{{Short description|Biological molecule}} In molecular biology, '''trans-activating CRISPR RNA''' ('''tracrRNA''') is a small ''trans''-encoded RNA. It was first discovered by '''Emmanuelle Charpentier''' in her study of the human pathogen ''Streptococcus pyogenes.''<ref name="pmid21455174">{{cite journal |vauthors=Deltcheva E, Chylinski K, Sharma CM, Gonzales K, Chao Y, Pirzada ZA, etal | title=CRISPR RNA maturation by trans-encoded small RNA and host factor RNase III. | journal=Nature | year= 2011 | volume= 471 | issue= 7340 | pages= 602–607 | pmid=21455174 | doi=10.1038/nature09886 | pmc=3070239 | bibcode=2011Natur.471..602D }}</ref> In bacteria and archaea, CRISPR-Cas (clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated proteins) constitute an RNA-mediated defense system that protects against viruses and plasmids. This defensive pathway has three steps. First, a copy of the invading nucleic acid is integrated into the CRISPR locus. Next, CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) are transcribed from this CRISPR locus. The crRNAs are then incorporated into effector complexes, where the crRNA guides the complex to the invading nucleic acid and the Cas proteins degrade this nucleic acid.<ref name="pmid21531607">{{cite journal|vauthors=Terns MP, Terns RM | title=CRISPR-based adaptive immune systems. | journal=Curr Opin Microbiol | year= 2011 | volume= 14 | issue= 3 | pages= 321–327 | pmid=21531607 | doi=10.1016/j.mib.2011.03.005 | pmc=3119747 }}</ref> There are several CRISPR system subtypes.
Type II CRISPR-Cas systems require a tracrRNA which plays a role in the maturation of crRNA.<ref name="pmid25994611">{{cite journal |vauthors=Charpentier E, Richter H, van der Oost J, White MF | title=Biogenesis pathways of RNA guides in archaeal and bacterial CRISPR-Cas adaptive immunity. | journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews | year= 2015 | volume= 39 | issue= 3 | pages= 428–441 | pmid= 25994611 | doi=10.1093/femsre/fuv023 | pmc=5965381 }}</ref> The tracrRNA is partially complementary to and base pairs with a pre-crRNA forming an RNA duplex. This is cleaved by RNase III, an RNA-specific ribonuclease, to form a crRNA/tracrRNA hybrid. This hybrid acts as a guide for the endonuclease Cas9, which cleaves the invading nucleic acid.<ref name="pmid21455174" /><ref name="pmid22745249">{{cite journal|vauthors=Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E | title=A Programmable Dual-RNA-Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity. | journal=Science | year= 2012 | volume= 337 | issue= 6096 | pages= 816–821 | pmid=22745249 | doi=10.1126/science.1225829 | pmc= 6286148| bibcode=2012Sci...337..816J }}</ref><ref name="pmid22904002">{{cite journal| author=Brouns SJ| title=A swiss army knife of immunity. | journal=Science | year= 2012 | volume= 337 | issue= 6096 | pages= 808–809 | pmid=22904002 | doi=10.1126/science.1227253 | bibcode=2012Sci...337..808B | s2cid=206543893 }}</ref>
==See also== *CRISPR
==References== {{reflist}}
==Further reading== *{{cite journal|vauthors=Le Rhun A, Charpentier E | title=Small RNAs in streptococci. | journal=RNA Biol | year= 2012 | volume= 9 | issue= 4 | pages= 414–426| pmid=22546939 | doi= 10.4161/rna.20104| doi-access=free }}
Category:RNA Category:Non-coding RNA
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