{{Short description|Cold War ideology promoting the interests of non-aligned countries}} {{for|the related Marxist–Leninist–Maoist movement|Maoism–Third Worldism}} [[File:Cold_War_alliances_mid-1975.svg|thumb|500x500px|The "three worlds" of the Cold War era, as of the period between 30 April and 24 June 1975. Neutral and non-aligned countries shown in grey.]] {{Anti-imperialism|Ideologies}} '''Third-worldism''' is a political concept and ideology that emerged in the late 1940s or early 1950s during the Cold War and tried to generate unity among the countries that did not want to take sides between the United States and the Soviet Union. The concept is closely related but not identical to the political theory of Maoism–Third Worldism.
==Overview== The political thinkers and leaders of third-worldism argued that the north–south divisions and conflicts were of primary political importance compared to the East-West opposition of the Cold War period. In the three-world model, the countries of the First World were the ones allied with the United States. The Second World designation referred to the former industrial socialist states under the influence of the Soviet Union. The Third World, hence, consisted of the countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO or the Communist Bloc. The Third World was normally seen to include many countries with colonial pasts in Africa, Latin America, Oceania and Asia. It was also sometimes taken as synonymous with countries in the Non-Aligned Movement, connected to the world economic division as "periphery" countries in the world system that is dominated by the "core" countries.<ref name="Tomlinson">{{cite journal|last=Tomlinson |first=B.R. |date=1 April 2003 |title=What was the Third World |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=307–321 |jstor=3180660 |doi=10.1177/0022009403038002135 |access-date=24 January 2020 |publisher=SAGE Publications |s2cid=162982648 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274268195 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref>
Third-worldism was connected to new political movements following the decolonization and new forms of regionalism that emerged in the erstwhile colonies of Asia, Africa, and the Middle East as well as in the older established states of Latin America, including pan-Arabism, pan-Africanism, pan-Americanism and pan-Asianism.<ref name=":0"/>
The first period of the Third Worldist movement, that of the "first Bandung Era", was led by the Egyptian, Indonesian and Indian heads of state such as Nasser, Sukarno and Nehru. They were followed in the 1960s and 1970s by a second generation of third-worldist governments that emphasized a more radical and revolutionary socialist vision, personified by Che Guevara. At the end of the Cold War in the late 1980s, Third Worldism entered a period of decline.<ref name=":0"/>
== Third World Solidarity == Third World solidarity is a key tenet of Third Worldism, emphasizing unity and cooperation among countries and peoples of the Global South in the struggle against imperialism, colonialism, and neocolonialism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stenner |first=David |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781503609006/html |title=Globalizing Morocco: Transnational Activism and the Postcolonial State |date=2019-01-01 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-0900-6 |doi=10.1515/9781503609006}}</ref> It embodies the principle of mutual support and shared interests among formerly colonized and oppressed peoples, seeking to address common challenges such as poverty, underdevelopment, and marginalization. Third World solidarity encompasses various forms of collaboration, including diplomatic alliances, economic cooperation, cultural exchange, and mutual aid. It emphasizes the agency and autonomy of the Global South in shaping its own destiny and advocating for a more just and equitable international order.<ref>{{cite book |last=Prashad |first=Vijay |title=The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World |publisher=New Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-1565847859}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Fanon |first=Frantz |title=The Wretched of the Earth |publisher=Grove Press |year=1963 |isbn=978-0-8021-5083-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Bandung 1955: Non-Alignment and Afro-Asian Solidarity |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-94703-6 |editor-last=Bridges |editor-first=Brian}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Loescher |first1=Gil |title=The Third World in Global Development |last2=Letiche |first2=John M. |publisher=Longman |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-582-48247-5}}</ref>
== Leaders and theorists == Several leaders have been associated with and supported the third-worldist movement, including:<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233306192|title=After the Third World? History, destiny and the fate of Third Worldism |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=9–39 |date=February 2004 |access-date=24 January 2020 |first=Mark T. |last=Berger |via=ResearchGate |doi=10.1080/0143659042000185318|s2cid=145431458}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=August 2022}}
<!-- It looks like several of these still failed verification. Also, please don't add anything to this list without sources--> {{div col start|colwidth=15em}} * {{flagicon|India}} Jawaharlal Nehru * {{flagicon|Egypt|1958}} Gamal Abdel Nasser * {{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} Josip Broz Tito * {{flagicon|Indonesia}} Sukarno * {{flagicon|Palestine}} Yasser Arafat * {{flagicon|Algeria}} Houari Boumédiène * {{flagicon|Guinea-Bissau}} Amílcar and Luís Cabral * {{flagicon|Cuba}} Fidel Castro and Che Guevara * {{flagicon|Iran}} Ruhollah Khomeini * {{flagicon|North Vietnam}} Ho Chi Minh * {{flagicon|China}} Mao Zedong * {{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo|1960}} Patrice Lumumba * {{flagicon|Jamaica}} Michael Manley * {{flagicon|Bolivia}} Evo Morales * {{flagicon|Ghana}} Kwame Nkrumah * {{flagicon|Cambodia|1975}} Pol Pot * {{flagicon|Tanzania}} Julius Nyerere * {{flagicon|Nicaragua}} Daniel Ortega * {{flagicon|Libya|1977}} Muammar Gaddafi * {{flagicon|Indonesia}} Mohammad Hatta * {{flagicon|Philippines}} Jose Maria Sison * {{flagicon|Burkina Faso}} Ibrahim Traoré * {{flagicon|Philippines}} Rodrigo Duterte * {{flagicon|Burkina Faso}} Thomas Sankara<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/200708732 |title=The Third Worldist Moment |access-date=4 October 2016 |last=Malley |first=Robert |volume=98 |issue=631 |date=November 1999 |pages=359–369 |journal=Current History|doi=10.1525/curh.1999.98.631.359 |s2cid=155836302 |id={{ProQuest|200708732}} }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Brazil}} Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva * {{flagicon|Mali}} Modibo Keïta * {{flagicon|Venezuela}} Hugo Chavez and Nicolas Maduro * {{flagicon|Angola}} Agostinho Neto {{div col end}}
Theorists include: * Samir Amin * Arghiri Emmanuel * Frantz Fanon<ref>{{Cite book|last=Macey |first=David |date=2012 |title=Frantz Fanon: A Biography |edition=Second |publisher=Verso Books |pages=20}}</ref> * Jean-Paul Sartre{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} * Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev
== See also == * Maoism–Third Worldism * Non-Aligned Movement * Third World socialism * Three Worlds Theory * Neutral and Non-Aligned European States * League of Fiume
== References == {{Reflist}}
== Further reading == * Bangura, Abdul Karim, "Toward a Pan-Third Worldism: A Challenge to the Association of Third World Studies (Journal of Third World Studies, Spring 2003) * {{cite book |last1=Bevins |first1=Vincent|author-link=Vincent Bevins |title= The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World |date=2020 |publisher= PublicAffairs |isbn= 978-1541742406}} * {{cite book |last=Blakeley|first=Ruth|author-link= |date=2009|title=State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South|url=http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415462402/ |location= |publisher=Routledge|page= |isbn=978-0415686174}} * Hadiz, Vedi R., [http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/link.asp?id=f86m1buafbrv3mhb The Rise of Neo-Third Worldism?: The Indonesian Trajectory and the Consolidation of Illiberal Democracy]{{dead link|date=April 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, * Lopes Junior, Gutemberg Pacheco, [http://www.migalhas.com.br/arquivos/2015/6/art20150601-02.pdf The Sino-Brazilian Principles in a Latin American and BRICS Context: The Case for Comparative Public Budgeting Legal Research] ''Wisconsin International Law Journal'', 13 May 2015 * Malley, Robert, [http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/6721.html The Call From Algeria: Third Worldism, Revolution, and the Turn to Islam] (UC Press) * Malley, Robert, "The Third Worldist Moment", in ''Current History'' (November 1999) * Slobodian, Quinn, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130205231031/http://www.dukeupress.edu/Catalog/ViewProduct.php?productid=47580&viewby=subject&categoryid=100&sort=newest ''Foreign Front: Third World Politics in Sixties West Germany''] (Duke University Press) * [http://libcom.org/library/third-worldism-or-socialism-solidarity-group ''Third Worldism or Socialism?''], by Solidarity UK
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Third-Worldism}} Category:Third-Worldism Category:Imperialism studies Category:Political terminology