Ballistic missile

{{Short description|Missile that follows a sub-orbital ballistic flightpath}} {{Use American English|date=May 2026}} {{About||self-navigating guided constant-speed missiles|Cruise missile}} [[File:Minuteman III MIRV path.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Minuteman-III MIRV launch sequence: {{ubl |1. The missile launches out of its silo by firing its first-stage boost motor (''A''). |2. About 60 seconds after launch, the first-stage drops off and the second-stage motor (''B'') ignites. The missile shroud (''E'') is ejected. |3. About 120 seconds after launch, the third-stage motor (''C'') ignites and separates from the second stage. |4. About 180 seconds after launch, third-stage thrust terminates and the post-boost vehicle (''D'') separates from the rocket. |5. The post-boost vehicle maneuvers itself and prepares for re-entry vehicle (RV) deployment. |6. The RVs, as well as decoys and chaff, are deployed. |7. The RVs (now armed) and chaff re-enter the atmosphere at high speeds. |8. The nuclear warheads detonate.}}]]

A '''ballistic missile''' is a type of missile that follows a ballistic trajectory and is powered only during a relatively brief initial period—most of the flight is unpowered. Short-range ballistic missiles (SRBM) typically stay within the Earth's atmosphere, while most larger missiles travel outside the atmosphere. The type of ballistic missile with the greatest range is an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). The largest ICBMs are capable of full orbital flight.

These missiles are in a distinct category from cruise missiles, which are aerodynamically guided in powered flight and thus restricted to the atmosphere.

== History == {{Further|History of rockets|Ballistics}} [[File:Fusée V2.jpg|upright|thumb|Replica V-2]]

Ballistic missiles developed from earlier rocket artillery and from the study of ballistics. Rockets had been used as weapons for centuries, including in China, the Kingdom of Mysore, and nineteenth-century European armies, but these weapons were unguided and short-ranged compared with later ballistic missiles.<ref name="NASA-rocket-history">{{cite web |title=Brief History of Rockets |url=https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/TRC/Rockets/history_of_rockets.html |publisher=NASA Glenn Research Center |access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref> Modern ballistic missiles emerged from twentieth-century liquid-fuel rocketry and from attempts to deliver explosive payloads over long distances without using crewed aircraft.

=== V-2 and the Second World War ===

One of the first operational ballistic missiles was the German Aggregat 4 (A-4), better known as the V-2.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zaloga |first=Steven |title=V-2 Ballistic Missile 1942–52 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Reading |year=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/newvanguard8200stev/page/3 3] |isbn=978-1-84176-541-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/newvanguard8200stev/page/3 |url-access=registration }}</ref> It was developed by Nazi Germany during the 1930s and 1940s under a program associated with Wernher von Braun and Walter Dornberger. The first successful A-4 launch took place on 3 October 1942.

The V-2 entered combat use in September 1944. The first V-2 used in combat was fired against Paris on 6 September 1944, and attacks against London began two days later.<ref name="Britannica-strategic">{{cite web |title=Rocket and missile system - Strategic missiles |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/rocket-and-missile-system/Strategic-missiles |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref> Because it followed a high, fast ballistic trajectory and travelled faster than sound, the V-2 could not be intercepted by wartime air defenses.<ref name="Britannica-strategic" /> A vertically launched V-2, MW 18014, became the first human-made object to reach outer space on 20 June 1944.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://astronautix.com/chrono/19442.htm |title=Peenemuende |last=Wade |first=Mark |website=Astronautix.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050425131553/http://astronautix.com/chrono/19442.htm |archive-date=25 April 2005 |url-status=dead |access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref>

After the war, the United States, the Soviet Union, and other states examined captured German missiles, documents, and personnel. This postwar transfer of V-2 technology influenced both military missile programs and early spaceflight programs.<ref name="Britannica-strategic" />

=== Cold War strategic missiles ===

During the Cold War, ballistic missile development became central to the nuclear competition between the United States and the Soviet Union. Early postwar missiles were limited by range, accuracy, reliability, and launch preparation time, but rapid advances in propulsion, guidance, and warhead design led to increasingly capable medium-range ballistic missiles, intermediate-range ballistic missiles, and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).<ref name="Smithsonian-Sputnik2">{{cite web |last=Reichhardt |first=Tony |date=3 October 2017 |title=60 Years Since Sputnik |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/60-years-sputnik-180965102/ |access-date=20 May 2026 |website=Air & Space/Smithsonian}}</ref>

The Soviet R-7 Semyorka was the first ICBM to complete a successful flight, on 21 August 1957. A modified R-7 launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, on 4 October 1957, linking early ICBM development with the beginning of the Space Age.<ref name="Smithsonian-Sputnik">{{cite web |last=Reichhardt |first=Tony |title=60 Years Since Sputnik |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/60-years-sputnik-180965102/ |website=Air & Space/Smithsonian |date=3 October 2017 |access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref> The United States developed its own early ICBMs, including Atlas and Titan, followed by the solid-fuel Minuteman family.

Solid-fuel missiles improved readiness because they could be stored for longer periods and launched more quickly than many earlier liquid-fuel missiles. The Minuteman III became operational in 1970 and was the first missile to carry multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs).<ref name="USAF-MinutemanIII">{{cite web |title=Boeing LGM-30G Minuteman III |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/196676/boeing-lgm-30g-minuteman-iii/ |publisher=National Museum of the United States Air Force |access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref> MIRVs allowed a single missile to deliver several warheads against separate targets and became an important factor in strategic nuclear planning and missile defense debates. === Submarine-launched missiles === The development of submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) added a sea-based component to nuclear deterrence. The United States Navy developed the solid-fuel Polaris missile for launch from submerged ballistic missile submarines. USS ''George Washington'' conducted the first submerged Polaris launch on 20 July 1960 and departed on the first U.S. ballistic missile submarine deterrent patrol on 15 November 1960.<ref name="USN-Polaris-patrol">{{cite web |date=17 November 2010 |title=Navy Commemorates 50th Anniversary Of First SSBN Deterrent Patrol |url=https://www.cpf.navy.mil/Newsroom/News/Article/2758576/navy-commemorates-50th-anniversary-of-first-ssbn-deterrent-patrol/ |access-date=20 May 2026 |publisher=United States Navy}}</ref><ref name="USN-SSP-history">{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://www.ssp.navy.mil/About-Us/Our-History/ |access-date=20 May 2026 |publisher=United States Navy Strategic Systems Programs}}</ref> SLBMs increased the survivability of nuclear forces by placing missiles on mobile and concealed platforms at sea.

Later SLBM systems, including Poseidon and Trident, increased range, accuracy, and payload compared with Polaris.<ref name="NMAH-SLBM">{{cite web |title=Ballistic Missiles |url=https://www.americanhistory.si.edu/subs/weapons/ballistic/ |access-date=20 May 2026 |publisher=National Museum of American History}}</ref> The Soviet Union and other nuclear-armed states also developed submarine-launched ballistic missile forces during the Cold War.<ref name="Britannica-strategic2">{{cite web |title=Rocket and missile system - Strategic missiles |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/rocket-and-missile-system/Strategic-missiles |access-date=20 May 2026 |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref>

=== Arms control and proliferation ===

Ballistic missiles became a major subject of arms control agreements. The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty), signed by the United States and the Soviet Union in 1987, required the elimination of their ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500 kilometers.<ref name="ACA-INF">{{cite web |title=The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty at a Glance |url=https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/intermediate-range-nuclear-forces-inf-treaty-glance |publisher=Arms Control Association |access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref> Strategic ballistic missiles were also covered by later strategic arms agreements, including the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty process and New START.

Outside the U.S.–Soviet and U.S.–Russian strategic competition, shorter-range ballistic missiles proliferated widely. The Soviet Scud and its derivatives became especially common. Scud-type missiles were used during the Iran–Iraq War, including attacks on cities, and Iraq used modified Scud variants during the Gulf War.<ref name="CSIS-Shahab1">{{cite web |title=Shahab-1 (Scud B-Variant) |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/shahab-1/ |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies Missile Threat |access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref><ref name="NTI-Iraq-missile">{{cite web |title=Iraq Missile Overview |url=https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/iraq-missile/ |publisher=Nuclear Threat Initiative |date=1 June 2012 |access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref>

=== Twenty-first century use ===

In the twenty-first century, ballistic missiles have remained part of both strategic arsenals and regional conflicts. They have been used or tested by states including Russia, Ukraine, Iran, North Korea, India, Pakistan, and others. During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, both ballistic and cruise missiles were used in long-range strikes, while Iran used ballistic missiles in direct attacks on Israel in 2024 and 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last=Doyle |first=Gerry |title=Israel's strikes on Iran spark interest in air-launched ballistic missiles |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israels-strikes-iran-spark-interest-air-launched-ballistic-missiles-2024-11-04/ |work=Reuters |date=4 November 2024 |access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iran strikes back at Israel with missiles over Jerusalem, Tel Aviv |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-says-it-strikes-iran-amid-nuclear-tensions-2025-06-13/ |work=Reuters |date=13 June 2025 |access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref> The continued spread and use of ballistic missiles has kept missile defense, early warning, and arms control central to international security debates.

== Flight ==

In order to cover large distances, ballistic missiles are usually launched into a high sub-orbital spaceflight; for intercontinental missiles, the highest altitude (apogee) reached during free-flight is about {{convert|4500|km|mi|sp=us}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |date=28 November 2017 |title=North Korea launches 'highest ever' ballistic missile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42160227 |access-date= |work=BBC}}</ref> A ballistic missile's trajectory consists of three parts or phases: the boost phase, the mid-course phase and the terminal phase. Special systems and capabilities are required to facilitate the successful passage from one phase to the other.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Chun |first=Clayton K. S. |title=Thunder over the horizon: from V-2 rockets to ballistic missiles |date=2006 |publisher=Praeger Security International |isbn=978-0-275-98577-6 |series=War, technology, and history |location=Westport, CN. |page=2}}</ref>

The boost phase is the powered flight portion, beginning with the ignition of the engines and concluding with the end of powered flight. The powered flight portion can last from a few tenths of seconds to several minutes and can consist of multiple rocket stages.<ref name=":1" /> Internal computers keep the missile aligned on a preprogrammed trajectory.<ref name=":4" /> On multi-stage missiles, stage separation (excluding any post-boost vehicles or MIRV bus) occurs primarily during the boost phase.

The mid-course phase is the longest in the missile's trajectory, beginning with the conclusion of powered flight. When the fuel is exhausted, no more thrust is provided and the missile enters free flight. During this phase the missile, now largely consisting of a warhead or payload and possibly defensive countermeasures and small propulsion systems for further alignment toward its target, will reach its highest altitude and may travel in space for thousands of kilometers (or even indefinitely, in the case of some fractional-orbital capable systems) at speeds of up to {{convert|7.5|to|10|km/s|nmi/s|0|abbr=off}}.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Chun |first=Clayton K. S. |title=Thunder over the horizon: from V-2 rockets to ballistic missiles |date=2006 |publisher=Praeger Security International |isbn=978-0-275-98577-6 |series=War, technology, and history |location=Westport, Conn. |pages=4}}</ref>

The last phase in the missile's trajectory is the terminal or re-entry phase, beginning with the re-entry of the missile into the Earth's atmosphere (if exoatmospheric)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=McFadden |first=Christopher |title=What is an intercontinental ballistic missile and how does it work? |date=4 December 2017 |url=https://interestingengineering.com/what-is-an-intercontinental-ballistic-missile-and-how-does-it-work}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> where atmospheric drag plays a significant part in missile trajectory, and lasts until missile impact.<ref name=":1" /> Re-entry vehicles re-enter the Earth's atmosphere at very high velocities, on the order of {{convert|6-8|km/s|km/h mph|sp=us}} at intercontinental ballistic missile ranges.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=June 2017 |title=Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat |url=https://www.nasic.af.mil/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=F2VLcKSmCTE%3d&portalid=19 |publisher=Defense Intelligence Ballistic Missile Analysis Committee}}</ref> During the beginning of this phase, the missile's trajectory is still relatively well defined, though as the missile reaches the heavier layers of atmosphere it is increasingly influenced by gravity and aerodynamic drag, which can affect its landing.<ref name=":5" />

== Types == [[File:Trident II missile image.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Trident II SLBM launched by ballistic missile submarine]]

Ballistic missiles can be launched from fixed sites or mobile launchers, including vehicles (e.g., transporter erector launchers), aircraft, ships, and submarines. Ballistic missiles vary widely in range and use, and are often divided into categories based on range. Various schemes are used by different countries to categorize the ranges of ballistic missiles:

*Tactical ballistic missile (TBM): Range less than {{convert|300|km}} *Short-range ballistic missile (SRBM): Range from {{convert|300|to|1000|km}} *Medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM): Range from {{convert|1000|to|3500|km}} *Intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM): Range from {{convert|3500|to|5500|km}} *Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM): Range greater than {{convert|5500|km}}

Long- and medium-range ballistic missiles are generally designed to deliver nuclear weapons because their payload is too limited for conventional explosives to be cost-effective in comparison to conventional bomber aircraft.

== Quasi-ballistic missiles ==

A quasi-ballistic missile is a type of ballistic missile that follows a shallow, largely ballistic trajectory while remaining guided during flight and capable of sustained maneuvering within the atmosphere. These maneuvers can alter the missile's altitude, direction, or range, improving accuracy and complicating interception.<ref name="Delory2020">{{Cite web |last=Delory |first=Stéphane |date=January 2020 |title=Ballistic missiles and conventional strike weapons: Adapting the HCoC to address the dissemination of conventional ballistic missiles |url=https://www.nonproliferation.eu/hcoc/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Ballistic-missiles-and-conventional-strike-weapons.pdf |website=Nonproliferation.eu |publisher=Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique |quote=Quasi-ballistic flight within the atmosphere requires permanent guidance of the missile during its flight and therefore real-time calculation of the vehicle’s aerodynamic behaviour.}}</ref> Some large guided MLRS rockets, particularly those with ranges comparable to short-range ballistic missiles, blur the traditional distinction between rocket artillery and ballistic missiles and are categorized as quasi-ballistic missiles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spslandforces.com/story/?id=625&h=MLRS-for-Army-and-Indigenous-Capability|website=SPS Land Forces|title=MLRS For Army and Indigenous Capability}}</ref> === Examples ===

;{{flag|India}} * Pralay (active)<ref>{{Cite press release |title=DRDO successfully conducts salvo launch of two Pralay missiles in quick succession |date=2026-05-28 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2210128&reg=3&lang=1 |quote=Pralay is an indigenously developed solid propellant quasi-ballistic missile employing state-of-the-art guidance and navigation to ensure high precision. |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-17 |title=Defence Ministry clears proposal to buy 'Pralay' ballistic missiles for Indian Army |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/defence-ministry-clears-proposal-to-buy-pralay-ballistic-missiles-for-indian-army/articleshow/103736449.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-05-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-27 |title=Missile marvels: India makes a mark with its growing capabilities |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-missile-marvels-india-makes-a-mark-with-its-growing-capabilities-2928282/ |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=The Financial Express |language=en |quote=Developed by the DRDO, the Pralay follows a Quasi Ballistic Trajectory, meaning it takes a low curved path after being launched and is capable of changing direction and range.}}</ref> * Long Range – Anti-Ship Missile (under development)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Adithya Krishna |date=2026-01-29 |title=India showcases first Hypersonic Anti-Ship Missile System in national parade |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2026/01/india-showcases-first-hypersonic-anti-ship-missile-system-in-national-parade/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260129170623/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2026/01/india-showcases-first-hypersonic-anti-ship-missile-system-in-national-parade/ |archive-date=2026-01-29 |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>

;Israel * LORA (active)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-03 |title=IAI conducts dual LORA firing demonstration |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/iai-conducts-dual-lora-firing-demonstration |website=Janes}}</ref>

; {{flag|United States}}

* MGM-140 ATACMS (active)<ref>{{Cite web |title=MGM-140 ATACMS Short-Range Ballistic Missile |url=https://www.militarytoday.com/missiles/atacms.htm |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=www.militarytoday.com|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027055918/https://www.militarytoday.com/missiles/atacms.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Precision Strike Missile (active)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Precision Strike Missile (PrSM)|url=https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/precision-strike-missile.html|access-date=2023-10-26|website=Lockheed Martin|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-01 |title=Leveraging sovereign-guided weapons for the RAN {{!}} The Australian Naval Institute |url=https://navalinstitute.com.au/leveraging-sovereign-guided-weapons-for-the-ran/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kass |first=Harrison |date=2026-03-08 |title=America’s “PrSM” Missile Just Made Its Debut in Iran |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/americas-prsm-missile-just-made-debut-iran-hk-030826 |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=The National Interest |language=en-US}}</ref> * RIM-174 Standard ERAM (SM-6) when used for surface-attack (active)<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Newdick |first=Thomas |date=2026-05-04 |title=Confusion Surrounds Future Of U.S. Long-Range Missiles In Germany Amid Rift With White House |url=https://www.twz.com/land/confusion-surrounds-future-of-u-s-long-range-missiles-in-germany-amid-rift-with-white-house |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Hypersonic ballistic missile == {{Main|Hypersonic glide vehicle}}

Many ballistic missiles reach hypersonic speeds (i.e. Mach 5 and above) when they re-enter the atmosphere from space. However, in common military terminology, the term "hypersonic ballistic missile" is generally only given to those that can sustain hypersonic speeds throughout the majority of duration of flight, often with maneuvering capability that allows them to avoid following a simple ballistic trajectory.<ref>{{Cite web |title='National pride is at stake.' Russia, China, United States race to build hypersonic weapons |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/national-pride-stake-russia-china-united-states-race-build-hypersonic-weapons |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gale |first=Alastair |title=What Are Hypersonic Missiles and Who's Developing Them? |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/hypersonic-missiles-11643688227 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=WSJ.com |date=February 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Trevithick |first=Joseph |date=2025-06-30 |title=Blackbeard 'Cheap' Hypersonic Strike Missile Being Developed For U.S. Army (Updated) |url=https://www.twz.com/land/blackbeard-cheap-hypersonic-strike-missile-being-developed-for-u-s-army |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US |quote=traditional ballistic missiles travel at very high speeds, with many types often exceeding the hypersonic threshold in the terminal phase of flight. However, the term “hypersonic missile” generally refers to weapons designed for sustained hypersonic speed across a far shallower and even maneuvering trajectory. This can include missiles that release unpowered hypersonic boost-glide vehicles, like the aforementioned Dark Eagle, as well as air-breathing hypersonic cruise missiles.}}</ref>

== Throw-weight ==

Throw-weight is a measure of the effective weight of ballistic missile payloads. It is measured in kilograms or tonnes. Throw-weight equals the total weight of a missile's warheads, reentry vehicles, self-contained dispensing mechanisms, penetration aids, and any other components that are part of the delivered payload, and not of the rocket itself (such as the launch rocket booster and launch fuel).<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 July 1991 |title=What is throw weight? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/15/world/what-is-throw-weight.html |access-date=13 April 2024 |work=The New York Times |page=10, Sec. A}}</ref> Throw-weight may refer to any type of warhead, but in normal modern usage, it refers almost exclusively to nuclear or thermonuclear payloads. It was once also a consideration in the design of naval ships and the number and size of their guns.

Throw-weight was used as a criterion in classifying different types of missiles during Strategic Arms Limitation Talks between the Soviet Union and the United States.<ref>James John Tritten, [http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1982/nov-dec/tritten.html Throw-Weight and Arms Control] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123235939/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1982/nov-dec/tritten.html |date=2007-11-23 }}, ''Air University Review'', Nov-Dec 1982.</ref> The term became politically controversial during debates over the arms control accord, as critics of the treaty alleged that Soviet missiles were able to carry larger payloads and so enabled the Soviets to maintain higher throw-weight than an American force with a roughly comparable number of lower-payload missiles.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/15/world/what-is-throw-weight.html What Is Throw-Weight?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000600/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/15/world/what-is-throw-weight.html |date=2022-11-26 }}, New York Times, July 15, 1991.</ref>

The missiles with the world's heaviest payloads are the Russian SS-18 and Chinese CSS-4 and {{as of|2017|lc=y}}, Russia was developing a new heavy-lift, liquid-propellant ICBM called the Sarmat.<ref name=":0" />

=== Depressed trajectory === [[File:FobsEnglishTrans.svg|thumb|400px|Example of depressed trajectory: Fractional Orbital Bombardment System]] Throw-weight is normally calculated using an optimal ballistic trajectory from one point on the surface of the Earth to another. A "minimum-energy trajectory" maximizes the total payload (throw-weight) using the available impulse of the missile.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Druckmann |first1=Erez |last2=Ben-Asher |first2=Joseph |date=28 Aug 2012 |title=Optimal In-flight Trajectory Modifications for Ballistic Missiles and Rockets |url=https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/1.54538?journalCode=jgcd |journal=Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics |volume=35 |issue=2 |page=462 |doi=10.2514/1.54538 |via=Aerospace Research Central|url-access=subscription }}</ref> By reducing the payload weight, different trajectories can be selected, which can either increase the nominal range or decrease the total time in flight.

A depressed trajectory is non-optimal, as a lower and flatter trajectory takes less time between launch and impact but has a lower throw-weight. The primary reasons to choose a depressed trajectory are to evade anti-ballistic missile systems by reducing the time available to shoot down the attacking vehicle (especially during the vulnerable burn-phase against space-based ABM systems) or a nuclear first-strike scenario.<ref>Science & Global Security, 1992, Vol. 3, pp.101–159 Depressed Trajectory SLBMs: A Technical Evaluation and Arms Control Possibilities [http://www.princeton.edu/sgs/publications/sgs/pdf/3_1-2gronlund.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318120315/http://www.princeton.edu/sgs/publications/sgs/pdf/3_1-2gronlund.pdf|date=2013-03-18}}</ref> An alternate, non-military purpose for a depressed trajectory is in conjunction with the spaceplane concept with use of airbreathing jet engines, which requires the ballistic missile to remain low enough inside the atmosphere for air-breathing engines to function.

In contrast, a "lofted" trajectory is frequently used for testing purposes, as it reduces the range of the missile (allowing for a controlled and observed impact), as well as signals a lack of hostile intention with the test.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-16 |title=Why North Korea's missile tests are going higher and further |url=https://www.reuters.com/graphics/NORTHKOREA-MISSILES/TESTING/byvrllmjmve/ |access-date=2024-04-13 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

== Combat use == The following ballistic missiles have been used in combat:

* Ghadr-110<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/military-balance/2023/10/little-and-large-missile-surprises-in-sanaa-and-tehran/ | title=Little and large missile surprises in Sanaa and Tehran }}</ref> * LORA<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/36877/video-points-to-azerbaijans-first-use-of-israeli-made-ballistic-missile-against-armenia|title = Video Points to Azerbaijan's First Use of Israeli-Made Ballistic Missile Against Armenia| date=2 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/middle-east/in-a-first-israel-shoots-down-a-ballistic-missile-in-space-20231106-p5ehs1.html |title=In a first, Israel shoots down a ballistic missile in space |date=5 November 2023 }}</ref> * MGM-140 ATACMS<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-26 |title=Key Russian air defence system hit in Ukraine Atacms strike |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cr4ly626evlo |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> * OTR-21 Tochka * Qaher-1/2M<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/03/a-peek-inside-houthi-rebels-recent-missile-strikes-in-saudi-arabia.php|title = A peek inside Houthi Rebel's recent missile strikes in Saudi Arabia | website=FDD's Long War Journal |date = 28 March 2018}}</ref> * Scud<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weapons - Ss-1 Scud {{!}} The Gulf War {{!}} FRONTLINE |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/weapons/scud.html |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> * V-2<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-06 |title=V-2 Missile {{!}} National Air and Space Museum |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/missile-surface-surface-v-2-4/nasm_A19600342000 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=airandspace.si.edu |language=en}}</ref> * Zolfaghar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran Hits Syria With Ballistic Missiles {{!}} Arms Control Association |url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2017-07/news-briefs/iran-hits-syria-ballistic-missiles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211101120/https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2017-07/news-briefs/iran-hits-syria-ballistic-missiles |archive-date=2024-12-11 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=www.armscontrol.org |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> * Kh-47M2 Kinzhal<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/commentary/2024/01/china-evaluates-russias-use-of-hypersonic-daggers-in.html |title=China Evaluates Russia's Use of Hypersonic 'Daggers' in the Ukraine War |last1=Goldstein |first1=Lyle |last2=Waechter |first2=Nathan |date=2024-01-12 |language=en}}</ref> * Oreshnik<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-09 |title=Russia has used its hypersonic Oreshnik missile for the first time. What are its capabilities? |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-oreshnik-hypersonic-missile-putin-ukraine-war-345588a399158b9eb0b56990b8149bd9 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes == {{Reflist}}

== References ==

*Needham, Joseph (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic''. Taipei: Caves Books. * {{cite book |last1=Siddiqi |first1=Asif |title=Challenge to Apollo : the Soviet Union and the space race, 1945–1974 |date=2000 |publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA History Div. |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4408pt1.pdf |access-date=22 May 2022}}

== Further reading == * Bath, David W. ''Assured Destruction: Building the Ballistic Missile Culture of the U.S. Air Force'' (Naval Institute Press, 2020) [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=58786 online book review] *{{cite book| last =Futter| first =Andrew | title =Ballistic Missile Defence and US National Security Policy: Normalisation and Acceptance after the Cold War| publisher =Routledge | date =2013 | isbn =978-0-415-81732-5}} *{{cite book| last =Neufeld|first = Jacob| title =The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945–1960|publisher= Office of Air Force History, U.S. Air Force|date= 1990|isbn=0-912799-62-5 }} *{{cite book| last1 = Swaine|first1 = Michael D. |first2=Rachel M. |last2=Swanger|first3=Takashi|last3= Kawakami|title= Japan and Ballistic Missile Defense| url = https://archive.org/details/japanballisticmi0000swai| url-access = registration|publisher= Rand|date= 2001|isbn=0-8330-3020-5}}

== External links == *[https://missilethreat.csis.org/ Missile Threat]: A Project of the Center for Strategic and International Studies

Category:Ballistic missiles Category:German inventions of the Nazi period Category:Wernher von Braun