Teddy Boys

{{Short description|Members of a British youth subculture}} {{About|the subculture|3=Teddy Boy (disambiguation)}} {{Use British English|date=August 2021}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}} thumb|Teddy Boys playing music at the Queens Hotel, 1977 thumb|Teddy Boys walking on a busy street, 1977 The '''Teddy Boys''' or '''Teds''' were a mainly British youth subculture originating in the early 1950s to mid-1960s and then revived in the 1970s who were interested in rock and roll and R&B music, wearing clothes partly inspired by the styles worn by dandies in the Edwardian period, which Savile Row tailors had attempted to reintroduce in Britain after the Second World War.<ref name=TBhistory>{{cite web|title=History of the British Teddy Boy and Culture |url=http://www.edwardianteddyboy.com/page2.htm |work=The Edwardian Teddy Boy |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404080126/http://www.edwardianteddyboy.com/page2.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

A mainly British phenomenon,<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Edwardian Teddy Boy - British Teddy Boy History|url = http://www.mrsite.co.uk/usersitesv31/edwardianteddyboy.com/wwwroot/page2.htm|website = www.mrsite.co.uk|access-date = 14 October 2015|archive-date = 4 April 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200404080127/http://www.mrsite.co.uk/usersitesv31/edwardianteddyboy.com/wwwroot/page2.htm|url-status = live}}</ref> the Teddy Boy subculture started among teenagers in London in the early 1950s, and rapidly spread across the UK, becoming strongly associated with American rock and roll music. After World War II, male youths in delinquent gangs who had adopted Edwardian-era fashion were sometimes known as ''Cosh Boys'', or ''Edwardians''.<ref name="McIntyre et al">{{cite book |last1=McIntyre |first1=Iain |last2=Nette |first2=Andrew |last3=Doyle |first3=Peter |title=Girl Gangs, Biker Boys, and Real Cool Cats: Pulp Fiction and Youth Culture, 1950 to 1980 |date=2017 |publisher=PM Press |location=London |isbn=9781629634586}}</ref><ref name="Kirby">{{cite book |last1=Kirby |first1=Dick |title=Death on the Beat: Police Officers Killed in the Line of Duty |date=2013 |publisher=Wharncliffe |isbn=9781845631611 |page=29}}</ref> The name ''Teddy Boy'' came into official use when a 23 September 1953 ''Daily Express'' newspaper article shortened ''Edwardian'' to ''Teddy'' (which can be a diminutive form of either Edward or Theodore).<ref name="Ferris">{{cite book |last1=Ferris |first1=Ray |last2=Lord |first2=Julian |title=Teddy Boys: A concise history |date=2012 |publisher=Milo Books}}</ref> The term had previously been used in Edwardian Britain to refer to members of the Territorial Army (see for example ''The Swoop!'' written by P. G. Wodehouse in 1909).<ref>The opening sentences of chapter 4 include: "But first the Territorials dropped out. The strain of being referred to on the music-hall stage as Teddy-boys was too much for them."</ref> This was a reference to the king, Edward VII, in whose service they were.

In post-war Britain, rationing continued to affect the fashion industry until it ended in 1949 and men's tailors in central London devised a style based on Edwardian clothing hoping to sell to young officers being demobilized from the services.<ref name="Mitchell">{{cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Mitch |title=A brief history of the Teddy Boys |url=https://www.rs21.org.uk/2019/02/19/a-brief-history-of-the-teddy-boys/ |access-date=7 October 2019 |work=RS21 |date=19 February 2019 |archive-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404080115/https://www.rs21.org.uk/2019/02/19/a-brief-history-of-the-teddy-boys/ |url-status=live}}</ref> However, the style—featuring tapered trousers, long jackets similar to post-war American zoot suits, and fancy waistcoats—was not popular with its target market, leaving tailors with piles of unsold clothing which, to recoup losses, were sold cheaply to menswear shops elsewhere in London.<ref name="Mitchell"/> While there had been some affluent adoption—"an extravagant upper-class snub to the post-war Labour Government and its message of austerity"<ref name=TBhistory/>—it was predominantly suburban working-class youth who adopted and adapted the look ("spiv" and cosh boy associations also hastened its middle-class rejection) and, around 1952, what became the "Teddy Boy" style began to emerge, gradually spreading across Britain. The 1953 film ''Cosh Boy'' (US: ''The Slasher''), written by Lewis Gilbert and Vernon Harris, makes an early reference to the style when the character, Roy (James Kenny), speaks the words "[it's a] drape...the latest cut".<ref name=TBhistory/>

Although there had been youth groups with their own dress codes called scuttlers in 19th-century Liverpool and Manchester,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Davies |first=Andrew |title=Gangs of Manchester: The Story of the Scuttlers |date=2008 |publisher=Milo |isbn=978-1-903854-81-5 |location=Wrea Green |oclc=213858221}}</ref> Teddy Boys were the first youth group in Britain to differentiate themselves as teenagers, helping create a youth market. The 1955 US film ''Blackboard Jungle'' marked a watershed in the United Kingdom. When shown in an Elephant and Castle cinema, south London in 1956, the teenage Teddy Boy audience began to riot, tearing up seats and dancing in the cinema's aisles.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Gelder |editor-first1=Ken |editor-last2=Thornton |editor-first2=Sarah |title=The Subcultures Reader |publisher=Routledge |date=1997|page=401 |isbn=0-415-12727-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDa6PDEgiawC&q=Blackboard+Jungle+teenage+riot&pg=PA401}}</ref> After that, other riots took place around the country where the film was shown.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cross |first=Robert J. |title=The Teddy Boy as Scapegoat |url=https://www.academia.edu/3283722 |year=1998 |journal=Doshisha Studies in Language and Culture |page=284}}</ref>

Some Teds formed gangs and gained notoriety following violent clashes with rival youth gangs as well as unprovoked attacks on immigrants. The most notable clashes were the 1958 Notting Hill race riots, in which Teddy Boys were present in large numbers and were implicated in attacks on the Caribbean community. According to reports released decades after the riots, "Teddy Boys armed with iron bars, butcher's knives and weighted leather belts" participated in mobs "300- to 400-strong" that targeted black residents, in one night alone leaving "five black men lying unconscious on the pavements of Notting Hill."<ref name="guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/arts/nottinghillcarnival2002/story/0,12331,780023,00.html|title=After 44 years secret papers reveal truth about five nights of violence in Notting Hill|last=Travis|first=Alan|date=24 August 2002|work=The Guardian|access-date=14 December 2018|archive-date=4 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404080120/https://www.theguardian.com/arts/nottinghillcarnival2002/story/0,12331,780023,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Teds were also implicated in the clashes of the 1958 St Ann's riots in Nottingham.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 August 2018|title=St Ann's riot: The changing face of race relations, 60 years on|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-45207246|access-date=28 November 2020|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209143934/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-45207246|url-status=live}}</ref> The violent lifestyle was sensationalised in the pulp novel ''Teddy Boy'' by Ernest Ryman, first published in the UK in 1958.<ref name="McIntyre et al"/>

== Style == [[File:Mud - TopPop February 1974 03.png|thumb|right|Examples of Teddy Boy clothing worn by Ray Stiles and Les Gray of 1970s glam rock band Mud: drape jackets, brothel creepers and drainpipe trousers (source: AVRO)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.beeldengeluidwiki.nl/index.php/Gallery:_Toppop_%281974%29 |title=Algemene Vereniging Radio Omroep |access-date=8 April 2013 |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205115755/https://wiki.beeldengeluid.nl/index.php/Gallery:_Toppop_(1974) |url-status=live}}</ref>]] Teddy Boy clothing included drape jackets reminiscent of 1940s American zoot suits worn by members of Italian-American, Chicano and African-American communities (such as Cab Calloway or Louis Jordan), usually in dark shades, sometimes with a velvet trim collar and pocket flaps, and high-waist "drainpipe" trousers, often exposing the socks. The outfit also included a high-necked loose-collared white shirt (known as a ''Mr. B.'' collar, because it was often worn by jazz musician Billy Eckstine); a narrow "Slim Jim" tie or western bolo tie, and a brocade waistcoat.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Teddy Boy Movement|url=http://www.rockabilly.nl/general/teddyboys.htm|work=Black Cat Rockabilly Europe|access-date=23 September 2012|archive-date=4 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404080130/http://www.rockabilly.nl/general/teddyboys.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The clothes were mostly tailor-made at great expense, and paid through weekly installments.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Edwardian Teddy Boy Dress|url=http://theteddyboys.co.uk/bands-singers/ |work=The Great British Teddy Boy |access-date=23 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917065458/http://theteddyboys.co.uk/bands-singers/|archive-date=17 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Favoured footwear included highly polished Oxfords, chunky brogues, and crepe-soled shoes, often suede (known as brothel creepers or beetle crushers). Preferred hairstyles included long, strongly moulded greased-up hair with a quiff at the front and the side combed back to form a duck's arse at the rear. Another style was the "Boston", in which the hair was greased straight back and cut square across at the nape.

=== Teddy Girls === Teddy Girls (also called Judies)<ref>{{cite web|title=Teddy Girls|url=http://subcultureslist.com/teddy-girls/|work=Subculture List|access-date=25 August 2013|year=2013|archive-date=6 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906171955/http://subcultureslist.com/teddy-girls/|url-status=live}}</ref> wore drape jackets, pencil skirts, hobble skirts, long plaits, rolled-up jeans, flat shoes, tailored jackets with velvet collars, straw boater hats, cameo brooches, espadrilles, coolie hats and long, elegant clutch bags. Later, they adopted the American fashions of toreador trousers, voluminous circle skirts, and hair in ponytails.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.messynessychic.com/2013/02/10/the-forgotten-1950s-girl-gang/ |title=The Forgotten 1950s Girl Gang |work=Messynessychic.com |date=10 February 2013 |access-date=8 August 2013 |archive-date=18 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818131428/http://www.messynessychic.com/2013/02/10/the-forgotten-1950s-girl-gang/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Teddy Girls' clothing choices were not strictly for aesthetic effect; the girls were collectively rejecting post-war austerity. They were young working-class women from the poorer districts of London who would typically leave school at the age of 14 or 15 to work in factories or offices.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bombsite Boudiccas – History of the London Teddy Girls|url=http://www.edwardianteddyboy.com/page6.htm|work=The Edwardian Teddy Boy|access-date=25 August 2013|archive-date=4 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404080135/http://www.edwardianteddyboy.com/page6.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Teddy Girls spent much of their free time buying or making their trademark clothes. Their style originated from a head-turning, fastidious style from the fashion houses, which had launched haute-couture clothing lines recalling the Edwardian era.<ref>{{cite web|title=Teddy Girls|url=http://history-is-made-at-night.blogspot.com/2008/12/teddy-girls.html|work=History is made at night|access-date=25 August 2013|date=31 December 2008|archive-date=11 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211050516/http://history-is-made-at-night.blogspot.com/2008/12/teddy-girls.html|url-status=live}}</ref> "It was our fashion and we made it up," declared one "Judie",<ref name="HeART">{{cite web |title=Teddy Girls: The Tailored Subculture |url=https://www.heartofhistory.net/post/the-tailored-generation-~-the-subculture-of-teddy-boys-and-teddy-girls |website=The HeART of History: The way to History is always through the Art |date=23 January 2022 |access-date=14 October 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007120350/https://www.heartofhistory.net/post/the-tailored-generation-~-the-subculture-of-teddy-boys-and-teddy-girls |url-status=dead }}</ref> succinctly writing the mantra of the Teddy Girl ethos.

The style was documented by Ken Russell in a June 1955 series of ''Picture Post'' photographs titled "Teddy Girls". Russell noted that the female counterpart of the Teddy Boy subculture was overlooked, saying: "No one paid much attention to the teddy girls before I did them, though there was plenty on teddy boys."<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 November 2016 |title=Ken Russell's post-war London – in pictures|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2016/nov/29/ken-russell-post-war-london-in-pictures-rolleicord-teddy-girls|access-date=4 August 2021 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

== Music and dancing == [[File:BillHaley.JPG|thumb|right|Bill Haley and the Comets wearing tartan shawl collar jackets associated with the rockabilly subculture, 1956]] Although Teddy Boys became associated with rock and roll music, prior to the advent of that genre, Teddy Boys also listened and danced to jump blues, R&B, jazz and skiffle music.<ref>{{cite web|title=British Skiffle Craze|url=http://theteddyboys.co.uk/skiffle/ |work=The Great British Teddy Boy |access-date=23 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917065426/http://theteddyboys.co.uk/skiffle/|archive-date=17 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> A well-known dance that the Teddy Boys adopted was ''The Creep'', a slow shuffle that was so popular with Teddy Boys that it led to their other nickname, ''Creepers''. The song "The Creep" came out in 1953 and was written and recorded for HMV by Yorkshire-born big band leader and saxophonist Ken Mackintosh.<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{cite book | first= David | last= Roberts | year= 2006 | title= British Hit Singles & Albums | edition= 19th | publisher= Guinness World Records Limited | location= London | isbn= 1-904994-10-5 | page= 340}}</ref> Although this was not a rock and roll record, it was widely taken on by the Teddy Boys of the time.<ref name="Whitmore-17Oct2018">{{cite news |last1=Whitmore |first1=Greg |title=Observer picture archive: teddy boys and teddy girls, 19 June 1955 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/jun/17/observer-archive-teddy-boys-and-teddy-girls-19-june-1955 |access-date=7 October 2019 |work=The Observer |date=17 October 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404080122/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/jun/17/observer-archive-teddy-boys-and-teddy-girls-19-june-1955 |url-status=live}}</ref> From 1955, rock and roll was adopted by the Teddy Boys when the film ''Blackboard Jungle'' was first shown in UK cinemas,<ref name="TimeOut">{{cite news |title=Blackboard Jungle |url=https://www.timeout.com/london/film/blackboard-jungle |access-date=7 October 2019 |work=Time Out |archive-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404080123/https://www.timeout.com/london/film/blackboard-jungle |url-status=live}}</ref> and Teddy Boys started listening to artists including Elvis Presley, Bill Haley and Eddie Cochran.

Although not as big as the Americans, British rock and roll artists such as Tommy Steele, Marty Wilde, Cliff Richard, Dickie Pride, and Joe Brown became popular with the Teddy Boy culture, as did the Merseybeat scene in the early 60s. The Beatles' George Harrison and John Lennon emulated the Teddy Boy style in the early formation of the band.<ref>{{cite AV media |date= October 2011 |title=George Harrison: Living in the Material World |medium= Motion Picture |time=9 minutes in |publisher=Grove Street Pictures and Spitfire Pictures}}</ref> Original British rock stars such as Billy Fury also moved to the latest of rock and roll, such as beat music during the early 1960s.<ref name="TBhistory" />

== Revivals == [[File:Walsall 1974 Shakin Stevens and the Sunsets.jpg|thumb|right|Shakin' Stevens wearing electric blue drape jacket, 1970s]]

Following The London Rock and Roll Show held at Wembley Stadium in August 1972 (featuring American performers including Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis, Chuck Berry, and Bill Haley, plus UK-based support acts),<ref name="Dangerous">{{cite web |title=Chuck Berry and Little Richard Headline the London Rock & Roll Show 1972 |url=https://dangerousminds.net/comments/chuck_berry_and_little_richard_headline_the_london_rock_roll_show_1972 |website=Dangerous Minds |date=21 July 2014 |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-date=6 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006095443/https://dangerousminds.net/comments/chuck_berry_and_little_richard_headline_the_london_rock_roll_show_1972 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Guardian-20Mar2017">{{cite news |last1=Harrison |first1=Gerry |title=Chuck wrote history of rock'n'roll music |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/mar/20/chuck-wrote-history-of-rocknroll-music |access-date=7 October 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=20 March 2017}}</ref> the music enjoyed a renewed period of popularity.<ref name="VND">{{cite web |title=Vintage Photographs of Hippies and Teds Gathered at Wembley Stadium for a Rock 'n' Roll Revival Show in 1972 |url=https://vintagenewsdaily.com/vintage-photographs-of-hippies-and-teds-gathered-at-wembley-stadium-for-a-rock-n-roll-revival-show-in-1972/ |website=Vintage News Daily |date=30 November 2017 |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007073851/https://vintagenewsdaily.com/vintage-photographs-of-hippies-and-teds-gathered-at-wembley-stadium-for-a-rock-n-roll-revival-show-in-1972/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Musical momentum was maintained by the release of films such as ''American Graffiti'' and ''That'll Be the Day''<ref name="Vivienne"/> (both 1973) and glam rock reworkings by bands such as Wizzard, The Glitter Band, Mud and Showaddywaddy topping the pop charts from 1973.

Concurrently, a resurgence of interest in Teddy Boy fashions was promoted by Vivienne Westwood and Malcolm McLaren through their shop Let it Rock, on London's King's Road.<ref name="Vivienne">{{cite web |last1=Westwood |first1=Vivienne |title=Let it Rock |url=https://blog.viviennewestwood.com/let-it-rock/ |website=Vivienne Westwood.com |date=18 October 2013 |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-date=5 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105172010/https://blog.viviennewestwood.com/let-it-rock/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The new generation of Teds adopted some aspects of the 1950s but with a large glam rock influence, including louder colours for drape jackets, brothel creepers, and socks and shiny satin shirts worn with bootlace ties, jeans and big-buckled belts. The 1970s Teddy Boys often sported flamboyant pompadour hairstyles in addition to long sideburns, and they added hairspray to grease/pomade to style their hair.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} In the late 1970s, the new generation became the enemies of the Westwood and Sex Pistols-inspired punks. In the spring of 1977, street battles between young punks and teds happened on London's King's Road, where the earliest new-wave shops, including Westwood and McLaren's ''Sex'' (which were by then no longer selling zoot suits and ted gear), were situated.

[[File:Ford.zephyr.six.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|Ford Zephyr, a popular vehicle for Teds]] In the late 1980s, there was a move by a number of Teddy Boys to revive the 1950s Teddy Boy style. In the early 1990s, a group of Teddy Boy revivalists in the Tottenham area of north London formed "The Edwardian Drape Society" (T.E.D.S.). The group concentrated on reclaiming the style which they felt had become bastardised by pop/glam rock bands such as Showaddywaddy and Mud in the 1970s.<ref name="Veness">{{cite news |last1=Veness |first1=Alison |title=Teddy-boy style is back: it never went away |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/teddy-boy-style-is-back-it-never-went-away-1436250.html |access-date=7 October 2019 |work=The Independent |date=16 May 1994 |archive-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404080125/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/teddy-boy-style-is-back-it-never-went-away-1436250.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Portrayals in popular culture== * Early 1950s London gang culture was portrayed in the 1953 film ''Cosh Boy''.<ref name="Kirby"/> * A gang of criminal Teddy Boys are featured (donning their own 1950s black leather "Edwardian" style that included silly little hats) in the 1962 film set in Weymouth, ''The Damned''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/07/08/archives/screen-film-fantasy-these-are-the-damned-an-english-shocker.html#:~:text=Losey's%20hands%20the%20Orwellian%20secret,can%20accomplish%20with%20limited%20means.|title=Screen: Film Fantasy:These Are the Damned an English Shocker|website=The New York Times|date=8 July 1965}}</ref> * T.E.D.S. was the subject of a short film, ''The Teddy Boys'', by Bruce Weber.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/lifestyle/stage_screen/news/2006/06/29/d7c45d52-e42e-4f5a-8aa1-ad29f428f788.lpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060916112827/http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/lifestyle/stage_screen/news/2006/06/29/d7c45d52-e42e-4f5a-8aa1-ad29f428f788.lpf|title=CEN Lifestyle : Stage and Screen : Things to see at the 26th Cambridge Film Festival|archive-date=16 September 2006|work=cambridge-news.co.uk}}</ref> * Teddies inspired the gang of "droogs" in Anthony Burgess's 1962 novel ''A Clockwork Orange''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/681132.stm|title=BBC News : World Service : Education : The droogs don't work|archive-date=28 December 2019|access-date=12 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228182850/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/681132.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> * Gangs of Teddy boys appear as supporting characters in the 1959 novel, and later 1986 movie, ''Absolute Beginners''. * A gang of Teddy Boys serve as minor antagonists in the John Lennon biographical film ''Nowhere Boy'' (2009).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Andy |title=NOWHERE BOY REVIEW, BRINGING JOHN LENNON HOME TO LIVERPOOL |date=26 December 2009 |url=https://purplerevolver.com/movies/movie-reviews/nowhere-boy-review-bringing-john-lennon-home-to-liverpool/ |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> * Teddy Boys play a minor role in the Blake and Mortimer book ''The Testament of William S.''.

== See also == {{Portal|United Kingdom|1950s}}  * 1950s in Western fashion * Beatnik * Bodgies and widgies, a similar subculture in Australia and New Zealand * Greasers, a similar subculture in the United States * Mods and rockers * Ned, a subculture in Scotland said to predate and overlap with Teddy Boys * Raggare, a similar subculture in Sweden * Rocker (subculture) * Stilyagi, a similar subculture in Soviet Russia

== References == {{Reflist}}

== External links == {{commons category}} *[http://www.edwardianteddyboy.com/ The Edwardian Teddy Boy]. Includes photos of the Teddy Boy style and subculture from 1950 through present day. *[http://www.storyvault.com/video/view/postwar_london An account of being a Teddy Girl in 1950s London]. Video interview. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032132/http://www.storyvault.com/video/view/postwar_london |date=4 March 2016}}

Category:1950s fashion Category:1950s neologisms Category:1960s fashion Category:1970s fashion Category:1980s fashion Category:Counterculture of the 1950s Category:Counterculture of the 1960s Category:British subcultures Category:Musical subcultures Category:Retro style Category:Social history of the United Kingdom Category:Working-class culture in the United Kingdom Category:Youth culture in the United Kingdom