Tibouchina

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Tibouchina papyrus.jpg | image_caption = ''Tibouchina papyrus'' | taxon = Tibouchina | authority = Aubl.<ref name=POWO_30000734-2/> | synonyms = {{Genus list |Bractearia|DC. ex Steud. |Gynomphis|Raf. |Savastania|Scop. }} | synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO_30000734-2/> | type_species = ''Tibouchina aspera'' | type_species_authority = Aubl. | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See text. }}

'''''Tibouchina''''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|t|ɪ|b|uː|ˈ|k|aɪ|n|ə}}<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref><ref name=":0">"Tibouchina." Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. Merriam Webster, 1961.</ref> is a neotropical flowering plant genus in the family Melastomataceae.<ref name=":04">{{Cite journal|last1=Michelangeli|first1=Fabian|last2=Guimaraes|first2=Paulo J.F.|last3=Penneys|first3=Darin S.|last4=Almeda|first4=Frank|last5=Kriebel|first5=Ricardo|year=2013|title=Phylogenetic relationships and distribution of New World Melastomeae (Melastomataceae)|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=171|pages=38–60|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01295.x|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx?name=Tibouchina&commonname=|title=Tropicos - Name Search|website=www.tropicos.org|access-date=2017-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Tibouchina|title=Search results — The Plant List|website=www.theplantlist.org|language=en|access-date=2017-02-24}}</ref> Species of this genus are subshrubs, shrubs or small trees and typically have purple flowers.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Melastomataceae.htm|title=Neotropical Melastomataceae - Neotropikey from Kew|website=www.kew.org|access-date=2017-02-24}}</ref> They are native to Mexico, the Caribbean, and South America where they are found as far south as northern Argentina.<ref name=POWO_30000734-2/><ref name=":12"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Renner|first=Susanne S.|year=1993|title=Phylogeny and classification of the Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae|journal=Nord. J. Bot.|volume=13|issue=5|pages=519–540|doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.1993.tb00096.x}}</ref> Members of this genus are known as glory bushes, glory trees or princess flowers. The name ''Tibouchina'' is adapted from a Guianan indigenous name for a member of this genus.<ref name=":0"/> A systematic study in 2013 showed that as then circumscribed the genus was paraphyletic,<ref name=":04"/> and in 2019 the genus was split into a more narrowly circumscribed ''Tibouchina'', two re-established genera ''Pleroma'' and ''Chaetogastra'', and a new genus, ''Andesanthus''.<ref name=GuimMichSosaDeSa19/>

== Description == ''Tibouchina'' species are subshrubs, shrubs or small trees. Their leaves are opposite, usually with petioles, and often covered with scales. The inflorescence is a panicle or some modification of a panicle with reduced branching. The individual flowers have five free petals, purple or lilac in color; the color does not change as the flowers age. There are ten stamens, either all the same or dimorphic, with five larger and five smaller ones. The connective tissue below the anthers of the stamens is prolonged and modified at the base of the stamens into ventrally bilobed appendages. When mature, the seeds are contained in a dry, semiwoody capsule and are cochleate (spiralled).<ref name=GuimMichSosaDeSa19/>

== Taxonomy == The genus ''Tibouchina'' was established by Aublet in 1775 in his Flora of French Guiana with the description of a single species, ''T. aspera'', which is thus the type species.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal|last=Guimarães|first=Paulo José Fernandes|year=2014|title=Two New Species of Tibouchina (Melastomataceae) from Brazil|journal=Novon|volume=23 |issue=1|pages=42–46|doi=10.3417/2012029|s2cid=84301952 }}</ref><ref name=":212">{{Cite book|title=Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1|url=https://archive.org/details/histoiredesplan00aublgoog|last=Aublet|first=Jean Baptiste Christophe Fusée|publisher=& se trouve à Paris, chez Pierre-François Didot jeune|year=1775|pages=446–448}}</ref> In 1885, in his treatment for ''Flora brasiliensis'', Alfred Cogniaux used a broad concept of the genus, transferring into it many of the species at that time placed in ''Chaetogastra'', ''Diplostegium'', ''Lasiandra'', ''Pleroma'' and ''Purpurella'', among others. This broad concept was generally adopted subsequently, and around 470 taxa were at one time or another assigned to ''Tibouchina''.<ref name=GuimMichSosaDeSa19/>

===Phylogeny=== A phylogenetic analysis in 2013 based on molecular data (2 plastid and 1 nuclear regions) determined that the traditional circumscription of ''Tibouchina'' was paraphyletic. Four major clades were resolved within the genus which were supported by morphological, molecular and geographic evidence.<ref name=":04"/> Based on the traditional code of nomenclature, the clade that the type species falls in retains the name of the genus; therefore, the clade containing ''Tibouchina aspera'' remains ''Tibouchina''.<ref name=":222">{{Cite book |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) Regnum Vegetabile 154 |last1=McNeill |first1=J. |last2=Barrie |first2=F.R. |last3=Buck |first3=W.R.|last4=Demoulin |first4=V. |last5=Greuter |first5=W. |last6=Hawksworth |first6=D.L. |last7=Herendeen |first7=P.S. |last8=Knapp |first8=S. |last9=Marhold |first9=K. |publisher=Königstein:Koelz Scientific Books |year=2012 |isbn=978-3-87429-425-6}}</ref>

A further molecular phylogenetic study in 2019 used the same molecular markers but included more species. It reached the same conclusion: the original broadly circumscribed ''Tibouchina'' consisted of four monophyletic clades. The authors proposed a split into four genera: a more narrowly circumscribed ''Tibouchina'', two re-established genera ''Pleroma'' and ''Chaetogastra'', and a new genus, ''Andesanthus''. The relationship between ''Chaetogastra'' and the genus ''Brachyotum'' differed between a maximum likelihood analysis and a Bayesian inference analysis: the former found ''Brachyotum'' embedded within ''Chaetogastra'', the latter found the two to be sisters. The part of their maximum likelihood cladogram which includes former ''Tibouchina'' species is as follows,<ref name=GuimMichSosaDeSa19/> using their genus names and with shading added to show the original broadly circumscribed ''Tibouchina'' s.l.:

{{clade |1={{clade |style1=background-color:#FFFF99 |1={{clade |1=''Tibouchina'' s.s. |2=''Pleroma'' }} |2={{clade |1=clade 1 (other genera) |2=clade 2 (other genera) |style3=background-color:#FFFF99 |3={{clade |1=''Andesanthus'' |2=''Chaetogastra'' / ''Brachyotum'' }} }} }} }}

As re-circumscribed, ''Tibouchina'' is monophyletic and contains species belonging to the traditional sections ''T.'' section ''Tibouchina'' and ''T.'' section ''Barbigerae''.<ref name=":33"/><ref name=":04" /> Diagnostic characteristics include the presence of scale-like trichomes on the hypanthium and leaves and a long pedoconnective on lilac anthers, and the absence of glandular trichomes.<ref name=":33"/><ref name=":42">{{Cite journal|last1=Oliveira|first1=Ana Luiza Freitas|last2=Guimarães|first2=Paulo José Fernandes|last3=Romero|first3=Rosana|year=2015|title=Validation of the Names ''Tibouchina albescens'' and ''Tibouchina nigricans'' (Melastomataceae), Two New Species from Central Brazil|journal=Systematic Botany|volume=40 |issue=4|pages=1003–1011|doi=10.1600/036364415x690049|s2cid=86179249 }}</ref><ref name=":04" /> Species are found in savanna habitats.<ref name=":33"/>

===Species=== {{As of|2022|May}}, Plants of the World Online accepts the following species within ''Tibouchina'':<ref name=POWO_30000734-2>{{cite web |title=''Tibouchina'' Aubl. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000734-2 |access-date=2022-05-02 }}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=30em}} *''Tibouchina aegopogon'' (Naudin) Cogn. *''Tibouchina albescens'' Cogn. ex P.J.F.Guim., A.L.F.Oliveira & R.Romero *''Tibouchina alpestris'' Cogn. *''Tibouchina araguaiensis'' P.J.F.Guim. *''Tibouchina aspera'' Aubl. *''Tibouchina barbigera'' (Naudin) Baill. *''Tibouchina bicolor'' (Naudin) Cogn. *''Tibouchina bipenicillata'' (Naudin) Cogn. *''Tibouchina brevisepala'' Cogn. *''Tibouchina bruniana'' P.J.F.Guim. *''Tibouchina caatingae'' J.G.Freitas *''Tibouchina calycina'' Cogn. *''Tibouchina catharinae'' Pittier *''Tibouchina cujabensis'' Cogn. *''Tibouchina dissitiflora'' Wurdack *''Tibouchina duidae'' Gleason *''Tibouchina edmundoi'' Brade *''Tibouchina exasperata'' (Naudin) Cogn. *''Tibouchina fraterna'' N.E.Br. *''Tibouchina huberi'' Wurdack *''Tibouchina itatiaiae'' Cogn. *''Tibouchina johnwurdackiana'' Todzia *''Tibouchina karstenii'' Cogn. *''Tibouchina lithophila'' Wurdack *''Tibouchina lepidota'' P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang. *''Tibouchina llanorum'' Wurdack *''Tibouchina mathaei'' Cogn. *''Tibouchina melastomoides'' (Naudin) Cogn. *''Tibouchina nigricans'' Cogn. ex P.J.F.Guim., A.L.F.Oliveira & R.Romero *''Tibouchina octopetala'' Cogn. *''Tibouchina papyrus'' (Pohl) Toledo *''Tibouchina pogonanthera'' (Naudin) Cogn. *''Tibouchina rosanae'' P.J.F.Guim. & Woodgyer *''Tibouchina sickii'' Brade *''Tibouchina sipapoana'' Gleason *''Tibouchina spruceana'' Cogn. *''Tibouchina steyermarkii'' Wurdack *''Tibouchina striphnocalyx'' (DC.) Pittier *''Tibouchina verticillaris'' Cogn. *''Tibouchina xochiatencana'' de Santiago {{div col end}}

===Selected former species=== Species placed in ''Tibouchina'' in its former broad sense include: {{div col|colwidth=30em}} *''Tibouchina anderssonii'' Wurdack, synonym of ''Chaetogastra anderssonii'' *''Tibouchina asperior'' (Cham.) Cogn., synonym of ''Pleroma asperius'' *''Tibouchina campii'' Wurdack, synonym of ''Chaetogastra campii'' *''Tibouchina ciliaris'' (Vent.) Cogn., synonym of ''Chaetogastra ciliaris'' *''Tibouchina clinopodifolia'' (DC.) Cogn., synonym of ''Chaetogastra clinopodifolia'' *''Tibouchina elegans'' Cogn., synonym of ''Pleroma elegans'' *''Tibouchina francavillana'' Cogn., synonym of ''Pleroma francavillanum'' *''Tibouchina gleasoniana'' Wurdack, synonym of ''Andesanthus gleasonianus'' *''Tibouchina granulosa'', synonym of ''Pleroma granulosum'' *''Tibouchina gracilis'' (Bonpl.) Cogn., synonym of ''Chaetogastra gracilis'' *''Tibouchina grossa'', synonym of ''Chaetogastra grossa'' *''Tibouchina heteromalla'', synonym of ''Pleroma heteromallum'' - silver-leaved princess flower *''Tibouchina lepidota'' (Bonpl.) Baill., synonym of ''Andesanthus lepidotus'' *''Tibouchina mollis'' (Bonpl.) Bonpl., synonym of ''Chaetogastra mollis'' *''Tibouchina mutabilis'' (Vell.) Cogn., synonym of ''Pleroma mutabile'' *''Tibouchina oroensis'' Gleason, synonym of ''Chaetogastra oroensis'' *''Tibouchina pereirae'' Brade & Markgr., synonym of ''Pleroma pereirae'' *''Tibouchina pulchra'' (Cham.) Cogn., synonym of ''Pleroma raddianum'' *''Tibouchina rufipilis'' (Schltdl.) Cogn., synonym of ''Chaetogastra rufipilis'' *''Tibouchina semidecandra'', synonym of ''Pleroma semidecandrum'' *''Tibouchina trichopoda'' (DC.) Baill., synonym of ''Pleroma trichopodum'' *''Tibouchina urvilleana'', synonym of ''Pleroma urvilleanum'' - princess flower, glory bush *''Tibouchina versicolor'' (Lindl.) Cogn., synonym of ''Chaetogastra versicolor'' {{div col end}}

== Distribution and invasive potential == All the species of ''Tibouchina'' are native to the Americas as far north as Mexico south to northern Argentina,<ref name=POWO_30000734-2/> with many found in Brazil,<ref name=":04"/> and others in Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.<ref name=POWO_30000734-2/> Members of ''Tibouchina'' tend to be found in lowland savannas and on the lower slopes of the Andes.<ref name=":04"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rojas|first1=Ruilova, Xavier |last2=Isabel |first2=Marques |date=2016-10-01 |title=Better common than rare? Effects of low reproductive success, scarce pollinator visits and interspecific gene flow in threatened and common species of ''Tibouchina'' (Melastomataceae) |journal=Plant Species Biology |language=en |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=288 |doi=10.1111/1442-1984.12114 |issn=1442-1984|doi-access=free }}</ref> All ''Tibouchina'' species as well as those formerly placed in the genus are considered noxious weeds in Hawaii,<ref name="HawaiiNoxiousWeedRules">Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title 4 Department of Agriculture, Subtitle 6 Division of Plant Industry, Chapter 68, Noxious Weed Rules ({{cite web |url=http://www.hawaiiag.org/hdoa/adminrules/AR-68.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-01-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204194326/http://www.hawaiiag.org/hdoa/adminrules/AR-68.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2007 |df=dmy-all }}, cited 5 February 2007)</ref> because of their high potential for being invasive species.<ref name="TibHerPIER">''Tibouchina urvilleana'': Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk project [PIER] data (http://www.hear.org/pier/species/tibouchina_herbacea.htm, accessed 5 February 2007)</ref><ref name="TibLonStarrReport">Plants of Hawaii reports: ''Tibouchina longifolia'' ({{cite web |url=http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/html/tibouchina_longifolia.htm |title=Plants of Hawaii: Tibouchina longifolia -- REPORT |access-date=2006-12-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211171902/http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/html/tibouchina_longifolia.htm |archive-date=11 December 2006 |df=dmy-all }}, accessed 5 February 2007)</ref><ref name="TibUrvStarrReport">Plants of Hawaii reports: ''Tibouchina urvilleana'' ({{cite web |url=http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/html/tibouchina_urvilleana.htm |title=Plants of Hawaii: Tibouchina urvilleana -- REPORT |access-date=2007-02-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223054426/http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/html/tibouchina_urvilleana.htm |archive-date=23 February 2007 |df=dmy-all }}, accessed 5 February 2007)</ref> Many species, such as ''T. araguaiensis'', ''T. papyrus'', ''T. mathaei'' and ''T. nigricans'', have narrow distributions, being known from only a handful of locations, while a few other species, including ''T. aspera'', ''T. barbigera'' and ''T. bipenicillata'', have broader distributions.

==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=GuimMichSosaDeSa19>{{Cite journal |last1=Guimarães |first1=P.J.F. |last2=Michelangeli |first2=F.A. |last3=Sosa |first3=K. |last4=de Santiago Gómez |first4=J. |date=2019 |title=Systematics of ''Tibouchina'' and allies (Melastomataceae: Melastomateae): A new taxonomic classification |journal=Taxon |volume=68 |issue=5 |pages=937–1002 |doi=10.1002/tax.12151 |s2cid=213372275 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> }}

==External links== {{Commons category}} *{{Wikispecies-inline}} *[https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomylist.aspx?category=species&type=genus&value=Tibouchina&id=12141 GRIN-Global Web v 1.9.7.1: Species of ''Tibouchina''] *[http://florabrasiliensis.cria.org.br/search?taxon_id=4558 Flora Brasiliensis: ''Tibouchina'']—{{in lang|pt}} *[http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/myrtalesweb2.htm Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (MOBOT) - Myrtales]

Category:Tibouchina Category:Flora of Central America Category:Flora of the Caribbean Category:Flora of Southern America Category:Flora of Brazil Category:Melastomataceae genera