{{short description|Large-scale brain network involved in voluntary orienting of attention}}
[[File:Dorsal and ventral attention systems.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=Dorsal and ventral attention systems|Interaction between dorsal and ventral attention networks enables dynamic control of attention in relation to top-down goals and bottom-up sensory stimulation.<ref name="Vossel2014">{{cite journal|last1=Vossel|first1=S|last2=Geng|first2=JJ|last3=Fink|first3=GR|title=Dorsal and ventral attention systems: distinct neural circuits but collaborative roles.|journal=The Neuroscientist |date=April 2014|volume=20|issue=2|pages=150–9|doi=10.1177/1073858413494269|pmid=23835449|pmc=4107817}}</ref>]]
The '''dorsal attention network''' ('''DAN'''), also known anatomically as the '''dorsal frontoparietal network''' ('''D-FPN'''), is a large-scale brain network of the human brain that is primarily composed of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and frontal eye fields (FEF).<ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Fox|first1 = M.D.|last2 = Corbetta|first2 = M.|last3 = Snyder|first3 = A.Z.|last4 = Vincent|first4 = J.L.|last5 = Raichle|first5 = M.E.|year = 2006|title = Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems|journal = PNAS|volume = 103|issue = 26|pages = 10046–10051|doi=10.1073/pnas.0604187103|pmid = 16788060|pmc = 1480402 |bibcode = 2006PNAS..10310046F|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Farrant|first1=Kristafor|last2=Uddin|first2=Lucina Q.|date=2015-02-12|title=Asymmetric development of dorsal and ventral attention networks in the human brain|journal=Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience|volume=12|pages=165–174|doi=10.1016/j.dcn.2015.02.001|issn=1878-9293|pmc=4396619|pmid=25797238}}</ref> It is named and most known for its role in voluntary orienting of visuospatial attention.<ref name="Kincade2005">{{cite journal|last1 = Kincade|first1 = J. M.|last2 = Abrams|first2 = R. A.|last3 = Astafiev|first3 = S. V.|last4 = Shulman|first4 = G. I.|last5 = Corbetta|first5 = M.|year = 2005|title = An Event-Related Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Voluntary and Stimulus-Driven Orienting of Attention|journal = Journal of Neuroscience|volume = 25|issue = 18|pages = 4593–4604|doi=10.1523/jneurosci.0236-05.2005|pmid = 15872107|pmc = 6725019 }}</ref><ref name="Corbetta2002">{{cite journal|last1=Corbetta|first1=M|last2=Shulman|first2=GL|title=Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain.|journal=Nature Reviews. Neuroscience|date=March 2002|volume=3|issue=3|pages=201–15|doi=10.1038/nrn755|pmid=11994752|s2cid=1540678}}</ref>
As the IPS and FEF were noticed to be activated during many attention-demanding tasks, this network was sometimes referred to as the '''task-positive network''' to contrast it against the task-negative network, or default mode network.<ref name="FoxSnyder2005">{{cite journal|last1=Fox|first1=M. D.|last2=Snyder|first2=A. Z.|last3=Vincent|first3=J. L.|last4=Corbetta|first4=M.|last5=Van Essen|first5=D. C.|last6=Raichle|first6=M. E.|title=From The Cover: The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=102|issue=27|year=2005|pages=9673–9678|issn=0027-8424|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504136102|pmid=15976020|pmc=1157105|doi-access=free}}</ref> However, this dichotomy is now considered misleading, because the default mode network can be active in certain cognitive tasks.<ref name="Spreng2012">{{Cite journal|title = The fallacy of a "task-negative" network|journal = Frontiers in Psychology|date = 2012-01-01|issn = 1664-1078|pmc = 3349953|pmid = 22593750|pages = 145|volume = 3|doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00145|first = R. Nathan|last = Spreng|doi-access = free}}</ref>
== Anatomy == The core regions of the DAN are the IPS and FEF of each hemisphere.<ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Astafiev|first1 = S. V.|last2 = Shulman|first2 = G. I.|last3 = Stanley|first3 = C. M.|last4 = Snyder|first4 = A. Z.|last5 = Van Essen|first5 = D. C.|last6 = Corbetta|first6 = M.|year = 2003|title = Functional organization of human intraparietal and frontal cortex for attending, looking, and pointing|pmid = 12805308|pmc = 6740811|journal = Journal of Neuroscience|volume = 23|issue = 11|pages = 4689–4699|doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-11-04689.2003 }}</ref> Other regions of the network may include the middle temporal region (MT+),<ref name="FoxSnyder2005" /> superior parietal lobule (SPL), supplementary eye field (SEF),<ref name='Szczepanski2013'>{{cite journal|last1=Szczepanski|first1=SM|last2=Pinsk|first2=MA|last3=Douglas|first3=MM|last4=Kastner|first4=S|last5=Saalmann|first5=YB|title=Functional and structural architecture of the human dorsal frontoparietal attention network.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=2013-09-24|volume=110|issue=39|pages=15806–11|doi=10.1073/pnas.1313903110|pmid=24019489|pmc=3785784|bibcode=2013PNAS..11015806S|doi-access=free}}</ref> and ventral premotor cortex.<ref name="Uddin-UniversalTaxonomy-2019" />
More recent works indicate that the cerebellum may participate in this network as well.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Somers|first1=David C.|last2=Halko|first2=Mark A.|last3=Levin|first3=Emily J.|last4=Osher|first4=David E.|last5=Tobyne|first5=Sean M.|last6=Brissenden|first6=James A.|date=2018-11-05|title=Topographic Cortico-cerebellar Networks Revealed by Visual Attention and Working Memory|url=|journal=Current Biology|language=English|volume=28|issue=21|pages=3364–3372.e5|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.059|issn=0960-9822|pmid=30344119|pmc=6257946}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Somers|first1=David C.|last2=Halko|first2=Mark A.|last3=Osher|first3=David E.|last4=Levin|first4=Emily J.|last5=Brissenden|first5=James A.|date=2016-06-01|title=Functional Evidence for a Cerebellar Node of the Dorsal Attention Network|journal=Journal of Neuroscience|language=en|volume=36|issue=22|pages=6083–6096|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0344-16.2016|issn=0270-6474|pmid=27251628|pmc=4887569}}</ref> Less studied regions include the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and superior colliculus.<ref name="Uddin-UniversalTaxonomy-2019" />
== Function == The DAN is most prominently involved in goal-directed, voluntary control of visuospatial attention.<ref name="Kincade2005" /><ref name="Corbetta2002" /> Corbetta et al., who first defined and named the DAN in the early-to-mid 2000s,<ref name="Corbetta2002" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Corbetta|first1=Maurizio|last2=Kincade|first2=Michelle J.|last3=Lewis|first3=Chris|last4=Snyder|first4=Abraham Z.|last5=Sapir|first5=Ayelet|date=November 2005|title=Neural basis and recovery of spatial attention deficits in spatial neglect|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nn1574|journal=Nature Neuroscience|language=en|volume=8|issue=11|pages=1603–1610|doi=10.1038/nn1574|pmid=16234807|s2cid=18224715|issn=1546-1726|url-access=subscription}}</ref> suggest that the network is involved in general top-down selection of stimuli and responses, including other modalities (e.g. auditory, tactile).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Corbetta|first1=M|last2=Patel|first2=G|last3=Shulman|first3=GL|title=The reorienting system of the human brain: from environment to theory of mind.|journal=Neuron|date=2008-05-08|volume=58|issue=3|pages=306–24|doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.017|pmid=18466742|pmc=2441869}}</ref> However, evidence that the full DAN is involved in auditory top-down attention has been questioned, as tests that make said claims incorporated both auditory and visual stimuli.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Braga|first1=RM|last2=Wilson|first2=LR|last3=Sharp|first3=DJ|last4=Wise|first4=RJ|last5=Leech|first5=R|title=Separable networks for top-down attention to auditory non-spatial and visuospatial modalities.|journal=NeuroImage|date=2013-07-01|volume=74|pages=77–86|doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.023|pmid=23435206|pmc=3898942}}</ref>
The dorsal attention network dynamically interacts with the ventral attention network (or salience network) according to task demands.<ref name="Vossel2014" /> The inferior frontal junction configures this interaction between the two networks during task switches or attention shifts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tamber-Rosenau|first1=BJ|last2=Asplund|first2=CL|last3=Marois|first3=R|title=Functional dissociation of the inferior frontal junction from the dorsal attention network in top-down attentional control.|journal=Journal of Neurophysiology|date=2018-11-01|volume=120|issue=5|pages=2498–2512|doi=10.1152/jn.00506.2018|pmid=30156458|pmc=6295539}}</ref>
== Clinical significance == Reduced connectivity within the dorsal and ventral attention networks has been linked to higher levels of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Castellanos|first1=FX|last2=Aoki|first2=Y|title=Intrinsic Functional Connectivity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Science in Development.|journal=Biological Psychiatry. Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging|date=May 2016|volume=1|issue=3|pages=253–261|doi=10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.03.004|pmid=27713929|pmc=5047296}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=McCarthy|first1=H|last2=Skokauskas|first2=N|last3=Mulligan|first3=A|last4=Donohoe|first4=G|last5=Mullins|first5=D|last6=Kelly|first6=J|last7=Johnson|first7=K|last8=Fagan|first8=A|last9=Gill|first9=M|last10=Meaney|first10=J|last11=Frodl|first11=T|title=Attention network hypoconnectivity with default and affective network hyperconnectivity in adults diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in childhood.|journal=JAMA Psychiatry|date=December 2013|volume=70|issue=12|pages=1329–37|doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.2174|pmid=24132732|doi-access=}}</ref> Similarly, reduced connectivity between the DAN and the frontoparietal network is associated with major depressive disorder.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kaiser|first1=RH|last2=Andrews-Hanna|first2=JR|last3=Wager|first3=TD|last4=Pizzagalli|first4=DA|title=Large-Scale Network Dysfunction in Major Depressive Disorder: A Meta-analysis of Resting-State Functional Connectivity.|journal=JAMA Psychiatry|date=June 2015|volume=72|issue=6|pages=603–11|doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0071|pmid=25785575|pmc=4456260}}</ref> On the other hand, overactivation of the DAN has been observed in patients with schizophrenia.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jimenez|first1=AM|last2=Lee|first2=J|last3=Wynn|first3=JK|last4=Cohen|first4=MS|last5=Engel|first5=SA|last6=Glahn|first6=DC|last7=Nuechterlein|first7=KH|last8=Reavis|first8=EA|last9=Green|first9=MF|title=Abnormal Ventral and Dorsal Attention Network Activity during Single and Dual Target Detection in Schizophrenia.|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|date=2016|volume=7|pages=323|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00323|pmid=27014135|pmc=4781842|doi-access=free}}</ref>
== Nomenclature == There are several variations of this network's name in neuroscience literature, such as the '''dorsal attention system''',<ref name="Vossel2014" /> '''dorsal frontoparietal attention network''',<ref name='Szczepanski2013' /> and '''frontoparietal attention network'''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ptak|first1=R|title=The frontoparietal attention network of the human brain: action, saliency, and a priority map of the environment.|journal=The Neuroscientist |date=October 2012|volume=18|issue=5|pages=502–15|doi=10.1177/1073858411409051|pmid=21636849|s2cid=19702611}}</ref> Until the discovery of other networks, such as the frontoparietal control network, the term ''task-positive network'' referred to the DAN.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Vincent|first1=JL|last2=Kahn|first2=I|last3=Snyder|first3=AZ|last4=Raichle|first4=ME|last5=Buckner|first5=RL|title=Evidence for a frontoparietal control system revealed by intrinsic functional connectivity.|journal=Journal of Neurophysiology|date=December 2008|volume=100|issue=6|pages=3328–42|doi=10.1152/jn.90355.2008|pmid=18799601|pmc=2604839}}</ref> The term ''task-positive networks'' is still sometimes used to refer to all non-default-mode networks.<ref name="Mills2018">{{cite journal|last1=Mills|first1=BD|last2=Miranda-Dominguez|first2=O|last3=Mills|first3=KL|last4=Earl|first4=E|last5=Cordova|first5=M|last6=Painter|first6=J|last7=Karalunas|first7=SL|last8=Nigg|first8=JT|last9=Fair|first9=DA|title=ADHD and attentional control: Impaired segregation of task positive and task negative brain networks.|journal=Network Neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)|date=2018|volume=2|issue=2|pages=200–217|doi=10.1162/netn_a_00034|pmid=30215033|pmc=6130439}}</ref>
In 2019, Uddin et al. proposed that ''dorsal frontoparietal network'' (''D-FPN'') be used as a standard anatomical name for this network.<ref name="Uddin-UniversalTaxonomy-2019">{{Cite journal|last1=Uddin|first1=Lucina Q.|last2=Yeo|first2=B. T. Thomas|last3=Spreng|first3=R. Nathan|date=2019-11-01|title=Towards a Universal Taxonomy of Macro-scale Functional Human Brain Networks|journal=Brain Topography|language=en|volume=32|issue=6|pages=926–942|doi=10.1007/s10548-019-00744-6|pmid=31707621|pmc=7325607|issn=1573-6792}}</ref>
== References == {{reflist}}
{{Human connectomics}}
Category:Brain Category:Attention Category:Cognitive neuroscience