Anterior temporal lobectomy

{{Short description|Type of brain surgery}} {{use dmy dates|date=January 2024}} {{Infobox interventions | Name = Anterior temporal lobectomy | Image = | Caption = | ICD10 = | ICD9 = {{ICD9proc|01.53}} | MeshID = D038481 | OPS301 = | OtherCodes = | }} '''Anterior temporal lobectomy''' (ATL) is the complete or partial removal of the anterior portion of the temporal lobe of the brain. The exact boundaries for removal can vary slightly in practice and between neurosurgeons.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Epilepsy surgery, Temporal lobectomy, Vagus Nerve Stimulation |publisher=Cincinnati Ohio Mayfield Brain & Spine|url=https://mayfieldclinic.com/pe-epilepsysurg.htm|access-date=2022-01-20|language=en}}</ref> It is a treatment option for temporal lobe epilepsy for those in whom anticonvulsant medications do not control epileptic seizures, and who have frequent seizures, and who additionally qualify based on a WADA test to localize the dominant hemisphere for language module.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wada Test|url=https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/treating-seizures-and-epilepsy/surgery/tests-surgery/wada-test|access-date=2022-01-20|website=Epilepsy Foundation|language=en}}</ref>

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==Techniques== The techniques for removing temporal lobe tissue vary from resection of large amounts of tissue, including lateral temporal cortex along with medial structures, from using more restricted ATL to more restricted removal of only the medial structures (selective amygdalohippocampectomy).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bonilha|first1=Leonardo|last2=Yasuda|first2=Clarissa Lin|last3=Rorden|first3=Chris|last4=Li|first4=Li M.|last5=Tedeschi|first5=Helder|last6=de Oliveira|first6=Evandro|last7=Cendes|first7=Fernando|date=March 2007|title=Does resection of the medial temporal lobe improve the outcome of temporal lobe epilepsy surgery?|journal=Epilepsia|volume=48|issue=3|pages=571–578|doi=10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00958.x|issn=0013-9580|pmid=17326795|s2cid=25692616|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Anteromedial Temporal Lobectomy|url=https://www.neurosurgicalatlas.com/volumes/epilepsy-surgery/temporal-lobe-surgery/anteromedial-temporal-lobectomy|access-date=2022-01-20|website=Neurosurgical Atlas|language=en}}</ref>

Nearly all reports of seizure outcome following these procedures indicate that the best outcome group includes patients with MRI evidence of mesial temporal sclerosis (hippocampal atrophy with increased T-2 signal). The range of seizure-free outcomes for these patients is reported to be between 80% and 90%, which is typically reported as a sub-set of data within a larger surgical series.<ref name="Engel1996">{{cite journal | vauthors = Engel J | title = Surgery for seizures | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 334 | issue = 10 | pages = 647–652 | date = March 1996 | pmid = 8592530 | doi = 10.1056/nejm199603073341008 }} </ref><ref name="Spencer2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Spencer SS, Berg AT, Vickrey BG, Sperling MR, Bazil CW, Shinnar S, Langfitt JT, Walczak TS, Pacia SV | title = Predicting long-term seizure outcome after resective epilepsy surgery: the multicenter study | journal = Neurology | volume = 65 | issue = 6 | pages = 912–918 | date = September 2005 | pmid = 16186534 | doi = 10.1212/01.wnl.0000176055.45774.71 | s2cid = 24280239 }} </ref>

== Risks and complications == Open surgical procedures such as ATL have inherent risks including damage to the brain (either directly or indirectly by injury to important blood vessels), bleeding (which can require re-operation), blood loss (which can require transfusion), and infection. Furthermore, open procedures require several days of care in the hospital including at least one night in an intensive care unit. Although such treatment can be costly, multiple studies have demonstrated that ATL in patients who have failed at least two anticonvulsant drug trials (thereby meeting the criteria for medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy) has lower mortality, lower morbidity and lower long-term cost in comparison with continued medical therapy without surgical intervention.<ref>{{Cite web|title=anterior_temporal_lobectomy |website=Operative Neurosurgery|url=https://operativeneurosurgery.com/doku.php?id=anterior_temporal_lobectomy|access-date=2022-01-07|language=en}}</ref>

The strongest evidence supporting ATL over continued medical therapy for medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy is a prospective, randomized trial of ATL compared to best medical therapy (anticonvulsants), which convincingly demonstrated that the seizure-free rate after surgery was about 60% as compared to only 8% for the medicine only group.<ref name="Wiebe2001">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wiebe S, Blume WT, Girvin JP, Eliasziw M | title = A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 345 | issue = 5 | pages = 311–318 | date = August 2001 | pmid = 11484687 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM200108023450501 | s2cid = 31539171 | doi-access = free }} </ref> Furthermore, there was no mortality in the surgery group, while there was seizure-related mortality in the medical therapy group. Therefore, ATL is considered the standard of care for patients with medically intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Muzumdar|first1=Dattatraya|last2=Patil|first2=Manoj|last3=Goel|first3=Atul|last4=Ravat|first4=Sangeeta|last5=Sawant|first5=Nina|last6=Shah|first6=Urvashi|date=2016-12-01|title=Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy – An overview of surgical techniques|journal=International Journal of Surgery|series=Epilepsy surgery for pharmacoresistant epilepsy|language=en|volume=36|issue=Pt B|pages=411–419|doi=10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.10.027|pmid=27773861|issn=1743-9191|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Recovery == Recovery after ATL can take several weeks to months. Anti-seizure medications will be continued for several months after ATL. As it is an open surgery it takes time for the brain to heal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Recovery and Life After Surgery|url=https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/treating-seizures-and-epilepsy/surgery/recovery-and-life-after-surgery|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Epilepsy Foundation|language=en}}</ref> Speech therapy, occupational therapy, etc. can help recovery. About 90% of people experience an improvement in seizures after temporal lobectomy. In mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, NAA (N-acetyl aspartate) has reduced concentration in epileptogenic hippocampus and contralateral hippocampus. In post-operative seizure free patients, NAA levels were significantly higher than post-operative non-seizure free patients and then returned to the normal level.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vermathen|first1=P.|last2=Ende|first2=G.|last3=Laxer|first3=K. D.|last4=Walker|first4=J. A.|last5=Knowlton|first5=R. C.|last6=Barbaro|first6=N. M.|last7=Matson|first7=G. B.|last8=Weiner|first8=M. W.|date=2002-08-27|title=Temporal lobectomy for epilepsy: Recovery of the contralateral hippocampus measured by 1H MRS|journal=Neurology|volume=59|issue=4|pages=633–636|doi=10.1212/wnl.59.4.633|issn=0028-3878|pmc=2753242|pmid=12196667}}</ref>

== History == ATL was popularised in the early 1980s and was found effective.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Van Gompel|first1=Jamie J.|last2=Ottman|first2=Ruth|last3=Worrell|first3=Gregory A.|last4=Marsh|first4=W. Richard|last5=Wetjen|first5=Nicholas M.|last6=Cascino|first6=Gregory D.|last7=Meyer|first7=Fredric B.|date=November 2012|title=Use of Anterior Temporal Lobectomy for Epilepsy in a Community-Based Population|journal=Archives of Neurology|volume=69|issue=11|pages=1476–1481|doi=10.1001/archneurol.2012.1200|issn=0003-9942|pmc=3526693|pmid=22911042}}</ref>

== References == {{reflist|2}}

== External links == * [http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/A-Ce/Anterior-Temporal-Lobectomy.html Surgery Encyclopedia: Anterior temporal lobectomy]

Category:Epilepsy Category:Neurosurgical procedures Category:Surgical removal procedures