{{Short description|Artistic movement}} {{Infobox art movement|name=Tonalism|image=Whistler-Nocturne in black and gold.jpg|caption=James McNeill Whistler, ''Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket'', c. 1875; oil on panel; 60.3 × 46.4 cm|yearsactive=from the 1880s into the early 20th century|country=United States|influences=French Barbizon school, Hudson River School|majorfigures=Albert Pinkham Ryder, George Inness, John Henry Twachtman, James McNeill Whistler|influenced=Milton Avery, the Color Field painters, the circle of artists around Alfred Stieglitz, and etchers like Edith Loring Getchell}}
'''Tonalism''' was an artistic style that emerged in the 1880s.The movement was eventually eclipsed by Impressionism and European modernism.<ref name=":0" />
== French origins == The French Barbizon school artists emphasized mood and shadow.<ref>{{Cite web|title=American Tonalism|url=https://www.artsy.net/gene/american-tonalism|access-date=2021-12-01|website=Artsy}}</ref> The movement was eventually eclipsed by Impressionism and European modernism.<ref name=":0">Avery, Kevin J. & Fischer, Diane P. "American Tonalism: Selections from the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Montclair Art Museum ". ''Burlington Magazine'', Vol. 142, No. 1168, July, 2000. p. 453.</ref>
== America == American artists began to paint landscape forms with an overall tone of colored atmosphere or mist. Between 1880 and 1915,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Harvey |title=Twilight and reverie : California tonalist painting, 1890-1930 |publisher=Oakland Museum, Oakland |edition=exhibition catalogue |location=Laguna Beach, Calif |publication-date=1995}}</ref> dark, neutral hues such as gray, brown or blue, often dominated compositions by artists associated with the style.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is Tonalism? Tonalism Palette, Tonalism Definition|url=https://www.tonalism.com/what-is-tonalism|access-date=2021-11-28|website=Tonalism|language=en-US}}</ref>
During the late 1890s, American art critics began to use the term "tonal" to describe these works, as well as the lesser-known synonyms Quietism and Intimism.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Raynor|first=Vivien|date=1982-06-27|title=ART; MOODY SCENES FROM TONALISTS|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/27/nyregion/art-moody-scenes-from-tonalists.html|access-date=2021-11-28|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Sublime Landscape|url=http://tfaoi.org/aa/4aa/4aa472.htm|access-date=2021-11-28|website=tfaoi.org}}</ref> Two of the leading associated painters were George Inness and James McNeill Whistler.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 4 Most Important Names of Tonalism|url=https://www.widewalls.ch/magazine/tonalism-artists|access-date=2021-11-28|website=Widewalls|language=en}}</ref>
== Australia == Australian tonalism emerged as an art movement in Melbourne during the 1910s when it was promoted as a method of 'scientific' realist painting by Max Meldrum through his art school.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Queensland Art Gallery |title=Max Meldrum and Melbourne Tonalism: Beauty is Truth, Truth Beauty! |publisher=Queensland Art Gallery |year=1996 |edition=Exhibition catalogue |location=Brisbane}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Perry |first1=Peter W. |title=Australian tonalism : the John and Peter Perry collection |last2=Perry |first2=John R. |publisher=Gunn and Taylor |year=2023 |isbn=9780646869773 |location=Melbourne}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lock-Weir |first=Tracey |title=Misty moderns: Australian tonalists 1915 - 1950 ; ....on the occasion of the touring exhibition of the same title, Art Gallery of South Australia, 15 August - 19. October 2008 |date=2008 |publisher=Art Gallery of South Australia |isbn=978-0-7308-3015-3 |location=Adelaide}}</ref>
== Britain == St Ives artists were the leading exponents of this style in British landscape painting.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tovey |first=David |title=Pioneers of St. Ives art at home and abroad (1889-1914) |date=2008 |publisher=Wilson Books |isbn=978-0-9538363-6-9 |location=Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire}}</ref>
== Canada == In Canada the movement emerged in the 1890s through the influence of the American, Whistler.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Reid |first1=Dennis R. |title=Painting in Canada |last2=Burnett |first2=David G. |publisher=General Publications Section, Dept. of External Affairs |year=1985 |series=Reference series (Canada. Department of External Affairs), no. 66 |location=Ottawa, Ont. |pages=9}}</ref>
==Artists== {{Div col|colwidth=20em}} * Willis Seaver Adams * George Ames Aldrich * Joseph Allworthy * Edward Mitchell Bannister * Clarice Beckett * Ralph Albert Blakelock * Emanuele Cavalli * Jean-Charles Cazin * Colin Colahan * Paul Cornoyer * Bruce Crane * Leon Dabo * Elliott Daingerfield * Angel De Cora * Charles Melville Dewey * Thomas Dewing * Charles Warren Eaton * Henry Farrer * Edith Loring Getchell * Percy Gray * L. Birge Harrison * Arthur Hoeber * George Inness * William Keith * Percy Leason * Xavier Martinez * Arthur Frank Mathews * Max Meldrum * Robert Crannell Minor * John Francis Murphy * Frank Nuderscher * Fausto Pirandello * Henry Ward Ranger * Granville Redmond * Albert Pinkham Ryder * William Sartain * Edward Steichen * Dwight William Tryon * Jules Turcas * John Twachtman * Clark Greenwood Voorhees * J. Alden Weir * James McNeill Whistler * Alexander Helwig Wyant * Raymond Dabb Yelland {{Div col end}}
==Gallery== <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4"> Image:Albert Pinkham Ryder 004.jpg|Albert Pinkham Ryder, ''Siegfried and the Rhine Maidens'' (1888 - 1891), National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC Image:George Inness 002.jpg|George Inness, Summer Landscape, 1894 Image:John H. Twachtman 001.jpg|John H. Twachtman, ''The White Bridge'', c. 1895, Minneapolis Institute of Arts File:Dabo - The Seashore.jpg|Leon Dabo, ''The Seashore'', c. 1900; Oil on masonite; 76.8 x 86.4 cm File:John Francis Murphy landscape.png|John Francis Murphy, Brooding New York landscape, c. 1900 </gallery>
==See also== * California Tonalism * List of paintings by James McNeill Whistler
==Notes== {{Reflist}}
==External links== * ''[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/collection/p15324coll10/searchterm/American%20paintings%20in%20the%20Metropolitan%20Museum%20of%20Art/field/title/mode/exact/conn/and/order/nosort American Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art]'', a fully digitized 3 volume exhibition catalog * [http://www.tfaoi.com/newsm1/n1m555.htm American Tonalism] - Montclair Art Museum
{{Western art movements}}
Category:Tonalism Category:Art movements Tonalism Category:Impressionism Category:American art movements