Trans man

{{pp-extended|small=yes}} {{use dmy dates|date=June 2022}} {{short description|Man assigned female at birth}} [[File:BrianMichaelGLAAD18.jpg|alt=A handsome Black man in a blue suit standing in front of an awards ceremony backdrop.|thumb|Brian Michael Smith, award-winning trans actor]] {{Transgender sidebar}} {{Boys and men sidebar}} A '''trans man''' or '''transgender man''' is a man who was assigned female at birth. Trans men have a male gender identity, and many trans men undergo medical and social transition to alter their appearance in a way that aligns with their gender identity or alleviates gender dysphoria.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bariola |first1=Emily |last2=Lyons |first2=Anthony |last3=Leonard |first3=William |last4=Pitts |first4=Marian |last5=Badcock |first5=Paul |last6=Couch |first6=Murray |title=Demographic and Psychosocial Factors Associated With Psychological Distress and Resilience Among Transgender Individuals |journal=American Journal of Public Health |date=October 2015 |volume=105 |issue=10 |pages=2108–2116 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2015.302763 |pmid=26270284 |pmc=4566567 |issn=0090-0036}}</ref>

Transition among trans men can involve a variety of social, medical, and legal steps. Initially, the term referred specifically to those undergoing hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or sex reassignment surgery (SRS),{{efn|name=SRS}} but its meaning has expanded to include psychological development and self-acceptance. While some trans men pursue medical interventions like hormones and surgery, others may opt out due to personal choice or financial constraints. Many who do not undergo top surgery use chest binding, and some employ packing to create a masculine shape. Transitioning can include social changes, such as adopting a new name and pronouns, legal name change or other document updates, and medical transition with HRT or surgery. Achieving social acceptance as male may be challenging without physical transition, and some trans men may selectively present as female in certain situations. Additionally, some transmasculine individuals may choose to become pregnant, give birth, and breastfeed.

Estimates of the prevalence of trans men in the U.S. vary widely, from 1 in 100,000 to 1 in 2,000. Census data for 2015 show around 58,000 name changes indicative of transition to male, though far fewer changed their sex coding. Trans men, like cisgender men, have diverse sexual orientations, with most identifying as heterosexual, but others as queer, pansexual, bisexual, or gay. Many trans men have past connections with the lesbian community, often identifying as butch lesbian before recognizing their transgender identity. While some date heterosexual or queer women, trans men face more challenges integrating into cisgender gay men's communities, which tend to be more body-focused. However, research challenges assumptions that trans men are predominantly heterosexual, showing a majority of non-heterosexual identities and rising acceptance within gay communities.

== Terminology == {{Further|Transgender#Terminology}} [[File:Kye Allums.jpg|alt=A young Black man dressed in vest and tie, with leg crossed over his knee and his chin resting on his hand. He looks off-camera to the left. |thumb|Kye Allums, who played women's basketball and is the first openly transgender NCAA Division I college athlete]] [[File:Thomas Beatie på Stockholm Pride 2011.JPG|thumb|Thomas Beatie, an American public speaker, author, and advocate for transgender reproductive rights|alt=A smiling young man of white, Korean, and Filipino descent, standing at a podium, gesturing with one hand.]]

The umbrella term {{wt|en|trans}}{{efn|occasionally spelled {{Wt|en|trans*}}, using the asterisk ({{code|*}}) as a wildcard character}} is a shortening of both ''transgender'' and ''transsexual'', and describes anyone whose gender identity does not align with their assigned sex.

The term ''transsexual'' originated in the medical and psychological communities, and is generally considered a subset of ''transgender'', although the two are not always interchangeable. It predominantly describes people with medically diagnosed gender dysphoria, and who desire to permanently transition to the opposite sex via sex reassignment therapy. Many trans people prefer the labels ''transgender'' or ''trans'', considering them more inclusive and less stigmatizing.<ref name="Polly">{{cite journal |last1=Polly |first1=Ryan |last2=Nicole |first2=Julie |date=March 2011 |title=Understanding transsexual patients: culturally sensitive care in emergency nursing practice |journal=Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1097/TME.0b013e3182080ef4 |pmid=21317698 |quote=The use of terminology by transsexual individuals to self-identify varies. As aforementioned, many transsexual individuals prefer the term transgender, or simply trans, as it is more inclusive and carries fewer stigmas. There are some transsexual individuals, however, who reject the term transgender; these individuals view transsexualism as a treatable congenital condition. Following medical and/or surgical transition, they live within the binary as either a man or a woman and may not disclose their transition history. |s2cid=2481961}}</ref><ref name="Swanson">A Swenson, ''Medical Care of the Transgender Patient'', in ''Family Medicine'' (2014): "While some transsexual people still prefer to use the term to describe themselves, many transgender people prefer the term transgender to transsexual."</ref> However, others, such as Buck Angel, reject the label of ''transgender''.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 2014 |title=Transsexualism |url=http://www.gendercentre.org.au/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090430/http://www.gendercentre.org.au/resources/fact-sheets/transsexualism.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2016-07-05 |website=Gender Centre |quote=Transsexualism is often included within the broader term 'transgender', which is generally considered an umbrella term for people who do not conform to typically accepted gender roles for the sex they were assigned at birth. The term 'transgender' is a word employed by activists to encompass as many groups of gender diverse people as possible. However, many of these groups individually don't identify with the term. Many health clinics and services set up to serve gender variant communities employ the term, however most of the people using these services again don't identify with this term. The rejection of this political category by those that it is designed to cover clearly illustrates the difference between self-identification and categories that are imposed by observers to understand other people.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1115768669798141952|user=BuckAngel|title=Transsexual is my identity and where I came from. [...] Transgender does not represent me.|date=Apr 9, 2019}}</ref> The GLAAD media reference guide advises against describing people as ''transsexual'', except for individuals who explicitly identify as such.<ref name="glaad.org2">{{cite news |date=22 February 2022 |title=GLAAD Media Reference Guide – Transgender Terms |url=https://www.glaad.org/reference/trans-terms |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=GLAAD |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928192510/https://glaad.org/reference/trans-terms/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Transmasculine'' (sometimes clipped to {{Wt|en|transmasc}}) is a broader term for all trans individuals with predominantly masculine identities or gender expression, and includes trans men as well as non-binary people who were assigned female at birth and may have an identity that is partially masculine but not entirely male.<ref name="pmid271839782">{{cite journal |last1=MacDonald |first1=Trevor |author-link1=Trevor Kirczenow |last2=Noel-Weiss |first2=Joy |last3=West |first3=Diana |author-link3=Diana West (lactation consultant) |last4=Walks |first4=Michelle |last5=Biener |first5=MaryLynne |last6=Kibbe |first6=Alanna |last7=Myler |first7=Elizabeth |date=16 May 2016 |title=Transmasculine individuals' experiences with lactation, chestfeeding, and gender identity: a qualitative study |journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth |volume=16 |issue=1 |page=106 |doi=10.1186/s12884-016-0907-y |pmc=4867534 |pmid=27183978 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of transmasculine |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/transmasculine |access-date=8 September 2016 |website=Dictionary.com |archive-date=17 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417083448/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/transmasculine |url-status=live }}</ref>

The alternate spelling {{Wt|en|transman}} is sometimes used interchangeably. However, like {{Wt|en|transwoman}}, it is often associated with trans-exclusionary views which hold that trans men are distinct from men, and thus require a separate word to describe them.<ref name="Lopez">{{Cite web |last=Lopez |first=German |date=2015-02-18 |title=Why you should always use “transgender” instead of “transgendered” |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/2/18/8055691/transgender-transgendered-tnr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410042213/https://www.vox.com/2015/2/18/8055691/transgender-transgendered-tnr |archive-date=10 April 2017 |access-date=5 April 2026 |website=Vox |language=en-US}}</ref> For this reason many transgender people find the spelling offensive.<ref name="Lopez" />

Another common term for trans men is '''female-to-male''' ('''FTM''' or '''F2M'''),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Swann |first1=William B. |author-link1=William Swann |last2=Gómez |first2=Ángel |last3=Vázquez |first3=Alexandra |last4=Guillamón |first4=Antonio |last5=Segovia |first5=Santiago |last6=Carillo |first6=Beatriz |date=10 February 2015 |title=Fusion with the Cross-Gender Group Predicts Genital Sex Reassignment Surgery |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=1313–1318 |doi=10.1007/s10508-014-0470-4 |pmid=25666854 |s2cid=3261825}}</ref> but this is considered outdated by some, in part because it confuses sex and gender, or because someone may be nonbinary and lie somewhere on the spectrum between the two extremes, neither of which accurately describes them.<ref name="Bourns-2022">{{cite book |language=en |editor1-last=Bourns |editor1-first=Amy |editor2-last=Kucharski |editor2-first=Edward |date=2022 |title=Caring for LGBTQ2S People: A Clinical Guide |edition=2nd |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4875-1525-6 |oclc=1280275165 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P4ltEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT21}}</ref>

== Transitioning == {{See also|Gender transition}} [[File:Buck Angel Headshot.jpg|thumb|Buck Angel, an American actor, producer, and sex educator]] Originally, the term ''trans men'' referred specifically to female-to-male transsexual people who underwent hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or sex reassignment surgery (SRS),{{efn|name=SRS|The term sex reassignment surgery was initially used, but this is now generally known as ''gender-affirming surgery'' (GAS) or ''gender-confirmation surgery'' (GCS)}} or both. The definition of ''transition'' has broadened to include theories of psychological development or complementary methods of self-acceptance.<ref name="Hudson">{{cite web |title=Hudson's Guide: FTM Basics: Terminology |url=http://www.ftmguide.org/terminology.html |access-date=22 February 2015 |website=Hudson's FTM Resource Guide |archive-date=12 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060812121203/http://www.ftmguide.org/terminology.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="IJSO">{{cite web |url=http://www.huc.edu/ijso/glossary/ |title=Glossary of Terms and Usage |website=Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion |access-date=22 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519234810/http://www.huc.edu/ijso/glossary/ |archive-date=19 May 2014 }}</ref> Many of those who identify as transgender face gender dysphoria.

Transsexual and transgender men may seek medical interventions such as hormones and surgery to make their bodies as congruent as possible with their gender presentation. However, many transgender and transsexual men cannot afford or choose not to undergo surgery or hormone replacement therapy.

Many who have not undergone top surgery choose to bind their breasts. There are a few different methods of binding, including using sports bras and specially made binders (which can be vest-type, or wrap-around style). Tape or bandages are often depicted in popular culture.

Some trans men might also decide to pack, to create a phallic bulge in the crotch of clothing. However, this is not universal. Trans men who decide to pack may use anything from rolled up socks to specially made packers, which resemble a penis. Some packers are also created for trans men to be able to urinate through them (stand-to-pee, or STP, devices), or for sexual penetration or other sexual activity (known as "pack-and-play").

Transitioning might involve some or all of the following steps:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ftmaustralia.org/treatment/whatis.html |title=What is transition? |website=FTM Australia |date=14 April 2007 |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044946/http://www.ftmaustralia.org/treatment/whatis.html |archive-date=25 July 2008 }}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Source is fifteen years old. Newer sources should cover this in better detail|date=June 2022}} * Social transition: using a preferred name and pronouns, wearing clothing seen as gender appropriate, disclosure to family, friends and usually at the workplace/school. * Sex reassignment therapy: hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and/or surgery (SRS)<ref name=pmid25692791>{{cite journal |last1=Meriggiola |first1=Maria Cristina |last2=Gava |first2=Giulia |title=Endocrine care of transpeople part I. A review of cross-sex hormonal treatments, outcomes and adverse effects in transmen |journal=Clinical Endocrinology |publisher=Wiley |date=25 March 2015 |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=597–606 |doi=10.1111/cen.12753 |pmid=25692791 |hdl=11585/541907 |s2cid=11480289 |issn=0300-0664}}</ref> * Legal affirmation: name and (sometimes) sex marker correction in legal identification documents.<ref name="TETG">{{cite book |last=Lev |first=Arlene Istar |author-link=Arlene Istar Lev |date=2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/transgenderemerg0000leva|title=Transgender Emergence: Therapeutic Guidelines for Working with Gender-Variant People and their Families |publisher=The Haworth Clinical Practice Press |isbn=978-0-7890-2117-5 |oclc=51342468}}</ref><ref name="MOF">{{cite journal |last1=Eno |first1=Amanda S. |title=The Misconception of Sex in Title VII: Federal Courts Reevaluate Transsexual Employment Discrimination Claims |journal=Tulsa Law Review |date=21 June 2013 |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=765–792 |url=https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/tlr/vol43/iss3/10/ |issn=1942-986X |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=17 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202624/https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/tlr/vol43/iss3/10/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Being socially accepted as male (sometimes known as passing) may be challenging for trans men who have not undergone HRT and/or surgery.<ref name="TETG" /><ref name="MOF" /> Some trans men may choose to present as female in certain social situations (e.g. at work).<ref name="TETG" /><ref name="MOF" /> After physical transition, trans men usually live full-time as male.<ref name="TETG" /><ref name="MOF" /> However, some transmasculine individuals might choose to use and engage their bodies to be pregnant, birth a baby, and breastfeed.<ref name="pmid271839782"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bonnington |first1=Adam |last2=Dianat |first2=Shokoufeh |last3=Kerns |first3=Jennifer |last4=Hastings |first4=Jen |last5=Hawkins |first5=Mitzi |last6=Haan |first6=Gene De |last7=Obedin-Maliver |first7=Juno |date=1 August 2020 |title=Society of Family Planning clinical recommendations: Contraceptive counseling for transgender and gender diverse people who were female sex assigned at birth |url=https://www.contraceptionjournal.org/article/S0010-7824(20)30104-9/abstract |journal=Contraception |publisher=Elsevier BV |language=English |volume=102 |issue=2 |pages=70–82 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2020.04.001 |issn=0010-7824 |pmid=32304766 |s2cid=215819218 |doi-access=free |archive-date=3 April 2023 |access-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403063851/https://www.contraceptionjournal.org/article/S0010-7824%2820%2930104-9/fulltext |url-status=live }}</ref>

=={{anchor|Straight trans man}} Prevalence, identity and relationships==  In the United States, the ratio of trans men within the general population is unclear, but estimates range between 1:2,000 and 1:100,000.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Conway |first1=Lynn |author-link1=Lynn Conway |date=17 December 2002 |title=Estimating the Prevalence of Transsexualism |url=http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/TSprevalence.html |access-date=28 September 2009 |archive-date=25 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125121704/http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/TSprevalence.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Source is 20 years old. More up to date information may be available|date=June 2022}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Herman |first=Joanne |url=http://www.advocate.com/politics/commentary/2006/05/12/there-are-more-us-you-think |title=There are more of us than you think |website=The Advocate (LGBT magazine) |date=12 May 2006 |access-date=22 February 2015 |archive-date=13 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113100133/http://www.advocate.com/politics/commentary/2006/05/12/there-are-more-us-you-think |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msu.edu/~alliance/faq/faqtransgendered.html |title=FAQ - Transgenderism |last1=Rohde |first1=Maggi |year=1996 |website=The Alliance of Les-Bi-Gay-Transgender and Straight Ally Students, Michigan State University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520111935/http://www.msu.edu/~alliance/faq/faqtransgendered.html |archive-date=20 May 2008 |access-date=4 June 2022 }}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Source is 26 years old. More up to date information may be available|date=June 2022}} A U.S. Census Bureau study in 2015 suggests that there were around 58,000 name changes in census records consistent with female to male transitions although only 7,500 of these changed their sex coding as well.<ref>{{cite report |title=Likely Transgender Individuals in U.S. Federal Administrative Records and the 2010 Census |last=Cerf-Harris |first=Benjamin |date=4 May 2015 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/srd/carra/15_03_Likely_Transgender_Individuals_in_ARs_and_2010Census.pdf |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112190056/https://www.census.gov/srd/carra/15_03_Likely_Transgender_Individuals_in_ARs_and_2010Census.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2017 }}</ref>{{failed verification|reason=58,000 figure is the 90% confidence threshold, figure drops to 24,528 at 99%.|date=June 2022}}

In a study by Kara Devaney, entitled ''Transgender Research Literature Review'', it is addressed that the term ''transgender'' encompasses a myriad of different and unique identities that do not follow the "normal" rules of gender.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} Miriam J. Abelson writes, "There is no question that trans men's experiences are men's experiences and give insight about men, masculinity, and gender inequality."<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Abelson |first1=Miriam |title=Men in Context: Transmasculinities and Transgender Experiences in Three US Regions |date=17 October 2014 |hdl=1794/18512 }}</ref>

Like cisgender men, trans men can have any sexual orientation or sexual identity, including heterosexual, gay, bisexual, and queer,<ref name="BocktingBenner2009">{{cite journal |last1=Bockting |first1=Walter |last2=Benner |first2=Autumn |last3=Coleman |first3=Eli |author-link3=Eli Coleman |date=28 March 2009 |title=Gay and Bisexual Identity Development Among Female-to-Male Transsexuals in North America: Emergence of a Transgender Sexuality |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=688–701 |doi=10.1007/s10508-009-9489-3 |pmid=19330439 |s2cid=27207925}}</ref> and some trans men consider conventional sexual orientation labels inadequate or inapplicable to them.<ref name="Hrc.org">{{cite web |title=Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Definitions |url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-terminology-and-definitions |website=Human Rights Campaign |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430180322/https://www.hrc.org/resources/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-terminology-and-definitions |url-status=live }}</ref> The literature commonly indicates that sexual attraction to those of their same gender (e.g., trans men liking men and trans women liking women) is considerably less common among trans men than among trans women; the majority of trans men are reported as heterosexual.<ref name="Shankle">{{cite book |last=Shankle |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xq5LU0iK1Y4C&pg=RA1-PT175 |title=The Handbook of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Public Health: A Practitioner's Guide to Service |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-57355-2 |page=175 |access-date=January 10, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Yitzchak">{{cite book |last1=Binik |first1=Yitzchak M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AvfkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA252 |title=Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy, Fifth Edition |last2=Hall |first2=Kathryn S. K. |publisher=Guilford Publications |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4625-1389-5 |page=252 |author-link1=Irving M. Binik |access-date=January 10, 2016}}</ref> Surveys from the National Center for Transgender Equality show more variation in sexual orientation or sexual identity among trans men. In NCTE's 2015 Transgender Survey of respondents who identified as trans men, 23% identified as heterosexual or straight. The majority (65%) identified their sexual orientation or sexual identity as queer (24%), pansexual (17%), bisexual (12%), or gay/same-gender loving (12%).<ref name="NCTE USTS" />

Some trans men date heterosexual women, while other trans men date queer women; the latter might be because queer women are less invested in the gender and sexual anatomy of a person when it comes to selecting an intimate partner.<ref name="Yitzchak" /> It is also common for trans men to have histories with the lesbian community or to feel that they identify better with that community because of its wide acceptance of gender variance, with a number of trans men having previously identified as lesbian (often as a "butch lesbian") before realizing that they are instead transgender.<ref name="Shankle" /><ref name="Yitzchak" /><ref name="Haggerty">{{cite book |last1=Haggerty |first1=George |last2=Zimmerman |first2=Bonnie |author-link2=Bonnie Zimmerman |title=Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gay Histories and Cultures |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-135-57870-1 |year=2003 |page=776 |access-date=January 10, 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAZ5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA776}}</ref>

Trans men have less success integrating socially within cisgender gay men's communities, which tend to be more body-focused, especially in terms of being phallocentric.<ref name="Yitzchak" /><ref name="Schilt">{{cite book |last=Schilt |first=Kristen |title=Just One of the Guys?: Transgender Men and the Persistence of Gender Inequality |publisher=University of Chicago Press |publication-place=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-73807-9 |oclc=587209584 |year=2010 |page=153 |access-date=January 10, 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b534IfCEi_UC&pg=PA153 }}</ref><ref name="Sumerau">{{cite book |last1=Sumerau |first1=J E |last2=Mathers |first2=Lain |author-link1=J.E. Sumerau |title=America through Transgender Eyes |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |publication-place=Lanham |isbn=978-1-5381-2208-2 |oclc=1064762453 |year=2019 |pages=60–61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xK6LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60}}</ref> Yitzchak et al. state that, as a result, they more commonly see gay trans men partnering with each other than with cisgender gay men.<ref name="Yitzchak" /> There are, however, cases of women being likelier than men to thoroughly question trans men about their motivations for modifying their bodies.<ref name="Schilt" />

Some scholars argue against assumptions that trans men are predominantly heterosexual and usually have lesbian histories. In scholars Dan Irving and Rupert Raj's book ''Trans Activism in Canada'', researchers state, "There is still a common misperception that trans men are largely heterosexual amongst those who conflate gender identity and sexual orientation. It is frequently assumed that trans men are exclusively attracted to women and have lesbian histories prior to transition." They add, "Recent data from the Trans PULSE project (Bauer, Redman, Bradley, & Scheim, 2013) challenge this assumption, with 63 percent of female-to-male spectrum trans people in Ontario reporting non-heterosexual identities and/or past-year sex with trans or non-trans men." They also argue that, based on some research, "many non-trans gay men have welcomed trans men into gay communities and have increasingly recognized trans men as potential sexual and romantic partners."<ref name="Irving">{{cite book |last1=Irving |first1=Dan |last2=Raj |first2=Rupert |author-link2=Rupert Raj |title=Trans Activism in Canada: A Reader |publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press |isbn=978-1-55130-537-0 |year=2014 |page=248 |access-date=January 10, 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpKDAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA248}}</ref> [[File:Chaz Bono by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|Chaz Bono, musician, writer and actor, whose parents are Cher and Sonny Bono]]

== Health == Trans men and transmasculine people often face difficulty and discrimination receiving medical treatment, due to both bias against assigned-female patients and against transgender people. In the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey, 42% of 8,037 trans men reported negative experiences with healthcare providers.<ref name="NCTE USTS">{{Cite journal |last1=James |first1=Sandy E. |last2=Herman |first2=Jody L. |last3=Rankin |first3=Susan |last4=Keisling |first4=Mara |last5=Mottet |first5=Lisa |last6=Anafi |first6=Ma'ayan |author-link4=Mara Keisling |date=December 2016 |title=The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey. |journal=Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality. |url=https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS-Full-Report-Dec17.pdf |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530062420/https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS-Full-Report-Dec17.pdf |archive-date=30 May 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> There is a lack of credible research about how to provide adequate healthcare to transmasculine people undergoing medical transition, notably with doctors having difficulty diagnosing breast cancer in people who have undergone top surgery.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Jharna M. |last2=Dolitsky |first2=Shelley |last3=Bachman |first3=Gloria A. |last4=Buckley de Meritens |first4=Alexandre |title=Gynecologic cancer screening in the transgender male population and its current challenges |journal=Maturitas |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=129 |date=20 August 2019 |issn=0378-5122 |doi=10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.08.009 |pages=40–44|pmid=31547911 |s2cid=201958946 }}</ref>

===HIV and AIDS=== HIV infection between trans men and others is still increasing.<ref name="TangTang2016">{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Songyuan |last2=Tang |first2=Weiming |last3=Meyers |first3=Kathrine |last4=Chan |first4=Polin |last5=Chen |first5=Zhongdan |last6=Tucker |first6=Joseph D. |title=HIV epidemiology and responses among men who have sex with men and transgender individuals in China: a scoping review |journal=BMC Infectious Diseases |date=20 October 2016 |volume=16 |issue=1 |page=588 |doi=10.1186/s12879-016-1904-5 |pmid=27765021 |pmc=5073436 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Worldwide, 2.56% of transmasculine individuals are estimated to have HIV. They are seven times more likely to have HIV than the general population. However, HIV risk, prevention, and prevalence among trans men and transmasculine individuals is understudied.<ref name="stutterheim">{{cite journal |last1=Stutterheim |first1=Sarah E. |last2=van Dijk |first2=Mart |last3=Wang |first3=Haoyi |last4=Jonas |first4=Kai J. |title=The worldwide burden of HIV in transgender individuals: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2021 |volume=16 |issue=12 |article-number=e0260063 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0260063 |doi-access=free |pmid=34851961 |pmc=8635361 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1660063S }}</ref> Trans men who have sex with men, trans male sex workers, and trans men who are the victims of corrective rape are at higher risk for HIV.<ref name="mujugira">{{cite journal |last1=Mujugira |first1=Andrew |last2=Kasiita |first2=Vicent |last3=Bagaya |first3=Monica |last4=Nakyanzi |first4=Agnes |last5=Bambia |first5=Felix |last6=Nampewo |first6=Oliva |last7=Kamusiime |first7=Brenda |last8=Mugisha |first8=Jackson |last9=Nalumansi |first9=Alisaati |last10=Twesigye |first10=Collin C. |last11=Miwonge |first11=Timothy R. |last12=Baeten |first12=Jared M. |last13=Wyatt |first13=Monique A. |last14=Tsai |first14=Alexander C. |last15=Ware |first15=Norma C. |last16=Haberer |first16=Jessica E. |title="You are not a man": a multi-method study of trans stigma andrisk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among trans men in Uganda |journal=Journal of the International AIDS Society |date=2021 |volume=24 |issue=12 |pages=1–9 |article-number=e25860 |doi=10.1002/jia2.25860|pmid=34965322 |pmc=8716065 }}</ref> Trans men may face healthcare discrimination while attempting to access HIV prevention, testing, and treatment.<ref name="tun"/>

===Reproductive health=== {{see also|Transgender pregnancy}} Trans men with an intact female reproductive system may become pregnant.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Frank |first1=S. E. |last2=Dellaria |first2=Jac |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies |chapter=Navigating the Binary: A Visual Narrative of Trans and Genderqueer Menstruation |date=25 July 2020 |pages=69–76 |publication-place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Singapore |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7_7 |isbn=978-981-15-0613-0 |pmid=33347161 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{rp|1}}<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Obedin-Maliver |first1=Juno |last2=Makadon |first2=Harvey J |title=Transgender men and pregnancy |journal=Obstetric Medicine |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=28 October 2015 |pages=4–8 |language=en |doi=10.1177/1753495X15612658 |pmc=4790470 |pmid=27030799 |issn=1753-495X}}</ref> According to surveys compiled by Medicare for Australia, 75 male-identifying parents gave birth in Australia in 2016, and 40 in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/apr/20/the-dad-who-gave-birth-pregnant-trans-freddy-mcconnell |title=The dad who gave birth: 'Being pregnant doesn't change me being a trans man' |first=Simon |last=Hattenstone |work=The Guardian |date=20 April 2019 |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213084628/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/apr/20/the-dad-who-gave-birth-pregnant-trans-freddy-mcconnell |url-status=live }}</ref> Testosterone for trans men "is not a form of contraception";<ref name="camj" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Hahn |first1=Monica |last2=Sheran |first2=Neal |last3=Weber |first3=Shannon |last4=Cohan |first4=Deborah |last5=Obedin-Maliver |first5=Juno |date=2019 |title=Providing Patient-Centered Perinatal Care for Transgender Men and Gender-Diverse Individuals: A Collaborative Multidisciplinary Team Approach |journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology |language=en |volume=134 |issue=5 |pages=959–963 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000003506 |pmid=31599839 |issn=0029-7844|pmc=6814572 }}</ref> although testosterone therapy eventually induces amenorrhea in most trans men, trans men with uteri are still at risk of pregnancy even if they no longer have periods. Additionally, trans men are likely to live in poverty and have inadequate access to healthcare, so many do not have access to the contraceptives they may want or need. Trans men can use barrier methods, oral contraceptives, IUDs, and other methods of contraception while taking testosterone.<ref name="camj">{{cite journal |last1=Thornton |first1=Kimberly G.S. |last2=Mattatall |first2=Fiona |title=Pregnancy in Transgender Men |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |date=August 23, 2021 |volume=193 |issue=33 |page=E1303 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.210013|pmid=34426447 |pmc=8412429 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Continuous testosterone use is contraindicated (not medically recommended) at the same time a trans man is attempting to conceive, pregnant, or while breastfeeding, because high levels of testosterone during pregnancy can possibly cause fetal abnormalities, specifically with the urogenital system of a female fetus.<ref name="camj"/><ref name=":3" />

Trans men experience issues during pregnancy not experienced by pregnant women. For example, trans men may experience discrimination on the base of their gender while receiving obstetric care. Many providers are unfamiliar with the needs of transgender patients. Additionally, some men report that being pregnant made their gender dysphoria worse.<ref name="acog">{{cite journal |last1=Light |first1=Alexis D. |last2=Obedin-Maliver |first2=Juno |last3=Sevelius |first3=Jae M. |last4=Kerns |first4=Jennifer L. |title=Transgender Men Who Experienced Pregnancy After Female-to-Male Gender Transitioning |journal=American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists |date=2014 |volume=124 |issue=6 |pages=1120–1127 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000000540 |pmid=25415163 |s2cid=36023275 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3dz427qw |archive-date=5 April 2023 |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405073344/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3dz427qw |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Mental health=== Discrimination has a significant impact on trans men's mental health. 44.9% of American trans men have attempted suicide during their lifetime. Among all trans Americans studied, those whose families do not support them, those who have experienced conversion therapy, those who report experiencing transphobic discrimination, those who have experienced physical or sexual violence, and those who have experienced intimate partner violence were more likely to have attempted suicide.<ref name="Herman">{{cite web|last1=Herman|first1=Jody L.|last2=Brown|first2=Taylor N.T.|last3=Haas|first3=Ann P.|date=September 2019|title=Suicide Thoughts and Attempts Among Transgender Adults|url=https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Suicidality-Transgender-Sep-2019.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513172602/https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Suicidality-Transgender-Sep-2019.pdf|archive-date=2020-05-13|access-date=2020-01-23|website=}}</ref> Among American trans boys and young men, 59% have considered suicide and 22% have attempted suicide in the past year.<ref name="trevor"/> Experiencing multiple ACEs is also correlated with poor mental health outcomes in this population.<ref name="suarez"/>

==Sports== {{See also|Transgender people in sports}} {{Split section|List of trans man athletes|discuss=Talk:Trans man#Split out sports section |date=April 2025}}

=== Trans men in women's sports ===

==== Early examples ==== Early known examples of trans men who competed at international levels were intersex men who were raised as girls, competed in women's championships, and came out as men later in life. They include Zdeněk Koubek, an intersex man who was Czech women's national champion and medal winner at the 1934 World Women's Athletic games in track whose awards and records were later revoked;<ref name="r3">[http://encyklopedie.brna.cz/home-mmb/?acc=profil_osobnosti&load=11754 Zdena/Zdeněk Koubková/Koubek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418085446/http://encyklopedie.brna.cz/home-mmb/?acc=profil_osobnosti&load=11754 |date=18 April 2023 }}. encyklopedie.brna.cz</ref> Willy De Bruyn, a Belgian cyclist who became unofficial women's world champion in 1934, born intersex and raised as a girl but later identified as a man;<ref name="Meyerowitz">{{cite book |last1=Meyerowitz |first1=Joanne J. |title=How Sex Changed |date=2009 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-04096-0 |page=33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XFP2PmYPBBAC&q=willy+elvira+%22de+bruijn%22&pg=PT381}}</ref> and French sprinter Pierre Brésolles, who ran the women's 100 metre and 200 metre races and won third place in the women's 100 meter dash in the Oslo European Championship in 1946.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Histoire des transsexuels en France|last = Foerster|first = Maxime|publisher = H&O|year = 2006|location = Béziers}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deces.matchid.io/search?advanced=true&bd=1929&ln=Br%C3%A9solles&fn=Pierre|title=BRESOLES Pierre|access-date=8 July 2020|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614092941/https://deces.matchid.io/search?advanced=true&bd=1929&ln=Br%C3%A9solles&fn=Pierre|url-status=live}}</ref>

Another notable early trans man athlete is Andreas Krieger (b. 1965), an East German shot putter who competed on the women's East German athletics team at SC Dynamo Berlin in the 1980s. Krieger was unknowingly doped with large doses of anabolic steroids, which masculinized his body, influencing his decision to transition in the 1990s. He is now involved in anti-doping activism.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Longman |first=Jere |date=2004-01-26 |title=DRUG TESTING; East German Steroids' Toll: 'They Killed Heidi' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/26/sports/drug-testing-east-german-steroids-toll-they-killed-heidi.html |access-date=2025-03-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001234004/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/26/sports/drug-testing-east-german-steroids-toll-they-killed-heidi.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Andreas Krieger: Heidi's Farthest Throw| date=19 November 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KQhUjaiveAg|language=en|access-date=2021-08-16}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=2015-11-28 |title=A Body Changed Forever by Steroids |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/sports/a-body-changed-forever-by-steroids.html |access-date=2025-03-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=30 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330150156/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/sports/a-body-changed-forever-by-steroids.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Recent examples ==== Keelin Godsey is an NCAA Division III record holder in women's hammer throw.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 May 2006 |title=Godsey breaks own NCAA Division III record in hammer throw |url=https://www.bates.edu/news/2006/05/26/godsey/ |publisher=}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Keelin Godsey '06 {{!}} Alumni Inductee {{!}} Athletics {{!}} Bates College |url=http://athletics.bates.edu/scholar_athlete_society/2015_Keelin_Godsey |access-date=2016-10-03 |website=athletics.bates.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305001811/http://athletics.bates.edu/scholar_athlete_society/2015_Keelin_Godsey|archive-date=5 March 2017}}</ref> In 2008, he became the first openly transgender athlete to compete for a spot on the United States Olympic team.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NCAA members slow to adopt transgender athlete guidelines |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/college/2015/08/03/ncaa-transgender-athlete-guidelines-keelin-godsey-caitlyn-jenner/31055873/ |access-date=2016-10-03 |website=USA Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306123118/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/college/2015/08/03/ncaa-transgender-athlete-guidelines-keelin-godsey-caitlyn-jenner/31055873/|archive-date=6 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Transgender Athlete Competes For Olympic Spot |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/05/24/153589689/transgender-athlete-competes-for-olympic-spot |access-date=2016-10-03 |website=NPR.org |date=24 May 2012 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627181233/https://www.npr.org/2012/05/24/153589689/transgender-athlete-competes-for-olympic-spot |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=TORRE |first=PABLO S. |title=THE TRANSGENDER ATHLETE |url=https://www.si.com/vault/2012/05/28/106195901/the-transgender-athlete |access-date=2016-10-03 |newspaper=Sports Illustrated Vault | Si.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307083334/https://www.si.com/vault/2012/05/28/106195901/the-transgender-athlete|archive-date=7 March 2017}}</ref> Another Olympic team athlete, former member of Japan's Olympic women's fencing team from 2004 to 2006 Fumino Sugiyama, is now a transgender rights activist and works to promote acceptance and participation of trans athletes in Japanese sports.<ref>{{cite web |author=Hatta, Naohiko |date=July 13, 2016 |title=Transgender man helps Shibuya make a difference |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/07/13/national/social-issues/transgender-man-helps-shibuya-make-difference/ |website=The Japan Times |access-date=2 July 2025 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316190153/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/07/13/national/social-issues/transgender-man-helps-shibuya-make-difference/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In basketball, noted trans men include Jay Mulucha, an LGBTQI activist and Ugandan basketball player with the Magic Stormers in the Federation of Uganda Basketball League (FUBA), and American basketball player Kye Allums, the first openly transgender NCAA Division I college athlete.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/11/03/transgender.basketball.player/index.html |work=CNN |title=First transgender athlete to play in NCAA basketball |date=March 23, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013085241/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-11-03/us/transgender.basketball.player_1_transgender-athletics-staff-basketball-team?_s=PM%3AUS |archive-date=October 13, 2011|access-date=April 5, 2022 }}</ref> Harrison Browne was the first openly transgender athlete in professional American hockey, coming out in 2016 and transitioning medically after his retirement from professional sports in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pruski |first1=Scout |title=Harrison Browne talks Ovi, activism in visit to American University |url=https://www.nbcsports.com/washington/other-sports/harrison-browne-talks-ovi-activism-visit-american-university |website=NBC Sports Washington |access-date=16 January 2019 |date=28 November 2018 |archive-date=January 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116100541/https://www.nbcsports.com/washington/other-sports/harrison-browne-talks-ovi-activism-visit-american-university |url-status=live }}</ref> Kumi Yokoyama is a Japanese footballer who plays as a forward for women's football club Okayama Yunogo Belle and the Japan women's national team.<ref name="reuters-22jun2021">{{cite news |title=Japan's Yokoyama comes out as transgender man |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/japans-yokoyama-comes-out-transgender-man-2021-06-22/ |work=Reuters |date=June 22, 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=2 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418155433/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/japans-yokoyama-comes-out-transgender-man-2021-06-22/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2021/06/20/soccer/kumi-yokoyama-comes-out-lgbtq/|title=Soccer player Kumi Yokoyama comes out as transgender: 'It would be harder to live closeted'|first=Dan|last=Orlowitz|date=20 June 2021|website=The Japan Times|access-date=2 July 2025|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713135551/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2021/06/20/soccer/kumi-yokoyama-comes-out-lgbtq/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Safety concerns ==== In 2017, high school state wrestler and trans boy Mack Beggs won the Texas state girls' wrestling title.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2017-02-26 |title=Transgender boy wins Texas girls' wrestling title |url=https://www.espn.com/espnw/sports/story/_/id/18767310/transgender-wrestler-mack-beggs-euless-trinity-wins-texas-state-girls-wrestling-title |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=ESPN.com |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726123540/https://www.espn.com/espnw/sports/story/_/id/18767310/transgender-wrestler-mack-beggs-euless-trinity-wins-texas-state-girls-wrestling-title |url-status=live }}</ref> Beggs began taking testosterone to transition in 2015, which other athletes argued gave him an unfair advantage and created a safety risk. He reached the state championship tournament after two opponents forfeited matches due to safety concerns, and a lawsuit was filed to suspend Beggs because of testosterone use. Beggs' mother stated that he wanted to compete in the boys' competition but was barred due to rules requiring that athletes compete according to the sex on their birth certificate.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 February 2017 |title=Transgender teen wins regional wrestling title despite attempt to ban him from competing - SportsDay |url=http://sportsday.dallasnews.com/high-school/high-schools/2017/02/18/transgender-teen-wins-regional-wrestling-title-despite-attempt-ban-competing |access-date=18 April 2017 |work=DallasNews.com |archive-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809071043/http://sportsday.dallasnews.com/high-school/high-schools/2017/02/18/transgender-teen-wins-regional-wrestling-title-despite-attempt-ban-competing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" />

{{Gallery | width = 100 | title = Transgender men athletes in women's sports | HarrisonBrowne.jpg | Harrison Browne, Canadian ice hockey player | Zdenka Koubkova 1936.jpg | Zdeněk Koubek, Czech intersex man who was a women's track champion (1936) |7=Jay Malucha.jpg|8=Jay Mulucha, Ugandan basketball player|9=Poland Japan track and field match 1934.jpg|10=Witold Smętek, Polish intersex man and track competitor (in white) (1934)|11=Kumi Yokoyama (cropped).jpg|12=Kumi Yokoyama, Japanese professional soccer player}}

=== Trans men in men's sports === In 2013, Schuyler Bailar was recruited to the Harvard women's swimming team. He took a gap year after high school to transition, and was told he could join the men's or women's swim team at Harvard, according to his preference. He joined the men's team, and in 2015 Bailar became the first publicly documented NCAA D1 transgender man to compete as a man in swimming.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Merrill |first=Emma |date=2015-06-17 |title=Schuyler Bailar To Be First Openly Transgender D1 NCAA Swimmer |url=https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/schuyler-bailar-to-be-first-openly-transgender-collegiate-swimmer/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Swimming World |language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701151745/https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/schuyler-bailar-to-be-first-openly-transgender-collegiate-swimmer/|archive-date=1 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Schuyler Bailar, First D1 Transgender Swimmer, Joins Harvard's Men's Team {{!}} Sports {{!}} The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2015/6/28/bailar-swimming-profile/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.thecrimson.com |archive-date=25 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325053946/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2015/6/28/bailar-swimming-profile/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

More recently, Chris Mosier, a duathlon and triathlon competitor on the US National team in duathlon, successfully challenged the International Olympic Committee former policy that required surgery before transgender athletes could compete in the category that matched their gender identity.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 21, 2016 |title=Trans triathlete Chris Mosier may be barred from competing at World Championships |url=http://www.outsports.com/2016/1/21/10802088/chris-mosier-trans-athlete-duathlon-world-championship |access-date=2016-08-19 |publisher=Outsports |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406173315/https://www.outsports.com/2016/1/21/10802088/chris-mosier-trans-athlete-duathlon-world-championship |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=June 14, 2016 |title=Olympic News - Official Source of Olympic News |url=http://www.olympic.org/content/news/media-resources/manual-news/1999-2009/2004/05/18/ioc-approves-consensus-with-regard-to-athletes-who-have-changed-sex |access-date=2016-08-19 |publisher=Olympic.org |archive-date=2 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202190808/http://www.olympic.org/content/news/media-resources/manual-news/1999-2009/2004/05/18/ioc-approves-consensus-with-regard-to-athletes-who-have-changed-sex/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=ThinkProgress |date= |title=The Olympics Are Now Much Friendlier For Transgender Athletes — ThinkProgress |work= ThinkProgress|url=http://thinkprogress.org/sports/2016/01/22/3742064/trans-rights-olympics/ |access-date=2016-08-19 |publisher=Thinkprogress.org |archive-date=1 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201235235/https://thinkprogress.org/sports/2016/01/22/3742064/trans-rights-olympics/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Mosier's challenge led to the creation and adoption in 2016 of new IOC guidelines for the categorization of transgender athletes in the Olympics in World Championships.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 22, 2016 |title=Exclusive: Read the Olympics' new transgender guidelines that will not mandate surgery |url=http://www.outsports.com/2016/1/21/10812404/transgender-ioc-policy-new-olympics |access-date=2016-08-19 |publisher=Outsports |archive-date=2 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302014745/http://www.outsports.com/2016/1/21/10812404/transgender-ioc-policy-new-olympics |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The Trans Athlete Behind the Olympic Committee's New Gender Policy |url=http://nymag.com/thecut/2016/01/chris-mosier-transgender-athletes-olympics.html |access-date=2017-05-06 |work=The Cut |language=en |archive-date=2 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402135039/http://nymag.com/thecut/2016/01/chris-mosier-transgender-athletes-olympics.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Transgender Man Who Changed the Olympics, Sportshour - BBC World Service |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p041mff2 |access-date=2017-05-06 |website=BBC |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421132829/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p041mff2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2018, American Patricio Manuel became the first trans man to compete in professional men's boxing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Kevin Baxter {{!}} Los Angeles |date=2017-08-08 |title=The first U.S. boxer to fight as a woman, and then as a man |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2017/08/08/first-transgender-us-boxer-pat-manuel/ |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=The Denver Post |language=en-US |archive-date=17 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617004010/https://www.denverpost.com/2017/08/08/first-transgender-us-boxer-pat-manuel/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=America's First-Ever Transgender Male Professional Boxer, Patricio Manuel, Wins His Debut Fight |url=https://people.com/sports/first-transgender-male-boxer-in-us-patricio-manuel-wins-debut-fight/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=People.com |language=en |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101012252/https://people.com/sports/first-transgender-male-boxer-in-us-patricio-manuel-wins-debut-fight/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Gallery | width = 100 | title = Transgender men athletes in men's sports |Schuyler Bailar (cropped).jpg|Schuyler Bailar, men's swimmer for Harvard from 2015 to 2019|Chris Mosier 41813087412.jpg |Chris Mosier, men's triathlete, duathlete and racewalker| Patricio Manuel.jpg | Patricio Manuel, American professional boxer who competed in men's boxing after transition }}

=== Trans men in mixed sex sports === Quince Mountain was the first transgender dog musher to compete in the Iditarod dogsledding race in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2020 |title=Meet Quince Mountain, the Iditarod's first trans dog musher |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/meet-quince-mountain-iditarod-s-first-transgender-dog-musher-n1153196 |website=NBC News |access-date=2 July 2025 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405200602/https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/meet-quince-mountain-iditarod-s-first-transgender-dog-musher-n1153196 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Discrimination == {{main|Discrimination against transgender men}}

Transgender men, like all transgender people, face significant discrimination worldwide, especially those who are not perceived as cisgender. Generally, there is less research into trans men's experiences than those of cisgender LGB people or trans women, which can make it difficult to find data on the discrimination they face.{{sfn|Davis|2022|p=42}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Closson |first1=Kalysha |last2=Boyce |first2=Sabrina C. |last3=Johns |first3=Nicole |title=Physical, Sexual, and Intimate Partner Violence Among Transgender and Gender-Diverse Individuals |journal=JAMA Network Open |date=2024 |volume=7 |issue=6 |page=e2419137 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.19137 |pmid=38916887 |pmc=11200137 }}</ref><ref name="suarez">{{cite journal |last1=Suarez |first1=Nicolas A. |last2=Peitzmeier |first2=Sarah M. |last3=Potter |first3=Jennifer |last4=Samandur |first4=Avani |last5=Reisner |first5=Sari L. |title=Preliminary findings for adverse childhood experiences and associations with negative physical and mental health and victimization in transmasculine adults |journal=Child Abuse & Neglect |date=2021 |volume=118 |article-number=105161 |doi=10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105161 |pmid=34146966 }}</ref> The experiences of trans men in low- and middle-income countries are also understudied compared to those of trans men in high-income countries.<ref name="scheim">{{cite journal |last1=Scheim |first1=Ayden |last2=Kacholia |first2=Vibhuti |last3=Logie |first3=Carmen |last4=Chakrapani |first4=Venkatesan |last5=Ranade |first5=Ketki |last6=Gupta |first6=Shaman |title=Health of transgender men in low- income and middle- income countries: a scoping review |journal=BMJ Global Health |date=2020 |volume=5 |issue=11 |article-number=e003471 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003471 |pmid=33239337 |pmc=7689587 }}</ref>

Discrimination saturates all areas of transgender men's lives. The 2011 National Transgender Discrimination Survey, an American survey with responses from 1,687 trans men, investigated transgender people's experiences with discrimination. It found that, among trans men: *65% reported harassment, bullying, or expulsion at school{{sfn|Grant|Mottet|Tanis|Harrison|2011|p=35}} *33% had been physically assaulted and 8% had been sexually assaulted at a K-12 school{{sfn|Grant|Mottet|Tanis|Harrison|2011|p=37}} *19% lost their job because of their gender identity{{sfn|Grant|Mottet|Tanis|Harrison|2011|p=53}} *50% reported harassment in the workplace{{sfn|Grant|Mottet|Tanis|Harrison|2011|p=57}} *20% have been refused healthcare because of their gender identity{{sfn|Grant|Mottet|Tanis|Harrison|2011|p=74}} *42% delayed needed medical care because of discrimination{{sfn|Grant|Mottet|Tanis|Harrison|2011|p=76}} *40% said that parents or other family members stopped speaking to them after they came out as trans{{sfn|Grant|Mottet|Tanis|Harrison|2011|p=94}} *51% of those who accessed homeless shelters report being physically assaulted at the shelter{{sfn|Grant|Mottet|Tanis|Harrison|2011|p=117}} *25% report being denied equal treatment at government agencies{{sfn|Grant|Mottet|Tanis|Harrison|2011|p=133}} *26% report being harassed by police and 6% report being physically assaulted by police{{sfn|Grant|Mottet|Tanis|Harrison|2011|p=160}}

Public bathroom access is an issue. In one study, Peruvian trans men report being harassed and filmed in public bathrooms.<ref name="reisner">{{cite journal |last1=Reisner |first1=Sari L. |last2=Silva-Santisteban |first2=Alfonso |last3=Salazar |first3=Ximena |last4=Vilela |first4=Jesse |last5=D'Amico |first5=Lynne |last6=Perez-Brumer |first6=Amaya |title="Existimos": Health and social needs of transgender men in Lima, Peru |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2021 |volume=16 |issue=8 |article-number=e0254494 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0254494 |doi-access=free |pmid=34339444 |pmc=8328288 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1654494R }}</ref> In many parts of the world, bathroom bills restrict which bathroom transgender people can use.

Documentation is an issue for transgender people. In many countries, trans people may face difficulties changing their name and gender marker on legal documents such as IDs, passports, and birth certificates. Trans men whose presentation does not match their identity documents may face discrimination. One Puerto Rican trans man reports being detained and forced to undress by immigration personnel at an airport in the Dominican Republic because his identity documentation did not match his appearance.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ramos-Pibernus |first1=Alíxida G. |last2=Rivera-Segarra |first2=Eliut R. |last3=Rodríguez-Madera |first3=Sheilla L. |last4=Varras-Díaz |first4=Nelson |last5=Padilla |first5=Mark |title=Stigmatizing Experiences of Trans Men in Puerto Rico: Implications for Health |journal=Transgender Health |date=2020 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=237–238 |doi=10.1089/trgh.2020.0021|pmid=33381650 |pmc=7759285 }}</ref>

Trans men are more likely to participate in sex work than are cisgender people. Around 13% of American trans men participate in sex work. In Uganda, trans men report being denied employment or being fired because of their gender identity. This makes them more likely to engage in sex work.<ref name="mujugira"/>

===Healthcare=== Transgender people, including trans men, experience discrimination in a variety of different healthcare settings and across healthcare specialties.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yurcaba |first1=Jo |title=Nearly half of trans people have been mistreated by medical providers, report finds |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-health-and-wellness/nearly-half-trans-people-mistreated-medical-providers-report-finds-rcna1695 |website=NBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818110632/https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-health-and-wellness/nearly-half-trans-people-mistreated-medical-providers-report-finds-rcna1695 |archive-date=August 18, 2021 |date=August 18, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Trans men in particular may face discrimination when seeking care in the realm of obstetrics and gynecology.<ref name="johnson"/>

Although trans men are at elevated risk for HIV acquisition compared to the general population, there is little research into trans men and HIV.<ref name="stutterheim"/> Trans men may be miscategorized in studies or excluded entirely.{{sfn|Pignedoli|Rivest|2024|p=2}} Although many trans men are eligible for PrEP to prevent HIV, few take it, in part due to provider discrimination at sexual health clinics.{{sfn|Pignedoli|Rivest|2024|p=3}} In one study of trans men who have sex with men (MSM) in France, participants reported that doctors did not take their concerns about HIV seriously because they were transgender.{{sfn|Pignedoli|Rivest|2024|p=4}} Trans people, including trans men, report being refused HIV services in Nigeria.<ref name="tun">{{cite journal |last1=Tun |first1=Waimar |last2=Pulerwitz |first2=Julie |last3=Shoyemi |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Fernandez |first4=Anita |last5=Adeniran |first5=Adepeju |last6=Ejiogu |first6=Franklin |last7=Sangowawa |first7=Olusegun |last8=Granger |first8=Krista |last9=Dirisu |first9=Osasuyi |last10=Adedimeji |first10=Adebola A. |title=A qualitative study of how stigma influences HIV servicesfor transgender men and women in Nigeria |journal=Journal of the International AIDS Society |date=2022 |volume=25 |issue=1 |article-number=e25933 |doi=10.1002/jia2.25933|pmid=35818868 |pmc=9274359 }}</ref>

Trans men especially experience discrimination in specialties traditionally considered to be "women's healthcare," such as obstetrics and gynecology. Trans men are less likely than cisgender women to get screened for cervical cancer, largely due to issues of provider discrimination and gender dysphoria.<ref name="johnson">{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Michael |last2=Wakefield |first2=Chris |last3=Garthe |first3=KellyAnne |title=Qualitative socioecological factors of cervical cancer screening use among transgender men |journal=Preventative Medicine Reports |date=2020 |volume=17 |article-number=101052 |doi=10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101052 |pmid=32021762 |pmc=6994290 }}</ref> In Bhutan, a study of 124 trans men found that 47.6% of them reported healthcare discrimination because of their gender identity.<ref name="saxena">{{cite journal |last1=Saxena |first1=Vinita |last2=Xu |first2=Audrey |last3=Kinley |first3=Kinley |last4=Tsheten |first4=Tashi |last5=Gyeltshen |first5=Tenzin |last6=Tobgay |first6=Tashi |last7=Young Zajkowski |first7=Tae |last8=McFarland |first8=Willi |last9=Khandu |first9=Lekey |title=Stigma and discrimination against transgender men inBhutan |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2023 |volume=18 |issue=7 |article-number=e0287745 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0287745 |doi-access=free |pmid=37471374 |pmc=10358905 |bibcode=2023PLoSO..1887745S }}</ref> French trans men reported that doctors at sexual health clinics did not meet or address their contraceptive needs.{{sfn|Pignedoli|Rivest|2024|p=4}}

In particular, trans men who give birth face discrimination from medical providers and nurses.<ref name="charter">{{cite journal |last1=Charter |first1=Rosie |last2=Ussher |first2=Jane M. |last3=Perz |first3=Janette |last4=Robinson |first4=Kerry |title=The transgender parent: Experiences and constructions of pregnancy and parenthood for transgender men in Australia |journal=International Journal of Transgender Health |date=2018 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=64–77 |doi=10.1080/15532739.2017.1399496}}</ref><ref name="falck">{{cite journal |last1=Falck |first1=Felicitas |last2=Frisén |first2=Louise |last3=Dhejne |first3=Cecilia |last4=Armuand |first4=Gabriela |title=Undergoing pregnancy and childbirth as trans masculine in Sweden: experiencing and dealing with structural discrimination, gender norms and microaggressions in antenatal care, delivery and gender clinics |journal=International Journal of Transgender Health |date=2021 |volume=22 |issue=1–2 |pages=42–53 |doi=10.1080/26895269.2020.1845905 |pmid=34939070 |pmc=8040690 }}</ref> One American trans man told researchers that that "Child Protection Services was alerted to the fact a 'tranny' had a baby" after he gave birth in a hospital.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Light |first1=Alexis D. |last2=Obedin-Maliver |first2=Juno |last3=Sevelius |first3=Jae M. |last4=Kerns |first4=Jennifer L. |title=Transgender Men Who Experienced Pregnancy After Female-to-Male Gender Transitioning |journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology |date=2014 |volume=124 |issue=6 |page=1124 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000000540 |pmid=25415163 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3dz427qw |doi-access=free }}</ref> Another Swedish trans man was forced to wait in the emergency department during premature labor because staff did not think a man could be pregnant.<ref name="falck"/> In extreme cases, trans men have died after being denied medical care, such as Robert Eads, an American man who died after being refused treatment for ovarian cancer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ghjournal.org/jgh-online/the-story-about-robert-eads|title=The Story About Robert Eads|publisher=The Journal of Global Health|date=January 18, 2013|access-date=September 13, 2013|author=Ravishankar, Mathura|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420095631/http://www.ghjournal.org/jgh-online/the-story-about-robert-eads|archive-date=April 20, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Trans men may also face discrimination in psychiatric facilities. One American trans man reports that he was placed in a room with female patients during a psychiatric admission. Staff called him by his deadname and feminine pronouns, then refused to provide him with menstrual products because he was a man. Doctors did not allow him to take testosterone during his hospital stay, claiming that it had caused his symptoms.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yarbrough |first1=Eric |title=Transgender Mental Health |date=2018 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association Publishing |isbn=9781615371136 |pages=62-63 |chapter=Advocacy}}</ref> If a trans man has symptoms of mental illness, psychiatrists may blame testosterone and stop patients from taking it, even though there is no evidence that testosterone causes mental illness.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yarbrough |first1=Eric |title=Transgender Mental Health |date=2018 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association Publishing |isbn=9781615371136 |page=205 |chapter=Transmasculine Hormones}}</ref>

===Violence against trans men=== Transgender men face high rates of violent crime and physical assault. One American study estimated that trans men and other trans people assigned female at birth experienced 107.5 violent crime victimizations per 1,000 persons, similar to the rate for trans women and much higher than that for cisgender women and men.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Flores |first1=Andrew R. |last2=Meyer |first2=Ilan H. |last3=Langton |first3=Lynn |last4=Herman |first4=Jody L. |title=Gender Identity Disparities in Criminal Victimization: National Crime Victimization Survey, 2017–2018 |journal=American Journal of Public Health |date=2021 |volume=111 |issue=4 |page=727 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2020.306099 |pmid=33600251 |pmc=7958056 }}</ref> Among American trans boys, 55% have been physically threatened or harmed because of their gender identity.<ref name="trevor">{{cite web |title=2022 National Survey on LGBTQ Youth Mental Health |url=https://www.thetrevorproject.org/survey-2022/ |website=The Trevor Project |publisher=The Trevor Project |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504130058/https://www.thetrevorproject.org/survey-2022/ |archive-date=May 4, 2022 |date=2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> 10.5% of Bhutanese trans men have been physically assaulted because of their gender identity.<ref name="saxena"/>

Many trans men experience domestic violence. Trans men surveyed about their domestic violence experiences in Turkey report being strangled and beaten with lengths of pipe by family members for their gender identity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Göksel |first1=Pelin |last2=Rifat Șahin |first2=Ahmet |last3=Böke |first3=Ömer |last4=Özyıldız |first4=Hatice |last5=Sarısoy |first5=Gökhan |last6=Karabekiroğlou |first6=Aytül |last7=Özdin |first7=Selcuk |last8=Turan |first8=Ece |title="Just Because I Don't Conform to Societal Norms": A Qualitative Study of Transgender People's Experiences of Domestic Violence and Coping Methods |journal=Cureus |date=2023 |volume=15 |issue=12 |page=7 |doi=10.7759/cureus.50730 |doi-access=free |pmid=38111810 |pmc=10727116 }}</ref> One American study found that 91.6% of transmasculine individuals studied had experienced at least once adverse childhood experience (ACE). 45% of the sample had experienced four or more ACEs.<ref name="suarez"/> Trans men are also extremely vulnerable to intimate partner violence, or IPV. A systematic review of studies from primarily Western countries found that a median 37.5% of trans people had ever experienced physical abuse from an intimate partner and 25% had ever experienced sexual abuse from an intimate partner. There was no significant difference between trans people assigned female at birth and trans people assigned male at birth.{{sfn|Peitzmeier|Malik|Kattari|Marrow|2020|p=1}}

Trans men may be at greatest risk of experiencing IPV when they first begin to medically transition, especially when dating partners who do not support their transition.{{sfn|Davis|2022|pp=41-42}} They may experience physical, sexual, and psychological abuse in intimate relationships. Additionally, trans people may also experience domestic violence specific to their transgender identity. For example, some trans men do not have vaginal sex because it causes them gender dysphoria. A trans man's abusive partner may force him into vaginal sex to induce dysphoria.{{sfn|Davis|2022|p=45}} If a trans man seeks help from police or domestic violence services, he may experience transphobic discrimination.{{sfn|Davis|2022|pp=47-48}} In the United States, domestic violence shelters admit only 55% of transgender men seeking help.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Messinger |editor1-first=Adam M. |editor2-last=Guadalupe-Diaz |editor2-first=Xavier L. |last1=Messinger |first1=Adam M. |last2=Guadalupe-Diaz |first2=Xavier L. |title=Transgender Intimate Partner Violence |date=2020 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-1-4798-1348-3 |chapter=The Intersection of Transphobia, Human Rights, and Transgender Intimate Partner Violence |page=5}}</ref>

Corrective rape affects trans men worldwide. Attorney Sarah Doanh-Minh argues that corrective rape against transgender men aims to denigrate them and deny their male identity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Doanh-Minh |first1=Sarah |title=Corrective Rape: An Extreme Manifestation of Discrimination and the State's Complicity in Sexual Violencethe State's Complicity in Sexual Violence |journal=UC Law SF Journal on Gender and JusticeUC Law SF Journal on Gender and Justice |date=2019 |volume=30 |issue=1 |page=176 |url=https://repository.uclawsf.edu/hwlj/vol30/iss1/8}}</ref> Multiple Ugandan trans men shared their experiences with corrective rape in one 2021 study; one developed HIV infection as a result of the assault. One participant was raped at age 13, and was told by a family member, "You climb so many trees, you ride bicycles like men, it's good you have been raped." The child's family did not allow him to seek medical care after the rape.<ref name="mujugira"/>

Abusive partners and rapists can threaten trans men with forced pregnancy, which serves to demonstrate control over the victim's body, tie the victim to the abuser, and force the victim to stop or delay gender-affirming care.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Messinger |editor1-first=Adam M. |editor2-last=Guadalupe-Diaz |editor2-first=Xavier L. |last1=Quinn |first1=Xavier |title=Transgender Intimate Partner Violence |date=2020 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-1-4798-1348-3 |chapter=Tactics and Justification of Abuse Involving Transgender Individuals |page=54}}</ref> In two cases in Thailand, transgender men who became pregnant as the result of rape were forced to marry their rapists.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Chonwilai |first=Sulaiporn |date=17 May 2016 |title=Trans community still faces violence |work=Bangkok Post |url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/976353/trans-community-still-faces-violence |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002210447/https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/976353/trans-community-still-faces-violence |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Notes == {{notelist}}

== References == {{reflist}}

==Bibliography== *{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Gianna E. |editor1-last=Bates |editor1-first=Elizabeth A. |editor2-last=Taylor |editor2-first=Julie C. |title=Domestic Violence Against Men and Boys: Experiences of Male Victims of Intimate Partner Violence |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-08961-2 |chapter=Intimate Partner Violence in the Lives of Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Men}} *{{cite web |last1=Grant |first1=Jaime M. |last2=Mottet |first2=Lisa A. |last3=Tanis |first3=Justin |last4=Harrison |first4=Jack |last5=Herman |first5=Jody L. |last6=Keisling |first6=Mara |title=Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey |url=https://www.thetaskforce.org/resources/injustice-every-turn-report-national-transgender-discrimination-survey/ |website=National Gay and Lesbian Task Force |publisher=National Center for Transgender Equality |date=February 3, 2011}} *{{cite journal |last1=Peitzmeier |first1=Sarah M. |last2=Malik |first2=Mannat |last3=Kattari |first3=Shanna K. |last4=Marrow |first4=Elliot |last5=Stephenson |first5=Rob |last6=Agénor |first6=Madina |last7=Reisner |first7=Sari L. |title=Intimate Partner Violence in Transgender Populations: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prevalence and Correlates |journal=American Journal of Public Health |date=2020 |volume=110 |issue=9 |pages=e1–e14 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2020.305774 |pmid=32673114 |pmc=7427218 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Pignedoli |first1=Clark |last2=Rivest |first2=Paul |title=The gender of PrEP: Transgender men negotiating legitimacy in France |journal=Social Science & Medicine |date=2024 |volume=348 |article-number=116842 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116842 |pmid=38593613 }}

== Further reading == * ''Becoming a Visible Man'' by Jamison Green * ''Just Add Hormones: An Insider's Guide to the Transsexual Experience'' by Matt Kailey * ''Transmen and FTMs: Identities, Bodies, Genders, and Sexualities'' by Jason Cromwell * ''FTM: Female-to-Male Transsexuals in Society''. by Aaron H. Devor * ''Second Son: Transitioning Toward My Destiny, Love and Life'' by Ryan Sallans

== External links == {{commons category}} * [http://www.nickgorton.org/ Medical Therapy and Health Maintenance for Transgender Men: A Guide For Health Care Providers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501005033/https://www.nickgorton.org/ |date=1 May 2021 }} free ebook, {{ISBN|0-9773250-0-8}} * [http://transguys.com/ TransGuys.com] A magazine for trans men * [http://www.ftmi.org/ FTM International] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030218144117/http://www.ftmi.org/ |date=18 February 2003 }} An organization serving the female-to-male trans community. * [https://originalplumbing.bigcartel.com/ Original Plumbing magazine] Quarterly magazine with online component focusing on culture and diversity in the trans male community.

{{Navboxes |list = {{Transgender footer}} {{LGBTQ|selected=identities|orientation=yes|state=collapsed|main=expanded}} }} {{Authority control}}

Category:Transgender men-related topics Category:Terms for men Category:Transgender identities

sv:FtM