{{short description|American jazz band}} {{About|The Jazz Messengers group|the album|The Jazz Messengers (album)}} {{redirect|Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers|their self-titled albums|Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = The Jazz Messengers | image = 12-17-1960 17717 Art Blakey (6331548858) (cropped).jpg | landscape = yes | caption = The Jazz Messengers in 1960. From left: Lee Morgan, Wayne Shorter (obscured), Jymie Merritt, and Art Blakey | genre = {{flatlist| * Jazz * hard bop * bebop }} | years_active = {{start date|1955}}–{{end date|1990}} | label = {{flatlist| * A&M * Atlantic * Bethlehem * Soul Note * Blue Note * Cadet * Catalyst * Colpix * Columbia * Concord Jazz * Amigo * Delos * Elektra * Fontana * Impulse! * Jubilee * Limelight * Pacific Jazz * Palcoscenico * Philips * Prestige * Vik * Riverside * Roulette * Sonet * Timeless * United Artists }} | past_members = See Former members }}
'''The Jazz Messengers''' were a jazz combo which existed for over thirty-five years beginning in the early 1950s as a collective,<ref name="ramsay" /><ref name="feather"/><ref name="nea"/> and only ended when long-time leader and founding drummer Art Blakey died in 1990.<ref name="academy"/> Blakey led or co-led the group from the outset.<ref name="feather" /> "Art Blakey" and "Jazz Messengers" became synonymous over the years, though Blakey did lead non-Messenger recording sessions and played as a sideman for other groups throughout his career.<ref name="bio" /><ref name="pbs" /><ref name="allmusic"/>
{{Quotation|text="Yes sir, I'm gonna to stay with the youngsters. When these get too old, I'm gonna get some younger ones. Keeps the mind active."|author=Art Blakey|source=''A Night at Birdland, Vol. 2'' (CD)<ref name="BirdlandVol3" />}}
The group evolved into a proving ground for young jazz talent. While veterans occasionally re-appeared in the group, by and large, each iteration of the Messengers included a lineup of new young players. Having the Messengers on one's resume was a rite of passage in the jazz world, and conveyed immediate <i>bona fides</i>.<ref name="bio" /><ref name="pbs" /><ref name="allmusic"/><ref name="drummerworld"/>
Many former members of the Jazz Messengers established careers as solo musicians, such as Lee Morgan, Benny Golson, Wayne Shorter, Freddie Hubbard, Bobby Timmons, Hank Mobley, Curtis Fuller, Cedar Walton, Gary Bartz, Billy Harper, Keith Jarrett, Joanne Brackeen, Woody Shaw, Chuck Mangione, Wynton Marsalis, Branford Marsalis, Terence Blanchard, Donald Harrison and Mulgrew Miller.<ref name="nea" /><ref name="bio" /><ref name="allmusic" /> Some members, such as bassist Clarence Seay and Gregory Charles Royal,<ref name="Bock">{{cite web|last1=Bock|first1=Gordon|title=The Telegraph – Google News Archive Search |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19790110&id=9KIrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=o_wFAAAAIBAJ&pg=7013,1785728|website=Google News |access-date=25 July 2017|date=10 January 1979}}</ref><ref name="gourse" /> are documented to have played in the Jazz Messengers but did not record with the group.
==History== ===Origins=== On December 17, 1947, Blakey led a group known as "Art Blakey's Messengers" in his first recording session as a leader, for Blue Note Records. The records were released as 78s at the time and two of the songs were released on the ''New Sounds'' 10" LP compilation (BLP 5010). This octet included Kenny Dorham, Howard Bowe, Sahib Shihab, Musa Kaleem, Ernest Thompson, Walter Bishop Jr., and LaVerne Barker.<ref name="jazzdisco" />
Around the same time—in 1947<ref name="feather" /><ref name="pbs" /> or 1949<ref name="academy"/><ref name="gourse"/>{{rp|20}}—Blakey led a big band called "Seventeen Messengers." The band proved to be financially unstable and broke up soon after.<ref name="gourse"/>{{rp|20}} The Messengers name then went dormant for several years.
Blakey and Horace Silver began working together in the early 1950s.<ref name="chronology" /> Some cite the group that included Blakey, Silver, Kenny Dorham, Lou Donaldson and Gene Ramey in 1953 as the original Jazz Messengers.<ref name="ramsay"/><ref name="jazzdisco" /><ref name="chronology" /> On February 21, 1954, a group billed as the "Art Blakey Quintet" produced the live set of records called ''A Night at Birdland''. The quintet included Horace Silver, Clifford Brown, Lou Donaldson and Curly Russell.<ref name="BirdlandVol1" /> These records were quite successful, and some cite this date as the beginning of the Jazz Messengers.<ref name="nea" /><ref name="gourse" />
===The Jazz Messengers (1954–56)=== Most date the origin of the Jazz Messengers to 1954,<ref name="oxford" /><ref name="Britannica" /><ref name="psu" /> or 1955,<ref name="feather"/><ref name="allmusic" /><ref name="allaboutjazz"/> when the first recordings credited to the band appeared.<ref name="pbs"/> The Jazz Messengers formed as a collective, nominally led by Silver or Blakey on various dates.<ref name="feather"/><ref name="bio"/><ref name="pbs"/> Blakey credits Silver with reviving the Messengers name for the group.<ref name="academy" /><ref name="taylor" /> The other members included Kenny Dorham, Hank Mobley and Doug Watkins.<ref name="feather"/><ref name="bio"/><ref name="pbs"/> Their first recordings officially using the Jazz Messengers name were a pair of live dates, recorded at the Café Bohemia in 1955.<ref name="jazzdisco" /><ref name="oxford" /><ref name="CafeBohemia1" /> A pair of earlier recordings from sessions in late 1954 and early 1955—released on Blue Note 10" LPs as the ''Horace Silver Quintet, vol. 1 and vol. 2''—were subsequently reissued as a 12" LP entitled ''Horace Silver and the Jazz Messengers''.<ref name="oxford" /><ref name="CafeBohemia1" /><ref name="SilverJM" />
The pioneering members of the Jazz Messengers (Horace Silver, Hank Mobley, Kenny Dorham, Doug Watkins, and of course Blakey) believed that the band needed a professional look, and they abandoned jam sessions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rosenthal |first1=David H. |last2=Blakey |first2=Art |date=1986 |title=The Big Beat! |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1215067 |journal=The Black Perspective in Music |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=267–289 |doi=10.2307/1215067 |jstor=1215067 |issn=0090-7790|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
In 1956 Dorham left the band to go out on his own and was replaced by Donald Byrd.<ref name="gourse" /> This group released ''The Jazz Messengers'' on Columbia Records.<ref name="jazzdisco" /><ref name="JMColumbia" /> Later in the year, the original group disbanded, but Blakey retained the Jazz Messengers name for his future groups.<ref name="oxford" /><ref name="psu" />
===The "Second" Messengers (1956–58)=== For a brief period in 1956 Donald Byrd stayed on as a new lineup was formed. It included Kenny Drew, Wilbur Ware, and Ira Sullivan playing tenor sax rather than his main instrument, trumpet. The only recording of this version of the Messengers was two tracks backing up singer Rita Reys on ''The Cool Voice of Rita Reys'' on Columbia.<ref name="jazzdisco" /><ref name="chronology" /><ref name="RitaReys" />
Blakey then formed a new lineup that would prove to be much more stable. The most notable name, at the time, was Jackie McLean. He was only 25, but had already recorded with Miles Davis and Charles Mingus.<ref name="jazzdisco" /> Bill Hardman, Sam Dockery and Jimmy "Spanky" DeBrest complete the group.<ref name="gourse" />{{rp |36}}<ref name="chronology" />
They recorded another record for Columbia: ''Hard Bop''—still under the collective's moniker The Jazz Messengers.<ref name="HardBop" /> They went on to record for several different labels including RCA subsidiary Vik Records, Pacific Jazz, Elektra, Cadet, Jubilee, Bethlehem and a date on Atlantic featuring Thelonious Monk. Over this time the band's name evolved to include Blakey's name, starting with "The Jazz Messengers, featuring Art Blakey" on Ritual,<ref name="Ritual" /> then "Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers" on several records,<ref name="HardDrive"/><ref name="NightInTunisia1" /><ref name="Monk" /> and also "Art Blakey and his Jazz Messengers" on Cu-Bop.<ref name="jazzdisco" /><ref name="CuBop"/>
===Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers (1959–64)=== In 1958, Blakey formed a new lineup with four Philadelphia natives: Lee Morgan, Benny Golson, Bobby Timmons, and Jymie Merritt.<ref name="oxford" /> This marked the beginning of perhaps the most fruitful period of the Jazz Messengers. They returned to Blue Note and the first record—entitled simply ''Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers''—produced their biggest hit: "Moanin'".<ref name="gourse" />{{rp |47}}{{efn|The album is commonly called ''Moanin'', and reissues used that title.<ref name="jazzdisco"/><ref name="oxford" />}} It featured two more songs which would become Messengers classics, and jazz classics as well: "Blues March" and "Along Came Betty" by Benny Golson.<ref name="academy" /><ref name="oxford" /><ref name="Moanin" />
Golson left the band in 1959 after a European tour (which produced live albums and a film soundtrack on Fontana Records and French RCA)<ref name="ParisOlympia58" /><ref name="desfemme"/><ref name="stgermain"/> to be replaced, briefly, by Hank Mobley.<ref name="jazzdisco" /><ref name="chronology" /> Mobley did not accompany the band to a Canadian jazz festival in 1959; Lee Morgan encountered Wayne Shorter at the festival, and he joined the band in Mobley's place.<ref name="academy" /><ref name="chronology" /> This lineup produced several notable recordings, including the second Messenger album, ''A Night in Tunisia''.<ref name="jazzdisco" /><ref name="NightInTunisia2"/>
In 1961 the group expanded to a sextet with the addition of Curtis Fuller.<ref name="ramsay" /> This lineup produced a self-titled album for Impulse! Records.<ref name="gourse"/>{{rp |62}}<ref name="Impulse" /> At the end of that summer, Lee Morgan and Bobby Timmons left and were replaced by Freddie Hubbard and Cedar Walton respectively.<ref name="gourse" />{{rp|63}} This lineup recorded ''Three Blind Mice'' for United Artists<ref name="3BlindMice" /> and two albums for Blue Note: ''Mosaic'' and ''Buhaina's Delight''.<ref name="jazzdisco"/><ref name="Mosaic" /><ref name="Buhainas"/>
In mid-1962 Reggie Workman replaced long-time double bassist Jymie Merritt, who wanted to settle down in Philadelphia.<ref name="gourse"/>{{rp|66}} This version of the group produced three albums for Riverside:<ref name="Caravan"/><ref name="Ugetsu"/><ref name="Kyoto"/> ''Caravan'', ''Ugetsu'', and ''Kyoto''; in addition to another Blue Note<ref name="jazzdisco" /><ref name="FreeForAll"/> under the name ''Free for All''. This lineup stayed together until March 1964, when Lee Morgan rejoined in place of Freddie Hubbard.<ref name="chronology" /> Around this time—the recording date is unknown—the band produced an album from the musical ''Golden Boy'' for the Colpix label with an expanded lineup. This lineup included both Freddie Hubbard and Lee Morgan on trumpet, plus James Spaulding, Charles Davis, Julius Watkins, and Bill Barber.<ref name="jazzdisco" /><ref name="gourse"/>{{rp|71}}<ref name="GoldenBoy"/>
In April 1964, the Jazz Messengers produced their final, new, recording for the Blue Note label: ''Indestructible''.<ref name="jazzdisco" /><ref name="gourse"/>{{rp|71}}<ref name="Indestructible" />
===The "New" Messengers (1964–66)=== In September 1964, Wayne Shorter left the Messengers to join the Miles Davis band that was later called the Second Great Quintet. Lee Morgan enlisted long-time Sun Ra tenor saxophonist John Gilmore to fill in—though it was understood he would return to Sun Ra after a time.<ref name="gourse"/>{{rp|71}} Gilmore brought along fellow Arkestra member Victor Sproles and John Hicks joined on piano.<ref name="chronology"/> The edition of the Messengers would see more quick turnover of members than the previous.
The band signed with Quincy Jones' new Mercury sub-label Limelight Records. This group—still including Curtis Fuller on trombone—recorded the first album for the label: '''S Make It''.<ref name="SMakeIt"/> The band soon reverted to a quintet as Fuller departed. Alto saxophonist Gary Bartz replaced the departing John Gilmore and this quintet—with Freddie Hubbard sitting in alongside Morgan—recorded ''Soul Finger'' for Limelight.<ref name="gourse"/>{{rp|73}}
By January 1966, the band had completely turned over again. Now Chuck Mangione occupied the trumpet chair with Frank Mitchell on tenor sax, Keith Jarrett on piano and Reggie Johnson on bass. This lineup produced the live album ''Buttercorn Lady'' under the moniker ''Art Blakey and the "New" Jazz Messengers''.<ref name="jazzdisco"/><ref name="gourse"/>{{rp|78}}<ref name="Buttercorn" /> While the band continued to perform live, this would be the final Jazz Messengers recording of the decade.<ref name="jazzdisco" />{{efn|Blakey would produce one more, non-Messengers, album for the Limelight label in 1966: ''Hold On, I'm Coming (album)''.<ref name="jazzdisco"/><ref name="holdon" />}}
===The Fallow Decade (1966–76)=== The late 1960s saw the ascendance of rock music in popular culture, and the jazz world was experimenting with free jazz and jazz fusion, styles Blakey did not care for.<ref name="drummerworld" /><ref name="gourse"/>{{rp|91–93}} It was difficult for Blakey to maintain a steady lineup for the Messengers, during this period, and even more difficult to produce recordings. Between 1966 and 1972, the Messengers produced only a single official record: ''Jazz Messengers '70'', a live date in Tokyo. This particular lineup included Bill Hardman, Carlos Garnett, Joanne Brackeen and Jan Arnet.<ref name="jazzdisco" />
Blakey kept the Messengers working during this period—particularly abroad in Europe and Japan where they maintained their popularity. But the lineups were fluid, with several musicians rotating through based on who was available for the particular engagement. In various combinations, between 1966 and 1972 the band included trumpet players Woody Shaw and Randy Brecker{{efn|While Brecker's tenure is confirmed by multiple sources, it must have been quite short; likely a few months in 1969.<ref name=gourse/>{{rp|82}}<ref name="chronology"/>}} in addition to Hardman; saxophonists Garnett, Mitchell, Billy Harper and Ramon Morris; and trombonists Slide Hampton and Julian Priester. The piano chair saw the greatest turnover. After Jarrett, pianists included Mike Nock, Lonnie Liston Smith, Chick Corea, McCoy Tyner, Ronnie Mathews, George Cables, Joanne Brackeen, Albert Dailey, plus occasionally veterans John Hicks, Cedar Walton, and Walter Davis Jr. Bassists included Juni Booth, Buster Williams, Larry Evans, Scotty Holt, Arnet, and Mickey Bass.<ref name="feather"/><ref name="jazzdisco"/><ref name="chronology"/>
In 1972 the Messengers were signed to Prestige Records and produced three albums. ''Child's Dance'' featured pieces from two recording sessions on 1972, with different, expanded, and somewhat overlapping lineups. The regular Messengers on the album were Woody Shaw; Ramon Morris; John Hicks, Walter Davis Jr. and George Cables on both acoustic and electric pianos; and Mickey Bass. The band was augmented by Buddy Terry (soprano sax), Manny Boyd (flute), Michael Howard (guitar), Stanley Clarke (electric bass), and percussionists Nathaniel Bettis, Sonny Morgan, Pablo Landrum, Emmanuel Rahim and Ray Mantilla for different tunes across the two sessions.<ref name="jazzdisco" /><ref name="childsdance"/>
In 1973, a regular lineup of Woody Shaw, newcomer Carter Jefferson, Cedar Walton, and Mickey Bass recorded two more Prestige albums: ''Anthenagin'' and ''Buhaina''. Conga player Tony Waters appears on ''Anthenagin'' and trombonist Steve Turre appears on ''Buhaina''.<ref name="jazzdisco" /><ref name="anthenagin"/><ref name="buhaina"/>
Blakey struggled to keep the band going the next three years. Only one recording—a 1975 collaboration with Sonny Stitt called ''In Walked Sonny'' on the Swedish Sonet label—was produced between 1973 and 1976. That album included long time trumpet stalwart Bill Hardman again occupying the trumpet chair. David Schnitter was now on tenor sax and would stay with the Messengers for some time to come. Walter Davis Jr. was back on piano, and the new bassist was Isao Suzuki. The Messengers were still popular in Japan, and travelled there annually. Hardman and Schnitter were constants throughout this period. Pianists also included Albert Dailey and Mickey Tucker and bassists after Suzuki included Cameron Brown and Chris Amberger.<ref name="jazzdisco"/><ref name="gourse"/>{{rp|200–202}}<ref name="chronology"/>
===Messengers rejuvenation (1976–90)=== thumb|right|300px|In 1985. In 1976, the Messengers recorded a record for Roulette – Backgammon—featuring Hardman, Schnitter, Dailey and Suzuki.<ref name="jazzdisco"/><ref name="backgammon"/> In that year Blakey began a professional relationship with Wim Wigt, a Dutch music booker and owner of the Timeless label. Wigt booked the Messengers throughout Europe.<ref name="gourse"/>{{rp|202}} A second record for Roulette followed, featuring Schnitter, Walter Davis Jr. and newcomers Valery Ponomarev, Bobby Watson, and Dennis Irwin.<ref name="jazzdisco"/><ref name="gypsy"/> From this point the lineups began to stabilize as the band worked more regularly.
In October 1977, Blakey hired a new, regular, pianist: James Williams. This group (Ponomarev, Watson, Schnitter, Willams and Irwin) recorded ''In My Prime Vol. 1'' in November 1977 for Wigt's Timeless label. In 1978 they recorded ''In This Korner'' for Concord Jazz and ''In My Prime Vol. 2'' and ''Reflections in Blue'' for Timeless. In February 1979, they recorded the third Messengers album entitled ''Night in Tunisia'' for Philips. In November 1979 they recorded ''One by One'', a live album in Italy, for the Italian Palcoscenico label.<ref name="jazzdisco"/><ref name="gourse"/>{{rp|104–106}}
In 1979, Blakey decided to assemble an 11-piece "big band" to take on a European tour in 1980. This band was unique in that it included two sets of brothers: Wynton and Branford Marsalis and Robin and Kevin Eubanks, and that the group had the first guitarist that Blakey ever hired, Bobby Broom. The young musicians were cultivated by playing in the smaller Jazz Messengers combo around New York City through 1979. Broom left the group before the 1980 tour. These would be Ponomarev's last appearances with the Messengers. While Watson and Williams continued with the Messengers, David Schnitter was replaced by Bill Pierce and Dennis Irwin was replaced by Charles Fambrough. This band also featured a second drummer: John Ramsay.<ref name="ramsay"/> ''Live at Montreux and Northsea'' by the Jazz Messengers Big Band was recorded at the Northsea and Montreux Jazz Festivals by Timeless.<ref name="chronology"/><ref name="JMBigBand"/>
The regular working sextet that emerged from this European tour now included Wynton Marsalis, Bobby Watson, Bill Pierce, James Williams and Charles Fambrough. This group produced ''Art Blakey in Sweden'' on the Amigo label, ''Album of the Year'' on Timeless and ''Straight Ahead'' on the Concord Jazz imprint—all in early 1981.<ref name="jazzdisco"/>
When Branford Marsalis graduated from the Berklee College of Music in 1981, he joined his brother in place of Bobby Watson. Donald Brown replaced James Williams at this time as well.{{efn|Wallace Roney filled in on trumpet while Wynton Marsalis took a leave of absence in the summer of 1981.<ref name="gourse"/>{{rp|131}}<ref name="Marsalis"/>}} In January 1982 this lineup produced Keystone 3, the third live album recorded by the band at Keystone Korner in San Francisco.<ref name="jazzdisco"/><ref name="keystone3"/>
Wynton Marsalis' star was rising quickly. He and his brother Branford left to form their own band in early 1982.<ref name="gourse"/>{{rp|136}} Due to Donald Brown's struggles with arthritis, he left the band at this time as well.<ref name="gourse"/>{{rp|137}}<ref name="chronology"/> The new lineup was Terence Blanchard and Donald Harrison on the front line, and Johnny O'Neal on piano, joining Pierce and Fambrough. This lineup recorded ''Oh-By the Way'' for Timeless in 1982.<ref name="gourse"/>{{rp|137}} The band turned over gradually over the next year. Pierce left to begin teaching at Berklee in September 1982. He was replaced by Jean Toussaint. Fambrough left in mid-1983 to be replaced by Lonnie Plaxico. And Mulgrew Miller took over for Johnny O'Neal in 1984.<ref name="chronology"/>
This new lineup – Blanchard, Donald Harrison, Toussaint, Miller, and Plaxico—stayed together throughout 1985, into 1986. They recorded ''New York Scene'' in 1984 and ''Live at Kimball's'' in 1985, both for Concord Jazz. A live date from Ronnie Scott's in London also appeared.<ref name="jazzdisco"/><ref name="gourse"/>{{rp|139,147}}
Blanchard and Harrison formed their own band in mid-1986. They were replaced by Wallace Roney and Kenny Garrett, respectively. Tim Williams was also added on trombone. This group recorded the ''Feeling Good'' album for Delos.<ref name="chronology"/><ref name="feeling_good"/>
By the end of 1987 the band had turned over once again. Philip Harper was the new trumpet player, Javon Jackson joined on tenor, and Robin Eubanks returned on trombone. The new pianist was Benny Green and Peter Washington was the bassist.<ref name="chronology"/> This lineup recorded ''Not Yet'' and ''I Get a Kick Out of Bu'' (with Leon Dorsey replacing Washington on bass), both for Soul Note in 1988.<ref name="jazzdisco"/><ref name="Kick"/>
In 1989, what became the final Jazz Messengers lineup was established: Brian Lynch on trumpet, Javon Jackson and Dale Barlow on tenors, Steve Davis and/or Frank Lacy on trombone, Geoff Keezer on piano and Essiet Okon Essiet on bass.<ref name="feather"/> This final group recorded the final Messengers album, ''One for All'' (1990), on A&M Records.<ref name="OneForAll"/> In October 1989, the group played a special concert at the Leverkusen Jazz Festival in Germany to celebrate Blakey's 70th birthday with many invited guests, including Freddie Hubbard, Terence Blanchard, Donald Harrison, Jackie McLean, Wayne Shorter, Benny Golson, Curtis Fuller, Walter Davis Jr., Buster Williams and Roy Haynes, with Michele Hendricks singing a song composed for the occasion by Horace Silver.<ref name="gourse"/>{{rp|151}}<ref name="ArtOfJazzReview"/>
==Discography== {{Main|The Jazz Messengers discography}} * [https://jazzmessengers.web.fc2.com/index.html The Jazz Messengers Discography by Jimita] * [http://jazzmessengers.s325.xrea.com/index.html The Jazz Messengers Discography by Jimita (mirror)]
==Former members== {{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* Dale Barlow * Gary Bartz * Mickey Bass * Art Blakey * Terence Blanchard * Joanne Brackeen * Randy Brecker * Cameron Brown * Donald Brown * Bobby Broom * Donald Byrd * George Cables * Buck Clarke * Chick Corea * Steve Davis * Walter Davis Jr. * Spanky DeBrest * Sam Dockery * Kenny Dorham * Robin Eubanks * Charles Fambrough * Curtis Fuller * Carlos Garnett * Kenny Garrett * John Gilmore * Benny Golson * Benny Green * Johnny Griffin * Bill Hardman * Donald Harrison * Billy Harper * Philip Harper * John Hicks * Freddie Hubbard * Dennis Irwin * Javon Jackson * Keith Jarrett * Carter Jefferson * Geoffrey Keezer * Frank Lacy * Brian Lynch * Chuck Mangione * Wynton Marsalis * Branford Marsalis * Jackie McLean * Jymie Merritt * Mulgrew Miller * Hank Mobley * Lee Morgan * Mike Nock * Johnny O'Neal * Essiet Okon Essiet * Billy Pierce * Lonnie Plaxico * Valery Ponomarev * Wallace Roney * Gregory Charles Royal * David Schnitter * Woody Shaw * Clarence Seay * Wayne Shorter * Horace Silver * Victor Sproles * Bobby Timmons * Jean Toussaint * McCoy Tyner * Cedar Walton * Peter Washington * Doug Watkins * Bobby Watson * James Williams * Reggie Workman {{end div col}} <br />
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till:08/08/1961 color:Piano bar:Morgan from:10/30/1958 till:08/08/1961 color:Trumpet bar:Merritt from:10/30/1958 till:10/12/1962 color:Bass bar:Mobley from:03/08/1959 till:07/24/1959 color:Tenor bar:Shorter from:08/01/1959 till:08/17/1964 color:Tenor bar:Davis from:11/03/1959 till:02/18/1961 color:Piano bar:Fuller from:07/02/1961 till:12/31/1964 color:Trombone bar:Hubbard from:08/08/1961 till:03/10/1964 color:Trumpet bar:Walton from:08/08/1961 till:10/01/1964 color:Piano bar:Workman from:10/12/1962 till:10/21/1964 color:Bass bar:Morgan from:03/10/1964 till:08/13/1965 color:Trumpet bar:Hicks from:10/01/1964 till:09/09/1965 color:Piano bar:Gilmore from:10/21/1964 till:08/13/1965 color:Tenor bar:Sproles from:10/21/1964 till:11/08/1965 color:Bass bar:Bartz from:05/12/1965 till:11/09/1965 color:Alto bar:Mangione from:11/09/1965 till:02/07/1967 color:Trumpet bar:Mitchell from:11/09/1965 till:05/01/1967 color:Tenor bar:Smith from:11/09/1965 till:01/01/1966 color:Piano bar:Johnson from:11/09/1965 till:08/14/1966 color:Bass bar:Jarrett from:01/01/1966 till:02/16/1966 color:Piano bar:Nock from:02/16/1966 till:04/02/1966 color:Piano bar:Smith from:04/02/1966 till:05/07/1966 color:Piano bar:Corea from:05/07/1966 till:10/15/1966 color:Piano bar:Booth from:08/14/1966 till:02/07/1968 color:Bass bar:Tyner from:10/15/1966 till:02/07/1968 color:Piano bar:Hardman from:02/07/1967 till:04/15/1969 color:Trumpet bar:Harper from:07/25/1967 till:04/15/1969 color:Tenor bar:Hampton from:07/25/1967 till:02/07/1968 color:Trombone bar:Priester from:02/07/1968 till:04/15/1969 color:Trombone bar:Mathews from:02/07/1968 till:04/15/1969 color:Piano bar:Evans from:02/07/1968 till:04/15/1969 color:Bass bar:Shaw from:04/15/1969 till:01/05/1970 color:Trumpet bar:Garnett from:04/15/1969 till:01/04/1971 color:Tenor bar:Cables from:04/15/1969 till:01/05/1970 color:Piano bar:Holt from:04/15/1969 till:07/05/1969 color:Bass bar:Arnet from:07/05/1969 till:09/11/1970 color:Bass bar:Hardman from:01/05/1970 till:07/23/1972 color:Trumpet bar:Brackeen from:01/05/1970 till:03/23/1972 color:Piano bar:Morris from:01/04/1971 till:06/26/1973 color:Tenor bar:Shaw from:03/23/1972 till:05/03/1973 color:Trumpet bar:Clarke from:05/23/1972 till:03/26/1973 color:Bass bar:Cables from:07/28/1972 till:03/26/1973 color:Piano bar:Jefferson from:03/26/1973 till:01/03/1975 color:Tenor bar:Walton from:03/26/1973 till:01/03/1975 color:Piano bar:Bass from:03/26/1973 till:01/03/1975 color:Bass bar:Henderson from:07/04/1973 till:01/03/1975 color:Trumpet bar:Hardman from:01/03/1975 till:02/14/1977 color:Trumpet bar:Schnitter from:01/03/1975 till:03/11/1980 color:Tenor bar:Mathews from:01/03/1975 till:07/19/1976 color:Piano bar:Suzuki from:01/03/1976 till:07/19/1976 color:Bass bar:MTucker from:07/19/1976 till:07/14/1977 color:Piano bar:Amberger from:07/19/1976 till:08/05/1976 color:Bass bar:Brown from:08/05/1976 till:07/14/1977 color:Bass bar:Ponomarev from:02/14/1977 till:08/26/1980 color:Trumpet bar:Watson from:02/14/1977 till:11/06/1981 color:Alto bar:Davis from:02/14/1977 till:11/01/1977 color:Piano bar:Irwin from:02/14/1977 till:03/11/1980 color:Bass bar:Williams from:11/01/1977 till:07/12/1981 color:Piano bar:Pierce from:03/11/1980 till:08/31/1982 color:Tenor bar:Fambrough from:03/11/1980 till:07/08/1983 color:Bass bar:WMarsalis from:06/21/1980 till:08/01/1981 color:Trumpet bar:REubanks from:06/21/1980 till:08/01/1980 color:Trombone bar:BMarsalis from:06/21/1980 till:08/01/1980 color:Alto bar:KEubanks from:06/21/1980 till:08/01/1980 color:Guitar bar:DBrown from:07/02/1981 till:04/01/1982 color:Piano bar:Roney from:08/01/1981 till:01/01/1982 color:Trumpet bar:BMarsalis from:07/07/1981 till:04/01/1982 color:Alto bar:WMarsalis from:01/01/1982 till:04/01/1982 color:Trumpet bar:Blanchard from:04/01/1982 till:05/11/1986 color:Trumpet bar:Harrison from:04/01/1982 till:05/11/1986 color:Alto bar:ONeal from:04/01/1982 till:05/08/1984 color:Piano bar:Toussaint from:09/01/1982 till:05/03/1987 color:Tenor bar:Plaxico from:07/08/1982 till:05/11/1986 color:Bass bar:Miller from:05/08/1984 till:05/11/1986 color:Piano bar:TWilliams from:03/09/1986 till:05/03/1987 color:Trombone bar:Roney from:05/11/1986 till:05/03/1987 color:Trumpet bar:Garrett from:05/11/1986 till:07/02/1987 color:Alto bar:DBrown from:05/11/1986 till:05/03/1987 color:Piano bar:Washington from:05/11/1986 till:02/12/1989 color:Bass bar:PHarper from:05/03/1987 till:12/20/1988 color:Trumpet bar:Jackson from:05/03/1987 till:end color:Tenor bar:BGreen from:05/03/1987 till:12/29/1989 color:Piano bar:REubanks from:08/28/1987 till:02/12/1989 color:Trombone bar:Lynch from:12/20/1988 till:end color:Trumpet bar:Lacy from:02/12/1989 till:end color:Trombone bar:Essiet from:02/12/1989 till:end color:Bass bar:SDavis from:02/01/1990 till:end color:Trombone bar:Barlow from:02/01/1990 till:end color:Tenor bar:Keezer from:02/01/1990 till:end color:Piano bar:sep1 $Separator bar:sep2 $Separator bar:sep3 $Separator bar:sep4 $Separator bar:sep5 $Separator bar:sep6 $Separator bar:sep7 $Separator bar:sep8 $Separator bar:sep9 $Separator bar:sep10 $Separator bar:sep11 $Separator bar:sep12 $Separator bar:sep13 $Separator bar:sep14 $Separator bar:sep15 $Separator bar:sep16 $Separator bar:sep17 $Separator bar:sep18 $Separator
</timeline> {{hidden end}}
==Notes== {{notelist}}
== References == {{Reflist|33em|refs= <ref name="feather">{{cite book|last1=Feather|first1=Leonard|last2=Gitler|first2=Ira|title=The Biographical Encyclopedia of Jazz |url=https://archive.org/details/biographicalency00feat|url-access=registration|date=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199729074|page=[https://archive.org/details/biographicalency00feat/page/65 65]}}</ref> <ref name="bio">{{cite web|title=Art Blakey Biography|url=http://www.biography.com/people/art-blakey-9214586 | website = Biography |access-date=September 16, 2014}}</ref> <ref name="Britannica">{{cite web|title=Art Blakey|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/68828/Art-Blakey | website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=September 16, 2014}}</ref> <ref name="allaboutjazz">{{cite web|title=Art Blakey|url=http://musicians.allaboutjazz.com/artblakey#.UT1UM9anB5Y| website=All About Jazz |access-date=September 16, 2014}}</ref> <ref name="psu">{{cite web| title = Blakey, Arthur| url = http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Blakey__Art.html| website = PSU| access-date = September 16, 2014| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130910215713/http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Blakey__Art.html| archive-date = September 10, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="chronology">{{cite web|last1=Schwartz|first1=Steve|last2=Fitzgerald|first2=Michael|title=Chronology of Art Blakey (and the Jazz Messengers)|url=https://www.jazzdiscography.com/Artists/Blakey/chron.htm| website = Jazz Discography| access-date = September 16, 2014}}</ref> <ref name="ramsay">{{cite book|last1=Ramsay|first1=John|title=Art Blakey's Jazz Messages|date=1994|publisher=Manhattan Music Publications.|location=Miami, Florida|isbn=0760400091}}</ref> <ref name="gourse">{{cite book|last1=Gourse|first1=Leslie|title=Art Blakey: Jazz Messenger|date=2002|publisher=Schirmer Trade Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0825672729}}</ref> <ref name="nea">{{cite web|title=Art Blakey|url=http://arts.gov/honors/jazz/art-blakey?id=1988_01&type=bio|website=National Endowment for the Arts|access-date=September 16, 2014}}</ref> <ref name="academy">{{cite book|last1=Goldsher|first1=Alan|title=Hard Bop Academy: The Sidemen of Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers|date=2008|publisher=Hal Leonard|location=Milwaukee, Wisconsin|isbn=9780634037931|pages=2–5|edition=1}}</ref> <ref name="allmusic">{{cite web|last1=Kelsey|first1=Chris|title=Art Blakey|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/art-blakey-mn0000928942/biography|website=AllMusic|access-date=September 16, 2014}}</ref> <ref name="oxford">{{cite book|editor1-last=Kirchner|editor1-first=Bill|title=The Oxford Companion to jazz|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0195183592|pages=376–381|edition=Pbk}}</ref> <ref name="jazzdisco">{{cite web|title=Art Blakey Discography|url=https://www.jazzdisco.org/art-blakey/discography/|website=JazzDisco.org]|access-date=September 17, 2014}}</ref> <ref name="drummerworld">{{cite web|title=Art Blakey|url=http://www.drummerworld.com/drummers/Art_Blakey.html|website=DrummerWorld|access-date=September 16, 2014}}</ref> <ref name="pbs">{{cite web|title=Art Blakey|url=https://www.pbs.org/jazz/biography/artist_id_blakey_art.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010216105253/http://www.pbs.org/jazz/biography/artist_id_blakey_art.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 16, 2001|website=PBS|access-date=September 16, 2014}}</ref> <ref name="taylor">{{cite book|last1=Taylor|first1=Arthur|title=Notes and Tones: Musician-to-Musician Interviews|date=1993|publisher=Da Capo Press|location=New York|isbn=030680526X}}</ref>
<!-- recordings --> <ref name="BirdlandVol1">{{cite AV media|people=Art Blakey Quintet|year=1954|title=A Night at Birdland Vol. 1|medium=10" LP record|publisher=Blue Note Records|version=BLP 5037}}</ref> <ref name="BirdlandVol3">{{cite AV media|people=Art Blakey Quintet|year=1954|title=A Night at Birdland Vol. 3|medium=CD/ 10" LP record|publisher=Blue Note Records|version=BLP 5039/CDP 7243 5 32147 2 2}}</ref> <ref name="CafeBohemia1">{{cite AV media notes|last=Feather|first=Leonard|others=The Jazz Messengers|year=1955|title=At the Cafe Bohemia, Vol. 1|type=liner notes|publisher=Blue Note Records|version=BLP 1508}}</ref> <ref name="SilverJM">{{cite AV media notes|last=Gitler|first=Ira|others=Horace Silver and the Jazz Messengers|year=1955|title=Horace Silver and the Jazz Messengers|type=liner notes|publisher=Blue Note Records|version=BLP 1518}}</ref> <ref name="JMColumbia">{{cite AV media notes|last=Avakian|first=George|others=The Jazz Messengers|year=1956|title=The Jazz Messengers|type=liner notes|publisher=Columbia Records|version=CL 897}}</ref> <ref name="RitaReys">{{cite AV media notes|last=Avakian|first=George|others=Reys, Rita, The Wes Ilcken Combo, The Jazz Messengers|year=1956|title=The Cool Voice of Rita Reys|type=liner notes|publisher=Columbia Records|version=CL 903}}</ref> <ref name="HardBop">{{cite AV media notes|last=Hentoff|first=Nat|others=The Jazz Messengers|year=1956|title=Hard Bop|type=liner notes|publisher=Columbia Records|version=CL 1040}}</ref> <ref name="Ritual">{{cite AV media notes|last=Michel|first=Ed|others=The Jazz Messengers; Blakey, Art|year=1957|title=Ritual: The Jazz Messengers featuring Art Blakey|type=liner notes|publisher=Pacific Jazz Records|version=PJM 402}}</ref> <ref name="Monk">{{cite AV media notes|last=Williams|first=Martin|others=Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers; Monk, Thelonious|year=1958|title=Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers with Thelonious Monk|type=liner notes|publisher=Atlantic Records|version=1278}}</ref> <ref name="HardDrive">{{cite AV media notes|last=Hentoff|first=Nat|others=Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers|year=1957|title=Hard Drive|type=liner notes|publisher=Bethlehem Records|version=BCP 6023}}</ref> <ref name="NightInTunisia1">{{cite AV media notes|last=Hentoff|first=Nat|others=Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers|year=1958|title=A Night in Tunisia|type=liner notes|publisher=Vik Records|version=LAX 1115}}</ref> <ref name="CuBop">{{cite AV media notes|last=Hentoff|first=Nat|others=Art Blakey and his Jazz Messengers; Sabu|year=1957|title=Cu-Bop|type=liner notes|publisher=Jubilee Records|version=JLP 1049}}</ref> <ref name="Moanin">{{cite AV media notes|last=Feather|first=Leonard|others=Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers|year=1958|title=Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers|type=liner notes|publisher=Blue Note Records|version=BLP 4003}}</ref> <ref name="ParisOlympia58">{{cite AV media notes|last=Romano|first=Marcel|others=Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers|year=1959|title=Olympia Concert|type=liner notes|publisher=Fontana Records|version=680 202}}</ref> <ref name="desfemme">{{cite AV media notes|others=The Jazz Messengers|year=1959|title=des femmes disparaissent|type=liner notes|publisher=Fontana Records|version=660 224}}</ref> <ref name="stgermain">{{cite AV media notes|others=Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers|year=1959|title=Art Blakey et les Jazz-Messengers au Club St. Germain, Vol. 1|type=liner notes|publisher=RCA Records (France)|version=430.043}}</ref> <ref name="NightInTunisia2">{{cite AV media notes|last=Gardner|first=Barbara J.|others=Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers|year=1960|title=A Night in Tunisia|type=liner notes|publisher=Blue Note Records|version=BLP 4049}}</ref> <ref name="Impulse">{{cite AV media notes|last=Katz|first=Dick|others=Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers|year=1961|title=Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers|type=liner notes|publisher=Impulse! Records|version=A 7}}</ref> <ref name="Mosaic">{{cite AV media notes|last=Feather|first=Leonard|others=Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers|year=1961|title=Mosaic|type=liner notes|publisher=Blue Note Records|version=BLP 4090}}</ref> <ref name="Buhainas">{{cite AV media notes|last=Feather|first=Leonard|others=Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers|year=1961|title=Buhaina's Delight|type=liner notes|publisher=Blue Note Records|version=BLP 4104}}</ref> <ref name="3BlindMice">{{cite AV media notes|others=Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers|year=1962|title=Three Blind Mice|type=liner notes|publisher=United Artists Records|version=UAJ 14002}}</ref> <ref name="Caravan">{{cite AV media notes|last=Gitler|first=Ira|others=Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers|year=1962|title=Caravan|type=liner notes|publisher=Riverside Records|version=RLP 438}}</ref> <ref name="Ugetsu">{{cite AV media notes|last=Sherman|first=Ed|others=Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers|year=1963|title=Ugetsu|type=liner notes|publisher=Riverside Records|version=RLP 464}}</ref> <ref name="FreeForAll">{{cite AV media notes|last=Hentoff|first=Nat|others=Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers|year=1964|title=Free for All|type=liner notes|publisher=Blue Note Records|version=BLP 4170}}</ref> <ref name="Kyoto">{{cite AV media notes|last=Gitler|first=Ira|others=Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers|year=1964|title=Kyoto|type=liner notes|publisher=Riverside Records|version=RLP 493}}</ref> <ref name="GoldenBoy">{{cite AV media notes|last=Taylor|first=Billy|others=Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers|year=1964|title=Play Selections from the new Musical Golden Boy|type=liner notes|publisher=Colpix Records|version=CP 478}}</ref> <ref name="Indestructible">{{cite AV media notes|last=Feather|first=Leonoard|others=Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers|year=1964|title=Indestructible|type=liner notes|publisher=Blue Note Records|version=BLP 4193}}</ref> <ref name="SMakeIt">{{cite AV media notes|last=Feather|first=Leonard|last2=Blakey|first2=Art|others=Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers|year=1965|title='S Make It|type=liner notes|publisher=Limelight Records|version=LM 82001}}</ref> <ref name="Buttercorn">{{cite AV media notes|others=Art Blakey and the New Jazz Messengers|year=1966|title=Buttercorn Lady|type=liner notes|publisher=Limelight Records|version=LM 82034}}</ref> <ref name="holdon">{{cite AV media notes|last=Cerulli|first=Dom|others=Blakey, Art|year=1966|title=Hold On, I'm Comin'|type=liner notes|publisher=Limelight Records|version=LM 82038}}</ref> <ref name="Marsalis">{{cite AV media notes|last=Crouch|first=Stanley|others=Marsalis, Wynton|year=1982|title=Wynton Marsalis|type=liner notes|publisher=Columbia Records|version=FC 37574}}</ref> <ref name="keystone3">{{cite AV media notes|last=Dorritie|first=Frank|others=Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers|year=1982|title=Keystone 3|type=liner notes|publisher=Concord Jazz|version=CJ 196}}</ref> <ref name="childsdance">{{cite AV media notes|others=Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers|year=1972|title=Child's Dance|type=liner notes|publisher=Prestige Records|version=PR 10076}}</ref> <ref name="anthenagin">{{cite AV media notes|others=Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers|year=1973|title=Anthenagin|type=liner notes|publisher=Prestige Records|version=PR 10076}}</ref> <ref name="buhaina">{{cite AV media notes|others=Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers|year=1973|title=Buhaina|type=liner notes|publisher=Prestige Records|version=PR 10067}}</ref> <ref name="backgammon">{{cite AV media notes|last=Cuscuna|first=Michael|others=Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers|year=1976|title=Backgammon|type=liner notes|publisher=Roulette Records|version=5003}}</ref> <ref name="gypsy">{{cite AV media notes|others=Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers|year=1977|title=Gypsy Folk Tales|type=liner notes|publisher=Roulette Records|version=5008}}</ref> <ref name="JMBigBand">{{cite AV media notes|last=Watson|first=Bobby|others=Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers Big Band|year=1981|title=Live at Montreux and Northsea|type=liner notes|publisher=Timeless Records|version=SJP 150}}</ref> <ref name="feeling_good">{{cite AV media notes|others=Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers|year=1986|title=Feeling Good|type=liner notes|publisher=Delos Records|version=DE 4007}}</ref> <ref name="Kick">{{cite AV media notes|last=Hennessey|first=Mike|author-link=Mike Hennessey|others=Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers|year=1990|title=I Get a Kick Out of Bu|type=liner notes|publisher=Soul Note Records|version=121 155}}</ref> <ref name="ArtOfJazzReview">{{cite web|last1=Yanow|first1=Scott|title=The Art of Jazz|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-art-of-jazz-live-in-leverkusen-mw0000189613|website=Allmusic|access-date=19 October 2014}}</ref> <ref name="OneForAll">{{cite AV media notes|others=Art Blakey & the Jazz Messengers|year=1990|title=One for All|type=liner notes|publisher=A&M Records|version=395 329}}</ref> }}
{{Jazz Messengers}} {{Terence Blanchard}} {{Joanne Brackeen}} {{George Cables}} {{Kenny Garrett}} {{Bill Hardman}} {{John Hicks (pianist)}} {{Wallace Roney}} {{Reggie Workman}} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jazz Messengers}} Category:The Jazz Messengers Category:Hard bop ensembles Category:Musical groups established in 1955 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1990 Category:American organizations established in 1955 Category:1990 disestablishments in the United States