{{Short description|Intentional movement of animals by transport}} {{about||the transportation specifically of livestock|Livestock transportation}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}} [[File:Boeckmann traveller horse trailer.jpg|thumb|A horse being led into a horse trailer]] The '''transportation of animals''' is the intentional movement of non-human animals by transport. Common categories of animals which are transported include livestock destined for sale or slaughter; zoological specimens; laboratory animals; race horses; pets; and wild animals being rescued or relocated. Methods of transporting animals vary greatly from species to species.
==History== [[File:202 169 quijote cap17.jpg|thumb|A painting by Ricardo Balaca of the fictional Don Quixote transporting a lion]] Humans have been transporting animals for a variety of purposes for thousands of years, with numerous accounts of animals transportation from the ancient world. Animals were transported for Roman circuses and for use as military animals. Two well-known historical examples of animals transported to foreign countries are Hanno the elephant<ref>{{cite book | last=Bedini |first=Silvano A. |year=1997 |title=The Pope's Elephant | publisher= Carcanet Press |location=Manchester |isbn=1-85754-277-0 }}</ref> and Dürer's Rhinoceros.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clarke |first=T. H. |title=The Rhinoceros from Dürer to Stubbs: 1515–1799 |chapter=Chapter 1 | year=1986 |publisher=Sotheby's Publications |location=London |isbn=0-85667-322-6 }}</ref>
Later, animals were transported from the New World to Europe for study and introduction.
During the 20th century, the transportation of animals has focussed on the movement of animals for food, research, entertainment and conservation and the transport of animals is regulated in many countries. Such transport is regulated by a guideline by the European Council enacted in 2007, with relevant legislation passed in member countries, including England, through the Welfare of Animals (Transport), Order 2006 ("WATEO 2006"); and "equivalent national legislation in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/welfare-of-animals-during-transport|title=Welfare of Animals During Transport|year=2011|publisher=Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs|accessdate=6 August 2013}}</ref> The Animal Transportation Association was formed in 1976 by interested parties to develop best practices and provide information to those involved in the shipment of animals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animaltransportationassociation.org/Default.aspx?pageId=1356009|title=Animal Transportation Association – About|publisher=Animal Transportation Association|accessdate=6 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208104301/http://www.animaltransportationassociation.org/Default.aspx?pageId=1356009|archive-date=8 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In June 2020, the European Parliament has voted to establish an inquiry committee to investigate the transport of live animals across and out of the European Union.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jun/22/campaigners-welcome-historic-eu-inquiry-into-live-animal-transport ''Campaigners welcome 'historic' EU inquiry into live animal transport''], from 22. June 2020 in Theguardian.com</ref> The committee delivered a report in December 2021.<ref>[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-9-2021-0350_EN.html REPORT on the investigation of alleged contraventions and maladministration in the application of Union law in relation to the protection of animals during transport within and outside the Union]</ref>
==Livestock== {{main|Livestock transportation}} Livestock destined for sale or slaughter, race horses, and pets are frequently transported. It is important to avoid injury and death of the animal during transportation.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Vatta, A. F. |display-editors=etal |year=2007 |url=http://www.arc.agric.za/home.asp?pid=3955 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628041505/http://www.arc.agric.za/home.asp?pid=3955 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-06-28 |title=Goatkeepers' Animal Health Care Manual |chapter=How do I transport my goat? |edition=2nd |publisher=Agricultural Research Council |isbn=978-1-86849-352-4 }}</ref>
==Research animals== The Institute for Laboratory Animal Research of the United States National Research Council has produced guidelines for the transportation of research animals.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-QCJEU2nz4C | title=Guidelines for the Humane Transportation of Research Animals |publisher=National Academies Press |place=Washington, DC | year=2006 |isbn=9780309164771}}</ref>
==Zoo animals== Wild animals are often transported for display in zoos. Some wild animals offer specific challenges.
===Elephants=== [[File:C-17 Elephant Transport.jpg|thumb|upright|An elephant being transported by air in a custom-built crate.]]
Elephants are regularly transported for circuses and as working animals but are less regularly transported between zoos.<ref>Miller, Michele (January 2012). [http://www.elephanttag.org/professional/Transport_guidelines_for_elephants_2012.pdf "Transport Guidelines for Elephants"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203074227/http://www.elephanttag.org/Professional/Transport_guidelines_for_elephants_2012.pdf |date=3 February 2012 }}. Association of Zoos and Aquariums.</ref> Historically, war elephants were transported from their native countries to battlefields throughout the ancient world. Ptolemy II Philadelphus, in the 3rd century BCE, had ships custom-built for the purpose.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kistler |first=John M. |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5RHK4Ol15QC |title=War Elephants |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=9780803260047|page=83}}</ref>
Elephants employed by circuses were historically transported in Circus trains.
In modern times, the transportation of elephants has often been contentious. In 2013, the CEO of Toronto Zoo stated that "whatever the mode of transport is, ground, air, rail, there are associated risks with moving elephants".<ref name=np>{{cite news |last=O'Toole |first=Megan |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/toronto/its-unclear-how-toronto-zoos-elephants-will-be-transported-to-california-sanctuary |title=It's unclear how Toronto Zoo's elephants will be transported to California sanctuary |work=National Post |date=5 July 2013}}</ref> The zoo had been unable to finalise a determination about the mode of transport for three elephants to a sanctuary in California. Another Toronto Zoo board member noted that if an elephant panics during air transport, "it may have to be euthanized".<ref name=np/>
===Giraffes=== thumb|An illustration of giraffes being transported, 1874 [[File:Asali gnangarra 160915-120.jpg|thumb|Asali the giraffe in her 4.4 crate being loaded for transportation from Perth Zoo to Monarto Safari Park, a journey of 2200km<ref>{{cite news|title=Asali the giraffe goes 'home alone' across the Outback|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-34287005|accessdate=21 September 2015|publisher=BBC|date=18 September 2015}}</ref>]] Giraffes are typically transported in custom-built containers or crates to account for their height.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-20979925 |title=Paignton Zoo giraffe's Chessington move aided by special trailer |publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2013}}</ref>
In 2013, Nakuru, a 15-month-old female giraffe, was transported from New Zealand to Melbourne in Australia. Her specialised 4.2 metre crate was transported by sea on a cargo ship. As is required by Australian law, Nakaru was quarantined for 30 days at the Werribee Open Range Zoo before being moved again by truck to Melbourne Zoo approximately 30 kilometres away.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cauchi |first=Stephen |url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/rough-trip-fails-to-shake-nakuru-20130420-2i6j1.html |title=Rough trip fails to shake Nakuru |work=The Age |date=20 April 2013}}</ref>
Earlier in 2013, Tonda, a 4.3-metre, three-year-old adult male, was moved from Paignton Zoo to Chessington Zoo, both in England. The 322-kilometre move was completed by a Dutch company that specialises in animal transportation using a specially built trailer with an adjustable roof.<ref name=BBC/>
===Lions===
Lions present particular transportation challenges because of their size and the danger they pose to humans. To transport two lions from Morocco to Germany, one specialist animal transportation company elected to move the animals by land, travelling via Gibraltar, Spain and France, rather than by air. The vehicle they used was extensively modified with new suspension and shock absorbers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.petshipping.com/en/about-us/lion-transport-with-special-vehicle.php |title=Lion transport with special vehicle |publisher=GK Airfreight Service |accessdate=23 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701180953/http://www.petshipping.com/en/about-us/lion-transport-with-special-vehicle.php |archive-date=1 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In 2013, a South African zoologist received media attention for having transported 27 lions, mostly adult, in his Mercedes-Benz Sprinter van to relocate them from one wildlife park to another.<ref>{{cite news |last=Crerar |first=Simon |url=http://www.news.com.au/travel/news/the-lion-whisperer-animal-behaviourist-reinventing-zoology/story-e6frfq80-1226619388618 |title=Meet The Lion Whisperer, the animal behaviourist reinventing zoology |publisher=News.com.au |date=13 April 2013}}</ref>
===Tapirs=== Though they are related to the horse and rhinoceros, tapirs are regulated as pachyderms by the United States Department of Agriculture for the purpose of transportation and import. One issue with the transporting of tapirs is that young tapirs must not be separated from their mother for the first year of their lives – and as tapirs must be separated from other tapirs in order to transport them, it can be very difficult to transport a young or baby tapir.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.aza.org/uploadedFiles/Animal_Care_and_Management/Animal_Programs/Animal_Programs_Database/Animal_Care_Manuals/Tapir%20ACM%202013.pdf |title=Tapir (Tapiridae) Care Manual |publisher=AZA Tapir Taxon Advisory Group |year=2013 |access-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722121254/http://www.aza.org/uploadedFiles/Animal_Care_and_Management/Animal_Programs/Animal_Programs_Database/Animal_Care_Manuals/Tapir%20ACM%202013.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In 2008, a three-year-old tapir, Romeo, was transported from Costa Rica to Nashville, Tennessee. Romeo was the first animal to leave the country legally and the first tapir to be transported to the United States in more than 20 years. A specially-constructed cage was used to transport the tapir on a cargo plane and the move itself was supervised by staff from the Nashville Zoo.<ref>Jacobs, Susan (2008). [http://www.zoocostarica.com/f/Newspaper_Article.pdf "Meineke Man Bonds with Endangered Wildlife"]. ''Jewish Journal''.</ref>
In 2013, Timmy, a 400-pound Baird's tapir who had suffered from ear infections, was sent by FedEx from Florida to Los Angeles as part of a breeding programme. He was kept in quarantine for 30 days after his trip.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wptv.com/dpp/news/region_c_palm_beach_county/west_palm_beach/timmy-the-tapir-gets-fedexd-across-the-country-to-meet-his-match |title=Timmy the Tapir gets FEDEX'd across the country to meet his match |publisher=Wptv.com |date=25 July 2013 |accessdate=6 August 2013}}</ref>
==Aquarium animals==
There are two techniques for moving large marine mammals – wet transit, in which the animal is kept in a large tank of water, and dry transit, in which the animal is placed in a padded sling and kept calm, wet, and cool by human assistance. The decision whether to use wet or dry transit will depend on the size of the animal being transported and the distance to be traveled.<ref name=whale>{{cite web|author=Soniak, Matt |url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/24141/how-do-you-transport-whale |title=How Do You Transport a Whale? |work=Mental Floss |date=6 March 2010}}</ref>
===Killer whales=== [[File:Keiko-airplane.jpg|thumb|The killer whale Keiko being transported on a Boeing C-17 Globemaster III]] The transportation of killer whales (orca) was a key feature of the popular film Free Willy. Keiko, who played the role of Willy in the film, was moved using a trailer – although when he was actually transported to the Oregon Coast Aquarium, he was airlifted by the United Parcel Service. When he was transported to the Westman Islands in Iceland in 1998, he was loaded onto a United States Air Force C-17 transport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://keiko.com/history.html |title=The History of Keiko, the World's Most Famous Whale |publisher=Keiko.com |accessdate=23 July 2013}}</ref>
===Other whales=== The largest animal ever transported was J.J., a young gray whale who weighed {{convert|19200|lb|abbr=on}} and was {{convert|31|ft}} long. She was fitted into a custom-made transport sling and lifted by crane onto a 40-foot foam-padded trailer, before being released, again by crane, just off Point Loma.<ref name=whale/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/gray-whale/photo-album-release.htm |title=JJ the Gray Whale – Photo Album |publisher=Sea World of California |accessdate=23 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028195210/http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/gray-whale/photo-album-release.htm |archive-date=28 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> FedEx has shipped at least seven whales to aquariums in slings inside of metal containers containing just enough water to keep the whales moist.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.popsci.com/article/technology/how-ship-whale-and-other-advice-fedex-guru?src=SOC&dom=tw |title=How To Ship A Whale (And Other Advice From A FedEx Guru) |author=Amber Williams |date=20 February 2014 |work=Popular Science |accessdate=21 February 2014}}</ref>
===Seals=== Transporting seals is considered to be easier than transporting cetaceans, since seals are semiaquatic and able to tolerate long periods out of water, as long as they are kept cool and moist.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dierauf |first1=Leslie A. |last2=Gulland |first2=Frances M. D. |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIgDk9i_GkC&pg=PA888 |title=CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease, and Rehabilitation |publisher=CRC Press |edition=2nd |page=888 |isbn=9781420041637}}</ref> Cooling of the transported seal can be carried out by using a water spray, or placing ice above the seal's container which cools the seal as it melts.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWbgqMsyq8UC&q=transporting+pinnipeds+in+water&pg=PT1018 |title=Medicine of Australian Mammals |publisher=Csiro Publishing |year=2008|isbn=9780643099289 }}</ref>
==Transportation of domestic pets== {{main|Pet travel}}
===By air=== [[File:Air Travel With A Cat.jpg|thumb|upright|Cat traveling in the passenger cabin of an Air France aircraft]] Airline policies on the transport of domestic pets vary, with a small number permitting pets in passenger cabins, some more allowing them in the hold, and many declining to carry them at all. The American Ferret Association, for example, offers advice on the policies of nineteen different carriers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ferret.org/read/airlines.html |title=Airline Pet Policies |publisher=American Ferret Association |year=2013 |accessdate=8 August 2013}}</ref>
Specialist animal air transportation companies exist and will arrange whole-aircraft charters for larger and outsize animal transportation projects, utilizing flying veterinarians to ensure the safety and comfort of the animal passengers. These companies often arrange aircraft for large-scale zoo relocation projects, transporting multiple exotic animals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intradco-global.com/blog/giraffes-relocated-to-a-nature-reserve|website=Intradco Global|title=Giraffes Relocated to Animal Reserve|access-date=21 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415043003/http://www.intradco-global.com/blog/giraffes-relocated-to-a-nature-reserve|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
====Controversies==== In 2018, United Airlines admitted to forcing a passenger pet to be stowed away in an overhead bin, resulting in the animal's death.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://kutv.com/news/nation-world/a-dog-died-after-being-forced-by-united-airlines-to-stay-in-an-overhead-bin| title=A dog died after being forced by United flight attendant to stay in an overhead bin| date=13 March 2018| author=Jessie Karangu| publisher=KUTV}}</ref> Only two days later, another dog aboard a United flight was mistakenly sent to Japan instead of its intended Kansas City destination.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://kutv.com/news/nation-world/united-mistakenly-flies-kansas-bound-dog-to-japan-03-15-2018| title=United mistakenly flies Kansas-bound dog to Japan| date=15 March 2018| agency=Associated Press| publisher=KUTV}}</ref>
A similar incident occurred in March 2018 when Delta Air Lines sent a puppy to Salt Lake City instead of its intended Boise destination.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.cntraveler.com/story/delta-sends-8-week-old-puppy-to-wrong-destination| title=Delta Sends 8-Week-Old Puppy to Wrong Destination| date=20 March 2018| author=Laura Dannen Redman| publisher=Condé Nast Traveler}}</ref>
===Passports===
In 2004 a change in EU law meant that as well as cats and dogs, ferret transportation was allowed within European Union borders.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/ferreting-out-dream-trips---1142298| title=Ferreting out dream trips – finally|work=Manchester Evening News|date=10 August 2004}}</ref>
Currently the EU pet passport scheme only covers cats, dogs and ferrets that have been vaccinated against rabies and fitted with electronic microchips.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/liveanimals/pets/qanda_en.htm |title=EUROPA – Animal Health & Welfare – Live Animals – Pets and non-commercial – Questions & Answers |publisher=European Commission |date=3 July 2011 |accessdate=8 August 2013}}</ref> As of yet, there is no EU wide legislation to cover transportation of other pets, with different member states applying various rules.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/liveanimals/pets/nat_rules_dogscatferret_en.htm |title=EUROPA – Animal Health & Welfare – Live Animals – Pets and non-commercial |publisher=European Commission |accessdate=8 August 2013}}</ref>
==See also== * Animal transporter * European Convention for the Protection of Animals during International Transport (1968, revised 2003) * Laika, the Soviet space dog who became the first animal to orbit Earth. * Pet taxi
== References == {{reflist}}
==Further reading== *{{cite book |title=Excellence in Animal Transportation |publisher=Animal Transportation Association |year=1999}} *{{cite book |editor=Gimenez, Rebecca |editor2=Gimenez, Thomas |editor3=May, Kimberly Anne |title=Technical Large Animal Emergency Rescue |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2009 |isbn=9780813806488}}
{{Subject bar|portal1=Animals|portal2=Transport|commons= y |commons-search= Category:Transport of animals}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Buildings and structures used to confine animals Animal