{{Short description|Building for gatherings of a Sufi brotherhood}} {{Redirect|Khanaqah}} {{Redirect|Takya}} A '''Sufi lodge'''{{efn|Sometimes also called ''Sufi monastery'' or ''Sufi convent''.}} is a building designed specifically for gatherings of a Sufi brotherhood or ''tariqa'' and is a place for spiritual practice and religious education.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Berkey |first=Jonathan Porter |title=The formation of Islam : religion and society in the Near East, 600-1800 |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-58214-8 |location=New York |oclc=50476676}}</ref> They include structures also known as '''''khānaqāh''''', '''''zāwiya''''', '''''ribāṭ''''', '''''dargāh''''' and '''''takya''''' depending on the region, language and period (see {{Section link||Terminology}}).<ref name=":7">{{EI2|volume=4|article=K̲h̲ānḳāh|pages=1025–1026|last=Chabbi|first=J.}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> In Shia Islam, the Husayniyya has a similar function.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Campo |first=Juan Eduardo |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA320 |title=Encyclopedia of Islam |date=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2696-8 |pages=320 |language=en |chapter=Husayniyya}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=الكرباسي |first=محمد صادق محمد |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X46ODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT220 |title=معجم المشاريع الحسينيّة - الجزء الثالث: دائرة المعارف الحسينية |date=2019-01-31 |publisher=Hussaini Centre for Research, London. |isbn=978-1-78403-031-5 |language=ar}}</ref>
The Sufi lodge is typically a large structure with a central hall and smaller rooms on either side.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last1=Böwering |first1=Gerhard |last2=Melvin-Koushki |first2=Matthew |date=2010 |title=Khanqah |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/kanaqah |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica |language=en-US}}</ref> Traditionally, the Sufi lodge was state-sponsored housing for Sufis.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hofer |first=Nathan |title=The popularisation of Sufism in Ayyubid and Mamluk Egypt, 1173-1325 |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-7486-9422-8 |location=Edinburgh |oclc=919188147}}</ref> Their primary function is to provide them with a space to practice social lives of asceticism.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Nizami |first=Khaliq Ahmad |date=1957 |title=Some Aspects of Khanqah Life in Medieval India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1595247 |journal=Studia Islamica |issue=8 |pages=51–69 |doi=10.2307/1595247|jstor=1595247 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Buildings intended for public services, such as hospitals, kitchens, and lodging, are often attached to them.<ref name=":1" /> Sufi lodges were funded by Ayyubid sultans in Syria, Zangid sultans in Egypt, and Delhi sultans in India in return for Sufi support of their governments.<ref name=":5">{{Citation |last=Hussain |first=Pirzada Athar |title=Sufism and the Khanqah of Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah in Shahdara Sharief: An Ethnographic Fathom |date=2021 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1598-6_3 |work=Understanding Culture and Society in India: A Study of Sufis, Saints and Deities in Jammu Region |pages=33–58 |editor-last=Chauhan |editor-first=Abha |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-16-1598-6_3 |isbn=978-981-16-1598-6 |s2cid=238049797 |access-date=2022-12-05|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Irfan |first=Lubna |title=Medieval Indian Madrasas |date=2018 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26906255 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=79 |pages=260–269 |jstor=26906255 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>
==Terminology== {{Sufism}} Sufi lodges were called by various names depending on period, location and language: mostly, ''khānaqāh'', ''zāwiya'', ''ribāṭ'', ''dargāh'' and ''takya''.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" />
The word ''khānaqāh'' ({{langx|fa|label=Classical Persian|خانَگاه|translit=xānagāh}} or {{langx|fa|label=none|خانَقاه|translit=xānaqāh}}; {{langx|ar|خَانَقَاه|translit=khānaqāh}}; {{langx|az|xanəqah}};{{citation needed |date=August 2024}} {{langx|ota|خانَقاه|translit=hanekâh}};<ref name="Redhouse, p. 827">{{cite book|last=Redhouse|first=James W.|authorlink=James Redhouse|year=1890|entry=خانقاه|title=A Turkish and English Lexicon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_FAAQAAMAAJ|location=Constantinople|publisher=A. H. Boyajian|page=827}}</ref> {{langx|ur|خانَقاہ|translit=khānaqāh}};<ref>{{cite book|last=Platts|first=John T.|authorlink=John Thompson Platts|year=1884|entry=خانقاه|title=A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi, and English|location=London|publisher=W. H. Allen & Co.|page=486|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/platts_query.py?qs=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact}}</ref> {{langx|uz|xonaqoh}}{{citation needed |date=August 2024}}) is likely either Turkish or Persian in origin.<ref name=":1" />
The words ''zāwiya'' ({{langx|ar|زَاوِيَة}}; plural {{langx|ar|label=none|زَوَايَا|translit=zawāyā}}) and ''ribāṭ'' ({{langx|ar|رِبَاط}}; plural: {{langx|ar|label=none|رُبُط|translit=rubuṭ}}) were especially used in the Maghreb.<ref name=":3" /> The literal meaning of ''zāwiya'' is 'corner', while ''ribāṭ'' means 'frontier guardpost'.{{citation needed |date=August 2024}}
The Classical Persian word {{lang|fa|دَرگاه}} {{Transliteration|fa|dargāh}} means 'doorway; shrine'.{{citation needed |date=August 2024}}
The Classical Persian word {{lang|fa|تَکْیه}} {{translit|fa|takya}} (whence modern {{langx|fa|label=Iranian Persian|تَکْیه|translit=takye}};<ref>{{cite book|entry=تکیه|title=New Persian-English Dictionary|author=Hayyim, Sulayman|authorlink=Sulayman Hayyim|volume=1|page=469|location=Teheran|publisher=Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim|year=1934|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/hayyim_query.py?qs=تکیه&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact}}</ref> {{langx|az|təkyə}};<ref>{{cite book|entry=təkyə|language=az|title=Azərbaycan dilinin izahlı lüğəti|url=https://obastan.com/təkyə/39206/}}</ref> {{langx|pnb|label=Panjabi|تَکْیہ|translit=takya}};<ref name="Vaḍḍī Panjābī lughat">{{cite book|author=Salah-ud-Din, Iqbal|entry=تکیہ|title=Vaḍḍī Panjābī lughat: Panjābī tūn Panjābī|location=Lāhaur|publisher=ʻAzīz Pablisharz|year=2002|page=790|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/salah-ud-din_query.py?qs=تکیہ&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact}}</ref> {{langx|ur|تَکْیہ|translit=takya}};<ref>{{cite book|last=Platts|first=John T.|authorlink=John Thompson Platts|location=London|publisher=W. H. Allen & Co.|year=1884|title=A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi and English|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/platts_query.py?qs=تکيه&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|page=332}}</ref> {{langx|uz|takya}}) at its core meant "support"; also "cushion" or "pillow".<ref name="Steingass">{{cite book|last=Steingass|first=Francis Joseph|authorlink=Francis Joseph Steingass|title=A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary, including the Arabic words and phrases to be met with in Persian literature|location=London|publisher=Routledge & K. Paul|year=1892|page=319|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/steingass_query.py?qs=%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact}}</ref>{{efn|Other words were derived from {{lang|fa|تَکْیه}} {{translit|fa|takya}} in Classical Persian, such as {{lang|fa|تکیهنشین}} {{Transliteration|fa|takya-nishīn}} and {{lang|fa|تکیهدار}} {{Transliteration|fa|takya-dār}} both meaning a Sufi.}} The word was also borrowed in Ottoman Turkish as {{lang|ota|تَكْیه}} {{translit|ota|tekye}}<ref name="Redhouse">{{cite book |last=Redhouse |first=James W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_FAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA585 |title=A Turkish and English Lexicon |publisher=A. H. Boyajian |year=1890 |location=Constantinople |page=585 |entry=تكیه |authorlink=James Redhouse}}</ref> (modern {{langx|tr|tekke|links=y}}), eventually making its way into Arabic as {{lang|ar|تَكِيَّة}} {{translit|ar|takiyya}} (plural {{lang|ar|تَكَايَا}} {{translit|ar|takāyā}}) and in languages of the Balkans ({{langx|sq|teqeja}}; {{langx|bs|tekija}}).{{citation needed |date=August 2024}}
== Function == [[File:Egyptian Takiyya at Mecca2.jpg|thumb|Egyptian Sufi lodge at Mekka, Saudi Arabia in 1928.]] [[File:King Farouk & Prince Faisal at Egyptian Takiyya at Madina 1945.jpg|alt=King Farouk & Prince Faisal at Egyptian Tekkiyah at Madina 1945|thumb|King Farouk and Prince Faisal at the Egyptian Sufi lodge at Medina, Saudi Arabia in 1945.]] The patronage of Sufi lodges historically made an important political and cultural statement. The patronage of a Sufi building by a ruler showed their support for Sufi religious practices and the spreading of Islam.<ref name=":3">{{Citation |last=EPHRAT |first=DAPHNA |title=THE DEVELOPMENT AND SPATIAL LAYOUT OF PHYSICAL SETTINGS |date=2021 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv22d4z9m.11 |work=Sufi Masters and the Creation of Saintly Spheres in Medieval Syria |pages=83–100 |publisher=Arc Humanities Press |jstor=j.ctv22d4z9m.11 |isbn=978-1-64189-208-7 |access-date=2022-12-05}}</ref> Funding a Sufi building was seen as an act of piety and a way in which the ruler could align themselves with public opinion.<ref name=":3" />
Sufi lodges are often associated with tombs of Sufi saints or ''shaykh''s.<ref name=":2" /> Typically, they feature a large hall where practitioners could pray and meditate.<ref name=":2" /> They also include lodgings for traveling Sufis and pilgrims.<ref name=":1" />[[File:Haruniyeh.JPG|thumb|right|The Haruniyeh Tomb, named after Harun al-Rashid, in Tus, Iran. The present structure, a ''khānaqāh'', was probably built in the 13th century. Al-Ghazali is buried here.]] In addition to their religious spaces, Sufi lodges also had structures for public services.<ref name=":2" /> This included hospitals, kitchens, bathhouses, and schools.<ref name=":2" /> Everyone working to provide these services was paid through a ''waqf''.<ref name=":2" />
Sufi lodges have been very inclusive.<ref name=":3" /> Visitors from different cultures and religions could visit them and receive a blessing.<ref name=":3" />
Traditionally, Sufi communal lives of asceticism were seen as pious because solitude and self-sufficiency were believed to lead to ego-centricity.<ref name=":1" /> Penitence and suffering were intended to bring Sufis closer to understanding divinity.<ref name=":1" />
==History==
===Zangid Syria=== Nur ad-Din Zangi was the first large patron of Sufi structures; he built and gifted ''khānaqāh''s to Sufi groups in his dominion.<ref name=":3" /> In Damascus, ''khānaqāh''s were located inside as well as outside of the city walls.<ref name=":3" /> Under the Zangids, ''khānaqāh''s were very centrally located in Old Damascus, near the Umayyad Mosque.<ref name=":3" /> Khanaqahs were commonly placed near a ''madrasa'' dedicated to the same patron as the ''khānaqāh''.<ref name=":3" /> The main purpose of the ''khānaqāh'' was for legal education.<ref name=":3" /> Most, including Nur ad-Din's ''khānaqāh'', included hospices.<ref name=":3" /> However, there was a deep interconnection between education and religion in Sufi buildings, by the end of the Mamluk period the distinction between religious and educational buildings became blurred.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kugle |first=Scott Alan |title=Hajj to the heart : Sufi journeys across the Indian Ocean |date=2021 |isbn=978-1-4696-6532-0 |location=Chapel Hill |oclc=1303712460}}</ref>
===Ayyubid and Mamluk Egypt=== Saladin founded the first ''khānaqāh'' in Cairo, Egypt in 1173.<ref name=":0" /> This officially marked his defeat of the Fatimids, who were largely Shi'ite, and the beginning of the Ayyubid period of Sunnism.<ref name=":0" /> In 1325, the Mamluk sultan al-Nāṣir Muḥammad relocated the ''khānaqāh'' north of the city.<ref name=":0" /> Saladin changed the Sa'id al-Su'ada, a Fatimid palace, into a Sufi ''khānaqāh'' called al-Khānaqāh al-Ṣalāḥiyya (not to be confused with the Al-Khanqah al-Salahiyya Mosque in Jerusalem).<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Hofer |first=Nathan |date=2014-08-20 |title=The Origins and Development of the Office of the "Chief Sufi" in Egypt, 1173–1325 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jss/3/1/article-p1_1.xml |journal=Journal of Sufi Studies |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–37 |doi=10.1163/22105956-12341260 |s2cid=110058093 |issn=2210-5948|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This ''khānaqāh'' provided a place to stay for Sufis who were not from Cairo.<ref name=":4" /> It was provided by Saladin based on the exchange of Sufis supporting the Ayyubid dynasty and policies.<ref name=":4" />
Saladin also created the role of the Chief Sufi, whose job was to operate activities from day to day and mentor the Sufis that lived in and visited the ''khānaqāh''.<ref name=":4" /> There was a lot of competition for this role due to its great degree of influence.<ref name=":4" /> The Chief Sufi maintained a close relationship with the Ayyubid Sultan, obtained military power and influence, and had the ability to teach at the ''madrasa''s in the area.<ref name=":4" /> The Sultan gave a large degree of power to the Sufis in Cairo as part of an important trade off for political support which was incredibly important in solidifying the legitimacy of the Sultan's rule.<ref name=":4" /> Scholars in the Mamluk world often did not differentiate between ''khānaqāh''s, ''ribāṭ''s, ''zāwiya''s, and ''madrasa''s.<ref name=":2" />
===Maghreb=== {{Further|Zawiya (institution)}}{{Expand section|date=June 2024}} In the Maghreb, Sufi lodges have been mostly known as ''zāwiya''s or ''ribāṭ''s. <gallery> زاوية سيدي قاسم الجليزي.jpg|The Zawiya of Sidi Qasim al-Jalizi in Tunis Mosque of the Barber (Mausoleum of Sidi Sahabi).jpg|The Zawiya of Sidi Sahib in Kairouan (rebuilt in the 17th century) </gallery>
===Ottoman Empire=== Many ''takya''s ({{langx|ota|تَكْیهلر|translit=tekyeler}}; modern {{langx|tr|tekkeler}}) have been built in Turkey and in the countries which came under Ottoman rule. The Ottomans used the words ''takya'' ({{langx|ota|link=no|تَكْیه|translit=tekye}}), ''dargāh'' ({{langx|ota|label=none|دَرگاه|translit=dergâh}}) and ''zāwiya'' ({{langx|ota|label=none|زاویه|translit=zâviye}}) instead of ''khānaqāh'' ({{langx|ota|خانَقاه|label=none|translit=hanekâh}}).<ref name="Redhouse, p. 827"/><ref>{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|id=hankah|title=Hankah|quote=Osmanlılar’da hankah yerine daha çok dergâh, tekke ve zâviye kelimeleri kullanılmıştır}}</ref> Among the Ottoman Sufi orders which had the most ''takya''s were the Mevlevi Order or ''Mawlawiyya'' and the Bektashi Order.<ref name="TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, tekke">{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|id=tekke|title=Tekke}}</ref> The ''takya''s of the Mevlevi Order were called ''Mawlawī khāna''s ({{langx|ota|link=no|مولوی خانهلر|translit=Mevlevî haneler|lit=''Mawlawī'' houses}}).<ref name="TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, tekke"/>
By the 20th century, Istanbul itself counted many ''takya''s. Some were dedicated to certain Muslim communities (for example, the Uzbeks' Takya{{efn|{{langx|ota|اوزبكلر تكیهسی|translit=Özbekler Tekyesi}};<ref>{{cite book|language=ota|title=تورك خلق ادبياتی|page=38|author=ايغناتس قونوس|date=1925 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iisNAAAAIAAJ}}</ref> {{langx|tr|Özbekler Tekkesi}}.}} or the Indians' Takya{{efn|{{langx|ota|هندولر تکیهسی|translit=Hindiler Tekyesi}};<ref>{{cite book|language=ota|title=تاريخ جودت|page=70|author=Ahmet Cevdet Paşa|year=1893|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__I4AQAAMAAJ}}</ref> {{langx|tr|Hindiler Tekkesi}}.}}) which symbolized a certain recognition of these communities by the Ottomans.<ref>{{cite book|author=M. Naeem Qureshi|title=Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918-1924|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czKYZPyoyx0C|year=1999|page=16|publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-11371-1 }}</ref>
Ottoman ''takya''s can be found in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, North Macedonia, and Syria.
<gallery> Takiyya as-Süleimaniyya Mosque 01.jpg|The Sulaymaniyya Takiyya in Damascus, Syria Uzbek Dervish Lodge.jpg|The Uzbeks' Takya in Istanbul Vrelo Bune i tekija.jpg|The Takya of Blagaj, Bosnia and Herzegovina </gallery>
===Iran=== [[File:Madreseh honar esfahan.jpg|thumb|right|The Tohidkhaneh, a medieval ''khānaqāh'' in Isfahan, Iran]] Many Sufi lodges existed in Iran during the Middle Ages. Examples include the Tohidkhaneh in Isfahan. After the Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam, many Sufi lodges became used as ''ḥusayniyya''s<ref name="معجم المشاريع الحسينيّة">{{cite book|title=معجم المشاريع الحسينيّة - الجزء الثالث: دائرة المعارف الحسينية|author=محمد صادق محمد الكرباسي|year=2019|isbn=978-1-78403-031-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X46ODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT220|language=ar|quote=بناء الحسينية كان حديث العهد بإيران، وأما التكايا فكانت معروفة ومنتشرة في أنحاء إيران وكانت تقام فيها بعض الشعائر الحسينية أيضا قبل أن تنتقل إلى الحسينيات التي تخصصت بالشعائر الحسينية.}}</ref> (buildings where Shia Muslims gather to mourn the death of Husayn ibn Ali in the month of Muharram).
===South Asia=== [[Image:Shrine Of Allo Mahar sharif.jpg|thumb|right|218px|The Tomb of Naqshbandi Saints Faiz-ul Hassan Shah and Muhammad Amin Shah Sani in Allo Mahar, Sialkot]] In South Asia, the words ''khānaqāh'', ''jamāʿat-khāna'' ({{langx|ur|link=no|جماعت خانہ}}), ''takya'' ({{langx|ur|link=no|تَکْیہ|lit=pillow, bolster}}), ''dargāh'' ({{langx|ur|link=no|درگاہ|lit=royal court}}), ''langar'' ({{langx|ur|link=no|لنگر|lit=refectory}}{{efn|From Sanskrit.}}), and sometimes ''ʿimārat'' ({{langx|ur|link=no|عمارت|lit=building}}).<ref name="Routledge Handbook on Sufism">{{cite book|title=Routledge Handbook on Sufism|last=Ridgeon|first=Lloyd|year=2020|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-70647-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qi7yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT387|quote=takya is used also in India and in Xinjiang (China). In the Indian subcontinent, the terms used are jamā'at-khāna (meeting room), takya (pillow, bolster) or dargāh (royal court) and langar (refectory), a term of Sanskrit origin, and sometimes imarat (religious complex).}}</ref> are used interchangeably for Sufi lodges.
The Madrasa-i-Firozshahi was built by Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq near Hauz-i-Alai.<ref name=":6" /> Its architecture was said to be so appealing to locals that they relocated to be closer to the complex.<ref name=":6" /> The ''khānaqāh-madrasa'' structure had educational opportunities for the pious, and teachers were paid with stipends.<ref name=":6" /> Its main purpose was to offer lodging for travelers.<ref name=":6" />
The Khanaqah of Sayed Ghulam Ali Shah Mashadi in India was visited by and open to pilgrims from many different cultures around the world.<ref name=":5" /> ''Khānaqāh''s had ''langar-khāna''s, which served as free public kitchens for the poor sponsored by endowments from ''lakhiraj'' lands.<ref name=":1" /> Islamic values of equality and fraternity brought ''khānaqāh''s to provide services for members of the lowest castes.<ref name=":1" /> The popularity of ''khānaqāh''s declined in the early 14th century in India.<ref name=":1" />
==Architecture== [[File:20120729 Budali Hoca Tekkesi exterior Thermes Xanthi Greece.JPG|thumb|left|The Budala Hodja Tekke in Thermes, Greece]]
Prior to the Timurid period, Sufi lodges were typically designed as large complexes with several structures.<ref name=":2" /> After the fourteenth century, they were more commonly designed as one large structure.<ref name=":2" /> This design is typically characterized by one large hall with cells or galleries on either side, allowing more interaction for those working in the lodge.<ref name=":0" /> They commonly have domes, mosaics, arches, columns, courtyards, portals, and minarets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archnet > Site > Khanqah wa Qubbat al-Amir Shaykhu |url=https://www.archnet.org/sites/2210 |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=www.archnet.org}}</ref><ref name="archnet.org">{{Cite web |title=Archnet > Site > Khanqah al-Farafra |url=https://www.archnet.org/sites/5021 |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=www.archnet.org}}</ref> The design and incorporation of these aspects varies by region and era.<ref name="archnet.org"/>
==See also== * Islamic architecture * Ottoman architecture * Architecture of Iran * List of historical tekkes, zaviyes, and dergahs in Istanbul
==Notes== {{Notelist}}
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Further reading== * {{cite book |last=Fernandes |first=Leonor E. |title=The Evolution of a Sufi Institution in Mamluk Egypt: The Khanqah |location=Berlin |publisher=Klaus Schwarz |year=1998 |isbn=3-922968-68-6}} * Hattstein, M. and P. Delius — ''Islam: Art and Architecture'', 2000, {{ISBN|3-8290-2558-0}}.
==External links== *[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kanaqah ḴĀNAQĀH] – ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090523234951/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1270 "Khanaqah" article in Oxford Islamic Studies Online] (archived) {{Islamic educational institutions}} {{Iranian Architecture}} {{Islamic architecture}} {{Sufism terminology}} {{Portal bar|Religion|Islam|Education|Psychology|Art|Architecture}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Sufi shrines Category:Sufism in Asia Category:Islamic architecture Category:Ribats Category:Islamic terminology Category:Dhikr Category:Islamic education in India Category:Islamic education in Pakistan Category:Islamic schools