{{short description|Oldest form of comics, where the stories are told in captions below the images}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}} [[File:Toepffer Cryptogame 13.png|300px|thumb|''Histoire de Monsieur Cryptogame'' (1830) by Rodolphe Töpffer, an early example of a text comic. Notice the text underneath the images]] '''Text comics''' or a '''text comic''' is a form of comics where the stories are told in captions below the images and without the use of speech balloons. It is the oldest form of comics and was especially dominant in European comics from the 19th century<ref name="imageandnarrative1">{{cite web|url=http://www.imageandnarrative.be/inarchive/painting/pascal_levevre.htm |title=Image and Narrative – Article |publisher=Imageandnarrative.be |access-date=2015-11-18}}</ref> until the 1950s, after which it gradually lost popularity in favor of comics with speech balloons.

==Definition== A text comic is published as a series of illustrations that can be read as a continuous story. However, within the illustrations themselves no text is used: no speech balloons, no onomatopoeias, no written indications to explain where the action takes place or how much time has passed. In order to understand what is happening in the drawings the reader has to read the captions below each image, where the story is written out in the same style as a novel.

Much like other comics text comics were pre-published in newspapers and weekly comics magazines as a continuous story, told in daily or weekly episodes. When published in book format the comics were sometimes published as actual illustrated novels. In some cases the original text was kept, but only a few drawings were used as illustrations, rather than the entire comic. In the Netherlands text comics were published in small rectangular books, called oblong books, due to the shape of the books.

==History== Text comics are older than balloon comics. Ancient Egyptian wall paintings with hieroglyphs explaining the images are the oldest predecessors. In the late 17th century and early 19th century picture narratives were popular in Western Europe, such as ''Les Grandes Misères de la guerre'' (1633) by Jacques Callot, ''History of the Hellish Popish Plot'' (1682) by Francis Barlow, the cartoons of William Hogarth, Thomas Rowlandson and George Cruikshank.<ref name="google1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RFaCgAAQBAJ&q=comic+captions+told+below+the+illustrations&pg=PA132 |title=Transforming Anthony Trollope: Dispossession, Victorianism and Nineteenth ... |author=Laurence Grove |page=132 |date=13 August 2015 |publisher=Leuven University Press |isbn=9789462700413 |access-date=2015-11-18}}</ref> These images provided visual stories which often placed captions below the images to explain a moral message.

The earliest examples of text comics are the Swiss comics series ''Histoire de Mr. Vieux Bois'' (1827) by Rodolphe Töpffer, the French comics ''Les Travaux d'Hercule'' (1847), ''Trois artistes incompris et mécontents'' (1851), ''Les Dés-agréments d'un voyage d'agrément'' (1851) and ''L'Histoire de la Sainte Russie'' (1854) by Gustave Doré, the German ''Max und Moritz'' (1866) by Wilhelm Busch and the British ''Ally Sloper'' (1867) by Charles Henry Ross and Émilie de Tessier. Töpffer often put considerable effort in the narrative captions of his graphic narratives, which made them just as distinctive and appealing as the drawings. Wilhelm Busch used rhyming couplets in his captions.<ref name="google1"/>

During the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century text comics were the dominant form in Europe. In the United States of America the speech balloon made its entry in comics with 1895's ''The Yellow Kid'' by Richard F. Outcault. Frederick Burr Opper's ''Happy Hooligan'' and ''Alphonse and Gaston'' further popularized the technique.<ref name="imageandnarrative1"/> As speech balloons asked for less text to read and had the advantage of linking the dialogues directly to the characters who were speaking or thinking, they allowed readers to connect better with the stories. By the early 1900s most American newspaper comics had switched to the speech balloon format.<ref name="imageandnarrative1"/>

While speech balloon comics became the norm in the United States, the format didn't always catch on as well in the rest of the world. In Mexico and Argentina speech balloons were adopted very quickly,<ref name="imageandnarrative1"/> while in Europe they remained a rarity until deep in the 1920s. In other parts of Europe, most notably the Netherlands, text comics even remained dominant as late as the early 1960s.<ref name="imageandnarrative1"/> Many European moral guardians looked down upon on comics as low-brow entertainment that made the youth too lazy to read. Christian comics magazines and newspapers closely supervised the content of their publications and preferred text comics, as the format still encouraged children to read actual written texts. They were also ideal to adapt classic novels and guide young readers towards "real" literature. In some instances, foreign balloon comics were simply re-adapted by erasing the balloons and adding captions underneath them. It even happened with the European ''Tintin in the Land of the Soviets'' (1929) by Hergé, which was republished in the French magazine ''Coeurs Vaillants'', but with captions.<ref name="imageandnarrative1"/> Other comics, like ''Pip, Squeak and Wilfred'' by Bertram Lamb, used both speech balloons and captions. Under the Nazi, Fascist and Communist regimes in Western and/or Eastern Europe balloon comics were even banned in favor of comics with captions underneath them.<ref name="imageandnarrative1"/>

The success of ''The Adventures of Tintin'' by Hergé from 1929 on, influenced many other European comics, especially in the Franco-Belgian comics market, to adopt speech balloons. Translations of popular American comics such as ''Mickey Mouse'', ''Donald Duck'', ''Popeye'' throughout the 1930s and especially after the liberation of Europe in 1945 further encouraged the speech balloon format. By the 1960s text comics had lost popularity worldwide and only a few remained.{{fact|date=May 2022}}

==Classic text comics== ===Europe=== ====Belgium==== * ''L' Aventure des Belges/België in Beeld'' by Louis Haché and Georges H. Dumont.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/h/hache_louis.htm|title=Louis Haché|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Les aventures de "Tim" l'écureuil au Far-West'' by Hergé.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swapmeetdave.com/Herge/Fred-and-Mile/fred-mile.htm|title=Fred et Mile, Tom et Milie, Tim the Squirrel Out West by Herge (Tintin). Lesser comic strips, 1931 - 1932. English translations!|website=Swapmeetdave.com|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''The Adventures of Totor'' by Hergé.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/h/herge.htm|title=Hergé|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Bert, de Lustige Trekker'' by Willy Vandersteen.<ref name="auto">Durnez, Erik, "Willy Vandersteen in: ik vier het elke dag, 65", Standaard Uitgeverij, 1978.</ref><ref name="lambiek.net">{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/v/vandersteen.htm|title=Willy Vandersteen|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Flup, Nénesse, Poussette et Cochonnet'' by Hergé (combined text below the images with speech ballons).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bellier.org/flup%201928/vue1.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 December 2015 |archive-date=7 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007153328/http://www.bellier.org/flup%201928/vue1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Jonas en de Wonderwinkel'' by Gommaar Timmermans, aka ''GoT''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/g/got.htm|title=GoT|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Het Kerkelijk Jaar in Beeld'' by Jozef 'Jos' Speybrouck.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/speybrouck_jos.htm|title=Jos Speybrouck|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''M. Coremans au tir national'' (1861) by Félicien Rops.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rops_felicien.htm|title=Félicien Rops|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''De Avonturen van Neus'' by Marc Sleen.<ref name="lambiek.net1">{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/sleen.htm|title=Marc Sleen|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Neuske'' by Marc Sleen.<ref name="lambiek.net1"/> * ''Peerke Sorgeloos'' by Willy Vandersteen.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="lambiek.net"/> * ''Victor Sébastopol'' by Hubuc<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/h/hubuc.htm|title=Hubuc|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> and Jacques Devos.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/d/devos_j.htm|title=Jacques Devos|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref>

====Bulgaria==== * ''Vesel Putniks Balon'' by Vadim Lazarkevich<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/l/lazarkevich_vadim.htm|title=Vadim Lazarkevich|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref>

====Denmark==== * ''Lise og Lasse'' by Henning Dahl Mikkelsen, aka Mik,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/m/mik.htm|title = Mik}}</ref> later continued by Ib Steinaa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/steinaa_ib.htm|title=Ib Steinaa}}</ref> * ''Rasmus Klump'' by Vilhelm Hansen and Carla Hansen.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/h/hansen_vilhelm.htm |title=Vilhelm Hansen &#124; Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2015-11-19}}</ref>

====Finland==== * ''Janne Ankkanen'' by Ola Fogelberg.<ref name="lambiek.net2">{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/f/fogeli.htm|title=Fogeli|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Kieku ja Kaiku'' by Mika Waltari (text) and Asmo Alho (art).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/a/alho_asmo.htm|title=Asmo Alho|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref> * ''Pekka Puupää'' by Ola Fogelberg.<ref name="lambiek.net2"/>

====France==== * ''Arabella'' by Jean Ache.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/a/ache_jean.htm|title=Jean Ache|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Les Aventures de M. Barnichon L'Aéronaute'' by Félix Nadar.<ref name="Félix Nadar">{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/n/nadar.htm|title=Félix Nadar|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Les Aventures de Monsieur Verdreau'' by Louis Morel-Retz, aka Stop.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/m/morel_retz_louis.htm|title=Louis Morel-Retz}}</ref> * ''Bécassine'' by Caumery and Émile-Joseph Porphyre Pinchon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/p/pinchon_ej.htm |title=Émile-Joseph Pinchon &#124; Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2015-11-18}}</ref> * ''Les Dés-agréments d'un voyage d'agrément'' (1851) by Gustave Doré.<ref name="lambiek.net3">{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/d/dore_gustave.htm|title=Gustave Doré|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''La Famille Fenouillard'' by Georges Colomb.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/c/christophe.htm |title=Christophe (French artist Georges Colomb) &#124; Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2015-11-19}}</ref> * ''Les Folies de la Commune'' by Amédée de Noé.<ref name="google1"/> * ''Les Grandes Misères de la guerre'' (1633) by Jacques Callot.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/c/callot_jacques.htm|title=Jacques Callot|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''L'Histoire de la Sainte Russie'' (1854) by Gustave Doré.<ref name="lambiek.net3"/> * ''Histoire de Mr. Tuberculus'' and ''Histoire de Mr. Grenouillet'' (1856) by Timoléon Lobrichon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/l/lobrichon_timoleon.htm|title=Timoléon Lobrichon|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> * ''Ma Maison de Campagne et Mon Architecte'' by Félix Nadar.<ref name="Félix Nadar"/> * ''Les Pieds Nickelés'' by Louis Forton.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/f/forton_louis.htm|title=Louis Forton|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Les Travaux d'Hercule'' (1847) by Gustave Doré.<ref name="lambiek.net3"/> * {{lang|fr|Trois artistes incompris et mécontents}} (1851) by Gustave Doré.<ref name="lambiek.net3"/> * {{lang|fr|Vie publique et privée de mossieu Réac}} by Félix Nadar.<ref name="Félix Nadar"/>

====Germany==== * ''Die Arche Noah'' by Erich Schmitt.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/schmitt-erich.htm|title=Erich Schmitt|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Chi-Chi'' by Heinz Rammelt.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rammelt_heinz.htm|title=Heinz Rammelt|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Der Contibuben'' by Erich Maria Remarque and Hermann Schütz.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/schuetz_hermann.htm|title=Hermann Schütz|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref> * ''Max und Moritz'' by Wilhelm Busch.<ref name="google1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/busch.htm|title=Wilhelm Busch|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Meister Lapp und sein Lehrjunge Pips'' by Carl Reinhardt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/reinhardt_carl.htm|title = Carl Reinhardt}}</ref> * ''Totentanz der Politik'' by Arpad Schmidhammer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/schmidhammer_arpad.htm|title = Arpad Schmidhammer}}</ref> * ''Der Vergebliche Rattenjagd'' by Friedrich Lossow.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/l/lossow_friedrich.htm|title=Friedrich Lossow}}</ref>

====Hungary==== * ''Gömböcz and Csukli'' by János Jankó.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/j/janko_janos.htm|title = János Jankó}}</ref> * ''Hungarian Miska and German Miska. An old fairy tale about a common mule'' by János Jankó.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

====Italy==== * ''Bilbolbul'' by Attilio Mussino.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/m/mussino_a.htm |title=Attilio Mussino &#124; Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |date=22 June 2007 |access-date=2015-11-18}}</ref> * ''Forbiciotto'' by Carlo Squillante.<ref name="lambiek.net4">{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/squillante_carlo.htm|title=Carlo Squillante|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Gennarino Tarantella'' by Carlo Squillante.<ref name="lambiek.net4"/> * ''Italino'' by Antonio Rubino.<ref name="lambiek2">{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rubino_antonio.htm |title=Antonio Rubino &#124; Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |date=1 July 1964 |access-date=2015-11-19}}</ref> * ''Marmittone'' by Bruno Angoletta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/a/angoletta.htm |title=Bruno Angoletta &#124; Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2015-11-19}}</ref> * ''Quadratino'' by Antonio Rubino.<ref name="lambiek2"/> * ''Scarabocchio'' by Carlo Squillante.<ref name="lambiek.net4"/> * ''Signor Bonaventura'' by Sergio Tofano.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/sto.htm |title=Sto (Sergio Tofano) &#124; Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |date=28 October 1973 |access-date=2015-11-19}}</ref> * ''Sor Pampurio'' by Carlo Bisi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/bisi-carlo.htm |title=Carlo Bisi &#124; Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2015-11-19}}</ref>

====Netherlands==== * ''De Avonturen van Pa Pinkelman'' by Godfried Bomans and Carol Voges.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/v/voges_c.htm |title=Carol Voges &#124; Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2015-11-19}}</ref> * ''Bello'' by Marten Toonder.<ref name="lambiek toonder">{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/t/toonder.htm |title=Marten Toonder &#124; Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2015-11-19}}</ref> * ''Birre Beer'' by Phiny Dick<ref name="lambiek phiny">{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/d/dick_p.htm |title=Phiny Dick &#124; Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2018-04-04}}</ref> and Ton Beek.<ref name="lambiek beek">{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/beek.htm |title=Ton Beek &#124; Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2018-04-04}}</ref> * ''Bobo'' by Sergio Cavina,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/c/cavina_sergio.htm|title=Sergio Cavina|website=lambiek.net}}</ref> later continued by Valeria Turati<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/t/turati_valeria.htm|title=Valeria Turati|website=lambiek.net}}</ref> * ''Brommy & Tommy'' by Jan Dirk van Exter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/e/exter_van.htm|title=Jan Dirk van Exter|website=lambiek.net}}</ref> * ''Bulletje en Boonestaak'' by {{ill|A.M. de Jong|nl}} and George van Raemdonck.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/raemdonck.htm |title=George van Raemdonck &#124; Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2017-12-09}}</ref> * ''Dannie ben ik'' by Emile Brumsteede <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/brumsteede_emile.htm|title=Emile Brumsteede}}</ref> * ''Dick Bos'' by Alfred Mazure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/m/mazure_alfred.htm |title=Alfred Mazure &#124; Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2017-12-09}}</ref> * ''Drumpie's Dolle Avonturen'' by A. Reuvers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/reuvers_a.htm |title=A. Reuvers &#124; Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2019-01-15}}</ref> * ''Eric de Noorman'' by Hans G. Kresse.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/k/kresse.htm |title=Hans G. Kresse &#124; Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2017-12-09}}</ref> * ''Flippie Flink'' by Clinge Doorenbos and Louis Raemaekers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/raemaekers_louis.htm |title=Louis Raemaekers &#124; Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2015-11-19}}</ref> * ''Fokkie Flink'' by Henk de Wolf and Joop Geesink.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/g/geesink_joop.htm |title=Joop Geesink &#124; Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2017-12-09}}</ref> * ''Kapitein Rob'' by Pieter Kuhn.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/k/kuhn.htm |title=Pieter Kuhn &#124; Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2015-11-19}}</ref> * ''Kappie'' by Marten Toonder.<ref name="lambiek toonder"/> * ''Koning Hollewijn'' by Marten Toonder.<ref name="lambiek toonder"/> * ''Minter en Hinter'' by Paul Biegel and Dick Vlottes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/v/vlottes.htm |title=Dick Vlottes &#124; Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2015-11-19}}</ref> * ''Mussengang'' by Bert Cornelius.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/c/cornelius_bert.htm|title = Bert Cornelius}}</ref> * ''Olle Kapoen'' by Phiny Dick.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/d/dick_p.htm |title=Phiny Dick &#124; Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2015-11-19}}</ref> * ''Panda'' by Marten Toonder.<ref name="lambiek toonder"/> * ''Paulus De Boskabouter (Paulus the woodgnome)'' by Jean Dulieu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/d/dulieu.htm |title=Jean Dulieu &#124; Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2017-12-09}}</ref> * ''Red Rat'' by Johannes van de Weert.<ref>{{cite web |title=Johannes van de Weert |url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/w/weert_johannes-van-de.htm#:~:text='Redrat'.,booklets%20in%20the%20late%201970s. |website=lambiek.net |access-date=23 May 2024 |date=2 January 2024}}</ref> * ''Spotprent Op De Plannen Tot De Oprichting Van Een Girobank'' by Pieter van Loon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/l/loon_pieter_van.htm|title=Pieter van Loon|website=lambiek.net|access-date=7 August 2022}}</ref> * ''Tante Patent'' by Fiep Westendorp and Annie M.G. Schmidt.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/w/westendorp.htm |title=Fiep Westendorp &#124; Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2017-12-09}}</ref> * ''Tekko Taks'' by Henk Kabos.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/k/kabos.htm |title=Henk Kabos &#124; Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2017-12-09}}</ref> * ''Tom Poes'' by Marten Toonder.<ref name="lambiek toonder"/> * ''Tup en Joep'' by Carol Voges.<ref name="auto1"/> * ''Turks Fruit'' by Dick Matena', a comic strip adaptation of Jan Wolkers' novel ''Turks Fruit'' (''Turkish Delight'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2016/09/13/wolkers-bevroren-in-stijf-lijnenspel-4263954-a1521303|title=Wolkers bevroren in stijf lijnenspel|website=Nrc.nl|date=13 September 2016 |access-date=13 August 2018 |last1=Rijghard |first1=Ron }}</ref> * ''Vader & Zoon'' by Peter van Straaten.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/straaten_van_p.htm |title=Peter van Straaten &#124; Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2015-11-19}}</ref> * ''De Wonderlijke Avonturen van Anna'' by Opland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/o/opland.htm|title=Opland|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''De wonderlijke geschiedenis van Tripje'', ''Yoebje en Achmed'' by Henk Backer.<ref name="lambiek1">{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/backer.htm |title=Henk Backer &#124; Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2015-11-18}}</ref>

====Poland==== * ''Awantury i wybryki małej małpki Fiki-Miki'' by Kornel Makuszyński (text), Marian Walentynowicz (art).<ref name="lambiek.net5">{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/w/walentynowicz_marian.htm|title=Marian Walentynowicz|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Koziołek Matołek'' by Kornel Makuszyński (text), Marian Walentynowicz (art).<ref name="lambiek.net5"/> * ''O Wawelskim Smoku'' by Kornel Makuszyński (text), Marian Walentynowicz (art).<ref name="lambiek.net5"/> * ''Wanda leży w naszej ziemi'' by Kornel Makuszyński (text), Marian Walentynowicz (art).<ref name="lambiek.net5"/>

====Portugal==== * ''Aventuras sentimentais e dramáticas do senhor Simplício Baptista'' by Francisco Augusto Noguiera da Silva, aka ''Flora''<ref name="lambiek.net6">{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/n/nogueira_da_silva.htm|title=Francisco Augusto Nogueira da Silva|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Index da Physiologia'' by Francisco Augusto Noguiera da Silva.<ref name="lambiek.net6"/> * ''As Quatro Luas do Matrimónio'' by Francisco Augusto Noguiera da Silva.<ref name="lambiek.net6"/>

====Sweden==== * ''Jocke, Nicke, Majken'' by Petter Lindroth, aka Per Lindroth <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/l/lindroth_petter.htm|title = Petter Lindroth}}</ref> * ''Spara och Slösa'' by Birgitta Lilliehöök<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/l/lilliehook_birgitta.htm |title=Birgitta Lilliehöök &#124; Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |date=15 October 2010 |access-date=2015-11-19}}</ref> * ''Trisse och Trisselna'' by Lucie Lundberg:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/l/lundberg_lucie.htm|title=Lucie Lundberg|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref>

====Switzerland==== * ''Histoire de Mr. Vieux Bois'' by Rodolphe Töpffer<ref name="google1"/> * ''Papa Moll'' by Jürg Lendemann and Rolf Meier.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/roloff.htm|title=Roloff|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref>

====Turkey==== * ''Amcabey'' by Cemal Nadir Güler.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/n/nadir_guler_cemal.htm|title = Cemal Nadir Güler}}</ref> * ''Çetin Kaptan'' by Ercüment Kalmik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/k/kalmik_ercument.htm|title = Ercüment Kalmik}}</ref> * ''Efruz Bey'' by Cemal Nadir Güler.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> * ''Pazar Ola Hasan Bey'' by Orhan Ural.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/u/ural_orhan.htm|title=Orhan Ural}}</ref>

====United Kingdom==== The British comics magazines ''Jack and Jill'' and ''Playhour'' published most of its comics in text comic format.

* ''The Adventures of Miss Lavinia Brounjones'' by Charles Keene.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/k/keene_charles.htm|title=Charles Keene|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Ally Sloper'' by Charles H. Ross<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/ross_charles.htm|title=Charles Ross|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> and Marie Duval (Emilie de Tessier)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/d/duval_marie.htm|title=Marie Duval|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Billy Bimbo and Peter Porker'' by Harry Folkard.<ref name="lambiek.net7">{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/f/folkard_harry.htm|title=Harry Folkard|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''The Bunty's Boys'' by Herbert Sydney Foxwell (combined text comics with speech balloons).<ref name="lambiek.net8">{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/f/foxwell_herbert.htm|title=Herbert Sydney Foxwell|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Casey Court'' by Julius Stafford Baker II.<ref name="lambiek.net9">{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/baker_js.htm|title=Julius Stafford Baker (II)|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Freddie the Frog'' by Peter Woolcock,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/w/woolcock_peter.htm|title=Peter Woolcock|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> Jim Turnbull<ref name="lambiek.net10">{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/t/turnbull_jim.htm|title=Jim Turnbull|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> Antonio Lupatelli<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/l/lupatelli_antonio.htm|title=Antonio Lupatelli|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> Sergio Asteriti.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/a/asteriti_sergio.htm|title=Sergio Asteriti|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> and Gordon Hutchings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/h/hutchings_gordon.htm|title=Gordon Hutchings|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Gulliver Guinea-Pig'' by Philip Mendoza,<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/m/mendoza_philip.htm|title = Philip Mendoza}}</ref> continued by Gordon Hutchings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/h/hutchings_gordon.htm|title=Gordon Hutchings}}</ref> * ''Homeless Hector'' by Bertie Brown (a combination of text comics with balloon comics).<ref name="lambiek.net11">{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/brown-bertie.htm|title=Bertie Brown|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''The Horrid Popish Plot'' by Francis Barlow, a 1682 picture story which combined the text comics format with speech balloons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/barlow_francis.htm|title=Francis Barlow|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Jimmy and his Magic Patch'' by Dudley D. Watkins.<ref name="lambiek.net12">{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/w/watkins_dudley.htm|title=Dudley D. Watkins|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Jungle Jinks'' by Arthur White.<ref name="lambiek.net13">{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/w/white_arthur.htm|title=Arthur White|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> and Mabel Francis Taylor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/t/taylor_mabel_f.htm|title=Mabel F. Taylor|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Katie Country Mouse'' by Philip Mendoza.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> * ''Magical Mystery Tour'' by Bob Gibson, a text comic based on the 1967 TV film ''Magical Mystery Tour'', available inside the sleeve of the soundtrack album.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/g/gibson_bob.htm|title=Bob Gibson|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''The Merry Tales of Mimi and Marny'' by Jim Turnbull.<ref name="lambiek.net10"/> * ''Mr. Crindle's Rapid Career Upon Town'' by Henry George Hine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/h/hine_henry_george.htm|title=Henry George Hine|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Morgyn the Mighty'' by Dudley D. Watkins (started out as a text comic when it debuted in 1928, but was turned into a balloon comic when Watkins republished it a decade later in ''The Beano'').<ref name="lambiek.net12"/> * ''Mr. Spoonbill'' by John Tenniel.<ref name="lambiek.net14">{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/t/tenniel_john.htm|title=John Tenniel|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Peter Piper'' by John Tenniel.<ref name="lambiek.net14"/> * ''Pip, Squeak and Wilfred'' by Bertram Lamb and Austin Bowen Payne (combined text balloons with captions below the images.)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/p/payne_ab.htm|title=Austin Bowen Payne|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Princess Petal'' by Philip Mendoza.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> * ''Rupert Bear'' by Mary Tourtel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/t/tourtel.htm|title=Mary Tourtel|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Rupert the Chick'' by Arthur White.<ref name="lambiek.net13"/> * ''Smiler and Smudge'' by Bertie Brown (a combination of text comics with balloon comics).<ref name="lambiek.net11"/> * ''Tall Thomas and Butterball'' by H. O'Neill.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/o/o-neill_h.htm|title=H. O'Neill|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Teddy Tail'' by Charles Folkard,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/f/folkard_charles.htm|title=Charles James Folkard|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> Harry Folkard<ref name="lambiek.net7"/> Herbert Sidney Foxwell,<ref name="lambiek.net8"/> Arthur Potts,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/p/potts_arthur.htm|title=Arthur Potts|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> William St. John Glenn.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/g/glenn_bill.htm|title=Bill Glenn|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Those Terrible Twins'' (1898-1900) by Frank Holland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/h/holland-frank.htm|title=Frank Holland|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Tiger Tim'' by Julius Stafford Baker II.<ref name="lambiek.net9"/> and Herbert Sydney Foxwell.<ref name="lambiek.net8"/> (During its original run it combined the text comics format with speech balloons). * ''The Tooth-Ache'' by Horace Mayhew and George Cruikshank.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/c/cruikshank_george.htm|title = George Cruikshank}}</ref> * ''Weary Willy and Tired Tim'' by Tom Browne.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/browne_tom.htm|title=Tom Browne|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Winifred and Stephanie'' by Philip Mendoza.<ref name="ReferenceC"/>

===North America=== ====Canada==== * ''The Brownies'' by Palmer Cox.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/c/cox-palmer.htm|title=Palmer Cox|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref>

====United States==== * ''The Doubtful Guest'' by Edward Gorey<ref name="lambiek.net15">{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/g/gorey_edward.htm|title=Edward Gorey|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Flora Flirt'' by Katharine P. Rice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rice_katharine_p.htm|title=Katharine P. Rice}}</ref> * ''Foxy Grandpa'' by Carl E. Schultze<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/schultze_carl.htm|title=Carl Emil Schultze|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''The Gashlycrumb Tinies'' by Edward Gorey<ref name="lambiek.net15"/> * ''Gretchen Gratz'' by Inez Townsend (British-born artist, later moved to the United States) <ref name="ReferenceD">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/t/townsend_inez.htm|title=Inez Townsend}}</ref> * ''Illustrated Sunday School Lesson'' by Alfred J. Buescher<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/buescher_alfred-j.htm|title=Alfred J. Buescher|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> (written by Reverend Alvin E. Bell, Newman Campbell and R.H. Ramsay) * ''Jack Daw's Adventures'' by Leslie Elton<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/e/elton_leslie.htm|title=Leslie Elton|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Mr. Tweedy'' by Ned Riddle <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/riddle_ned.htm|title=Ned Riddle}}</ref> * ''Nervy Nat'' by James Montgomery Flagg<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/f/flagg_jm.htm|title=James Montgomery Flagg|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> and Arthur Lewis<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/l/lewis_arthur.htm|title=Arthur Lewis|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Prince Valiant'' by Hal Foster<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/f/foster_hal.htm|title=Hal Foster|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Snooks and Snicks, the Mischievous Twins'' by Inez Townsend (British-born artist, later moved to the United States) <ref name="ReferenceD"/> * ''The Spotty Twins'' by Art Bowen (combination of a ballon comic with a text comic).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/bowen_art.htm|title = Art Bowen}}</ref> * ''The Upside Downs of Little Lady Lovekins and Old Man Muffaroo'' by Gustave Verbeek<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/v/verbeck.htm |title=Gustave Verbeck &#124; Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2015-11-19}}</ref> * ''Wee Willie Winkie's World'' by Lyonel Feininger<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/f/feininger_l.htm|title=Lyonel Feininger|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Whisk'' by Walt Kuhn<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/k/kuhn_walt.htm|title=Walt Kuhn|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> * ''Willie Westinghouse Edison Smith, The Boy Inventor'' by Frank Crane (originally started off as a text comic, later became a balloon comic).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/c/crane_frank.htm|title = Frank Crane}}</ref>

===South America=== ====Brazil==== * ''As aventuras de Zé Caipora'' by Angelo Agostini.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/a/agostini_angelo.htm|title=Angelo Agostini|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref>

===Oceania=== ====New Zealand==== * ''Bobby and Betty'' by Noel Cook.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/c/cook_noel.htm|title=Noel Cook|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref>

==See also== * Silent comics

==References== {{Reflist}}

{{Comics}}

Category:Text comics Category:Comics genres Category:History of comics Category:Comics formats