first2=Isak |last3=Karakus |first3=Dogukan Cansin |date=2020-05-18 |title=Local Ceasefires and De-escalation: Evidence From the Syrian Civil War |journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution |volume=67 |issue=7–8 |pages=1350–1375 |doi=10.1177/00220027221148655|doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Russo-Ukrainian War=== {{main|Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine}} Several attempts have been made to broker ceasefires during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Xi Jinping Hosts Brazil's Lula in Controversial Diplomatic Push for Ukraine Cease-Fire |url=https://time.com/6270852/xi-host-lula-ukraine-ceasefire/ |magazine=Time |date=12 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Putin Quietly Signals He Is Open to a Cease-Fire in Ukraine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/23/world/europe/putin-russia-ukraine-war-cease-fire.html |work=The New York Times |date=23 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Putin's suggestion of Ukraine ceasefire rejected by United States, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/putins-suggestion-ukraine-ceasefire-rejected-by-united-states-sources-say-2024-02-13/ |work=Reuters |date=13 February 2024}}</ref>

In May 2023, Donald Trump told the UK's GB news that as US president he would end the war within 24 hours, given that he had good relationships with the leaders of Ukraine and Russia. He added that it would be easy to conclude a ceasefire agreement to end the war. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/uk-news/2023/05/03/i-could-end-ukraine-war-in-24-hours-donald-trump-tells-uk-tv/ |title='I could end Ukraine war in 24 hours', Donald Trump tells UK TV |date=4 May 2023 |author=Soraya Ebrahimi |publisher=The Nationals }}</ref>

2026 Russo-Ukrainian truce - On 11 April 2026 at 13:00 UTC a 32-hour truce began for Orthodox Easter between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Ukraine.

=== 2020 global ceasefire === {{Main|Global ceasefire}} The 2020 global ceasefire was a response to a formal appeal by United Nations Secretary-General António Manuel de Oliveira Guterres on March 23 for a global ceasefire as part of the United Nations' response to the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. On 24 June 2020, 170 UN Member States and Observers signed a non-binding statement in support of the appeal, rising to 172 on 25 June 2020, and on 1 July 2020, the UN Security Council passed a resolution demanding a general and immediate global cessation of hostilities for at least 90 days.<ref>{{Cite web|title=S/RES/2532(2020) - E - S/RES/2532(2020)|url=https://undocs.org/en/S/RES/2532(2020)|access-date=2020-08-01|website=undocs.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-01|title=Stalled Security Council resolution adopted, backing UN's global humanitarian ceasefire call|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/07/1067552|access-date=2020-08-01|website=UN News|language=en}}</ref>

=== 2024 Israel–Hezbollah ceasefire === {{Main|Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)}}

The 2024 Israel–Hezbollah ceasefire was announced by United States President Joe Biden on November 26, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-01|title=Stalled Security Council resolution adopted, backing UN's global humanitarian ceasefire call|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/israel-hezbollah-lebanon-ceasefire-biden-gaza-hamas-rcna181859|access-date=2024-11-26|website=NBCAdde News|language=en}}</ref>

=== 2025 Israel–Hamas ceasefire === {{Further|Timeline of the Gaza war (20 August 2025 – present)}} The adoption of an Israel–Hamas ceasefire was announced by United States President Donald Trump on October 9, 2025 and went into effect on October 10.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=al-Jazeera|title=Trump announces Israel-Hamas ceasefire deal: What we know and what's next|first=Elizabeth|last=Melimopoulos|date=October 9, 2025|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/9/trump-announces-gaza-ceasefire-deal-what-we-know-and-whats-next}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Israel Says Cease-Fire Has Begun, Troops Withdraw From Parts of Gaza|url= https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/israel-says-cease-fire-has-begun-troops-start-withdrawing-from-parts-of-gaza-098b90dc|date=10 October 2025|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref>

==References== {{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* Clayton Govinda, Nygård Håvard Mokleiv, Strand Håvard, Rustad Siri Aas, Wiehler Claudia, Sagård Tora, Landsverk Peder, Ryland Reidun, Sticher Valerie, Wink Emma, Bara Corrine. 2022. “Introducing the Civil Conflict Ceasefire Dataset.” ''Journal of Conflict Resolution''. * Akebo, Malin. (2016). ''Ceasefire Agreements and Peace Processes: A Comparative Study''. Routledge. * Colletta, Nat. (2011). "Mediating ceasefires and cessations of hostilities agreements in the framework of peace processes." In ''Peacemaking: From Practice to Theory''. Praeger, 135–147. * Forster, Robert A. (2019). [https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-319-74336-3_8-2 Ceasefires]. In ''The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies''. Palgrave. * Fortna, Virginia Page. (2004). ''Peace Time: Cease-fire Agreements and the Durability of Peace''. Princeton University Press. *Williams, R., Gustafson, D., Gent, S., & Crescenzi, M. (2021). "[https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2019.23 A latent variable approach to measuring and explaining peace agreement strength.]" ''Political Science Research and Methods,'' ''9''(1), 89–105.

== External links == {{Wiktionary|ceasefire|truce}} *[https://pax.peaceagreements.org/static/covid19ceasefires/ University of Edinburgh Ceasefires Tracker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421171741/https://pax.peaceagreements.org/static/covid19ceasefires/ |date=2023-04-21 }} *[https://peaceagreements.org/searchadv?SearchForm%5Bname%5D=&SearchForm%5Bdate_after%5D=&SearchForm%5Bdate_before%5D=&SearchForm%5Bcategory_mode%5D=any&SearchForm%5Bagreement_text%5D=&SearchForm%5Bagreement_stage_sub%5D%5B%5D=Ceasefire%2Frelated&s=Search+D Search for ceasefire agreements on the Peace Agreement Access Tool (PA-X), 1990-2015.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418060532/https://www.peaceagreements.org/searchadv?SearchForm%5Bname%5D=&SearchForm%5Bdate_after%5D=&SearchForm%5Bdate_before%5D=&SearchForm%5Bcategory_mode%5D=any&SearchForm%5Bagreement_text%5D=&SearchForm%5Bagreement_stage_sub%5D%5B%5D=Ceasefire/related&s=Search+D |date=2023-04-18 }} *[http://peacemaker.un.org/document-search Search for ceasefire agreements in the UN Peacemaker Database] *[https://peaceagreements.org/wsearch Search for women and ceasefire agreements in PA-X Women Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418060530/https://www.peaceagreements.org/wsearch |date=2023-04-18 }}

{{peace}} Category:Military diplomacy Category:Ceasefires Category:Military strategy Category:Peace mechanisms