{{Short description|Nutritional supplements}} {{medref|date=March 2018}} '''Synbiotics''' refer to food ingredients or dietary supplements combining probiotics and prebiotics in a form of synergism, hence synbiotics.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 26604335 | doi=10.1007/s13197-015-1921-1 | volume=52 | issue=12 | title=Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics – a review | year=2015 | journal=J Food Sci Technol | pages=7577–87 | vauthors=Pandey KR, Naik SR, Vakil BV|pmc=4648921}}</ref> Synbiotics may be complementary synbiotics, where each component is independently chosen for its potential effect on host health, or synergistic synbiotics, where the prebiotic component is chosen to support the activity of the chosen probiotic.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.global-engage.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Microbiome-Probiotics-USA-Agenda-2017.pdf |title=Targeted Synbiotics to Manipulate the Microbiome for Health |last=Rastall |first=RA |page=10 |access-date=2 October 2017 |archive-date=13 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013232709/http://www.global-engage.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Microbiome-Probiotics-USA-Agenda-2017.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> Research is evaluating if synbiotics can be optimized, (known as 'optibiotics')<ref name=":0" /> which are purported to enhance the growth and health benefits of existing probiotics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ift.org/~/media/Food%20Technology/Weekly/Skolida_IPC2017poster.pdf|title=Development of a Targeted Synergistic Synbiotic for Lactobacillus plantarum LPLDL|last1=Kolida|first1=S|last2=Gibson|first2=GR|date=20 June 2017|access-date=2 October 2017|last3=Rastall|first3=RA|archive-date=2 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002220016/http://www.ift.org/~/media/Food%20Technology/Weekly/Skolida_IPC2017poster.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Probiotics are live bacteria which are intended to colonize the large intestine, although as of 2018, there is no evidence that adding dietary bacteria to healthy people has any added effect.<ref name=bridging>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rijkers GT, de Vos WM, Brummer RJ, Morelli L, Corthier G, Marteau P | title = Health benefits and health claims of probiotics: Bridging science and marketing | journal = British Journal of Nutrition | volume = 106 | issue = 9 | pages = 1291–96 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21861940 | doi = 10.1017/S000711451100287X | doi-access = free }}</ref> A prebiotic is a food or dietary supplement product that may induce the growth or activity of beneficial microorganisms. A prebiotic may be a fiber, but a fiber is not necessarily a prebiotic.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="modernfit">{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernfit.com/tips/what-is-the-difference-between-prebiotics-and-probiotics/|title=What is the Difference Between Prebiotics and Probiotics?|last=Ridgley|first=Mavis B.|access-date=19 April 2016}}</ref>
Using prebiotics and probiotics in combination may be described as synbiotic, but the United Nations Food & Agriculture Organization recommends that the term "synbiotic" be used only if the net health benefit is synergistic.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 18685504 | doi=10.1097/MCG.0b013e31817f184e | volume=42 Suppl 3 Pt 2 | title=FAO Technical meeting on prebiotics | journal=J Clin Gastroenterol | pages=S156–59 | vauthors=Pineiro M, Asp NG, Reid G, Macfarlane S, Morelli L, Brunser O, Tuohy K| year=2008 }}</ref> Synbiotic formulations in combination with pasteurized breast milk are under preliminary clinical research for their potential to ameliorate necrotizing enterocolitis in infants, although there was insufficient evidence to warrant recommending synbiotics for this use as of 2016.<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=5015037|year=2016|last1=Johnson-Henry|first1=K. C|title=Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics for the Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis|journal=Advances in Nutrition|volume=7|issue=5|pages=928–37|last2=Abrahamsson|first2=T. R|last3=Wu|first3=R. Y|last4=Sherman|first4=P. M|doi=10.3945/an.116.012237|pmid=27633108}}</ref>
== Definition == The synbiotic concept was first introduced as "mixtures of probiotics and prebiotics that beneficially affect the host by improving the survival and implantation of live microbial dietary supplements in the gastrointestinal tract, by selectively stimulating the growth and/or by activating the metabolism of one or a limited number of health-promoting bacteria, thus improving host welfare."<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB |year=1995 |title=Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics |journal=J. Nutr. |volume=125 |issue=6 |pages=1401–12 |doi=10.1093/jn/125.6.1401 |pmid=7782892}}</ref> In 2020, the definition was updated to "a mixture comprising live microorganisms and substrate(s) selectively utilised by host microorganisms that confer a health benefit on the host."<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Swanson |first=Kelly S. |last2=Gibson |first2=Glenn R. |last3=Hutkins |first3=Robert |last4=Reimer |first4=Raylene A. |last5=Reid |first5=Gregor |last6=Verbeke |first6=Kristin |last7=Scott |first7=Karen P. |last8=Holscher |first8=Hannah D. |last9=Azad |first9=Meghan B. |last10=Delzenne |first10=Nathalie M. |last11=Sanders |first11=Mary Ellen |date=November 2020 |title=The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of synbiotics |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-0344-2 |journal=Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology |language=en |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=687–701 |doi=10.1038/s41575-020-0344-2 |issn=1759-5053 |pmc=7581511 |pmid=32826966}}</ref> The update was made to allow for more flexible combinations beyond traditional prebiotic + probiotic combinations, allowing a deeper understanding of how substrates and microbes interact in a host.<ref name=":1" />
==Examples== * Bifidobacteria and Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) * Bifidobacteria or lactobacilli with FOS or inulins or galactooligosaccharides (GOS) * ''Lactobacillus rhamnosus'' GG and inulins * Polyphenol<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thilakarathna |first1=WPD Wass |last2=Langille |first2=Morgan GI |last3=Rupasinghe |first3=HP Vasantha |title=Polyphenol-based prebiotics and synbiotics: potential for cancer chemoprevention |journal=Current Opinion in Food Science |date=April 2018 |volume=20 |pages=51–57 |doi=10.1016/j.cofs.2018.02.011 }}</ref>
==References== {{Reflist|30em}} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Björklund M, Ouwehand AC, etal |title=Gut microbiota of healthy elderly NSAID users is selectively modified with the administration of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM and lactitol|journal=Age (Dordr)|year=2012|volume=34|issue=4|pages=987–99|doi= 10.1007/s11357-011-9294-5|pmid=21853265|pmc=3682059}} * {{cite book|vauthors=de Vrese M, Schrezenmeir J |title=Food Biotechnology|chapter=Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics|year=2008|volume=111|pages=1–66|pmid=18461293|doi=10.1007/10_2008_097|series=Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology|isbn=978-3-540-70535-2 }} * {{cite journal|author1=Kentaro Shimizu |author2=Hiroshi Ogura |author3=Takashi Asahara |author4=Koji Nomoto |author5=Masami Morotomi |author6=Osamu Tasaki |author7=Asako Matsushima |author8=Yasuyuki Kuwagata |author9=Takeshi Simazu |author10=Hisashi Sugimoto |title=Probiotic/Synbiotic Therapy for Treating Critically Ill Patients from a Gut Microbiota Perspective|journal=Digestive Diseases and Sciences|year=2013|volume=58|issue=1 |pages=23–32|url= |doi=10.1007/s10620-012-2334-x|pmid=22903218 |pmc=3557374 }} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Pineiro M, etal |title=FAO Technical Meeting on Prebiotics. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. 2007|journal=J Clin Gastroenterol|year=2008|pmid=18685504|doi=10.1097/MCG.0b013e31817f184e|volume=42 Suppl 3 Pt 2|pages=S156–9}} * {{cite journal|title=Tolerance, safety, and effect on the faecal microbiota of an enteral formula supplemented with pre- and probiotics in critically ill children|vauthors=Simakachorn N, Bibiloni R, Yimyaem P, Tongpenyai Y, Varavithaya W, Grathwohl D, Reuteler G, Maire JC, Blum S, Steenhout P, Benyacoub J, Schiffrin EJ |journal=J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr|year=2011 |volume=53|issue=2|pages=174–81|doi=10.1097/MPG.0b013e318216f1ec|pmid=21788759 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|title=Randomised clinical trial: the synbiotic food supplement Probiotical vs. placebo for acute gastroenteritis in children|vauthors=Vandenplas Y, De Hert SG, ((PROBIOTICAL-study group)) |journal=Aliment Pharmacol Ther|year=2011|volume=34|issue=8|pages=862–7|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04835.x|pmid=21899583 |doi-access=free}}
Category:Prebiotics (nutrition) Category:Probiotics Category:Bacteriology Category:Digestive system