{{short description|Youth-driven cultural revolution centred in London in the 1960s}} {{Use British English|date=August 2011}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}} {{Infobox historical event |Event_Name = Swinging Sixties |partof = the counterculture of the 1960s |Image_Name = Londons Carnaby Street, 1966.jpg |Imagesize = 300px |Image_Alt = |Image_Caption = A scene in Carnaby Street, in London's West End, {{circa|1966}} |Thumb_Time = |AKA = Swinging London |Location = United Kingdom |Date = 1960s |Result = Changing social, political and cultural values |URL = }}
The '''Swinging Sixties''' was a youth-driven cultural revolution that took place in the United Kingdom during the mid-to-late 1960s, emphasising modernity and fun-loving hedonism, with '''Swinging London''' denoted as its centre.<ref name="bfi">{{cite web |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/10-great-films-set-swinging-60s|title=10 great films set in the swinging 60s|last1=Wakefield|first1=Thirza|date=15 July 2014|publisher=British Film Institute|access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref> It saw a flourishing in art, music and fashion, and was symbolised by the city's "pop and fashion exports", such as the Beatles, as the multimedia leaders of the British Invasion of musical acts; the mod and psychedelic subcultures; Mary Quant's miniskirt designs; popular fashion models such as Twiggy and Jean Shrimpton; the iconic status of popular shopping areas such as London's King's Road, Kensington and Carnaby Street; the political activism of the anti-nuclear movement; and the sexual liberation movement.<ref name="bfi" />
Music was an essential part of the revolution, with "the London sound" being regarded as including the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, the Who, the Kinks and the Small Faces, bands that were additionally the mainstay of pirate radio stations like Radio Caroline, Wonderful Radio London and Swinging Radio England.<ref name="history">{{cite web |title=Swinging 60s – Capital of Cool |url=http://www.history.co.uk/study-topics/history-of-london/swinging-60s-capital-of-cool |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106123349/http://www.history.co.uk/study-topics/history-of-london/swinging-60s-capital-of-cool |archive-date=6 November 2016 |access-date=5 November 2016 |publisher=History. AETN UK}}</ref> Swinging London also reached British cinema, which according to the British Film Institute "saw a surge in formal experimentation, freedom of expression, colour, and comedy", with films that explored countercultural and satirical themes.<ref name="bfi" /> During this period, "creative types of all kinds gravitated to the capital, from artists and writers to magazine publishers, photographers, advertisers, film-makers and product designers".<ref name="history" />
Shaping the popular consciousness of aspirational Britain in the 1960s, the period was a West End–centred phenomenon regarded as happening among young, middle class people, and was often considered as "simply a diversion" by them. The swinging scene also served as a consumerist counterpart to the more overtly political and radical British underground of the same period. English cultural geographer Simon Rycroft wrote that "whilst it is important to acknowledge the exclusivity and the dissenting voices, it does not lessen the importance of Swinging London as a powerful moment of image making with very real material effect."<ref name=":0">{{cite book |author=Rycroft, Simon |year=2016 |chapter=Mapping Swinging London |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5O1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT87 |title=Swinging City: A Cultural Geography of London 1950–1974 |publisher=Routledge |pages=87 |isbn=978-1-317-04734-6 }}</ref> The "Swinging" period had ended by the early 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weinraub |first=Judith |date=September 5, 1972 |title=U. S. Secretaries in London —Low Salaries Friendly People |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/09/05/archives/u-s-secretaries-in-london-low-salaries-friendly-people.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref>
== Background == The Swinging Sixties was a youth movement emphasising the new and modern. It was a period of optimism and hedonism, and a cultural revolution. One catalyst was the recovery of the British economy after post-Second World War austerity, which lasted through much of the 1950s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Going Platinum: The UK's 70 years of change |url=https://www.research.hsbc.com/C/1/1/320/qTxQwLf |access-date=11 October 2022 |work=HSBC |quote=1950s and 1960s: the post-war investment boom. When the Queen came to the throne, the UK economy was still in its post-war boom period}}</ref>
During the 1960s, London underwent a "metamorphosis from a gloomy, grimy post-war capital into a bright, shining epicentre of style".<ref name="history" /> The phenomenon has been agreed to have been caused by the large number of young people in the city—due to the baby boom of the 1950s—and the postwar economic boom.<ref name="history" /> Following the abolition of the national service for men in 1960, these young people enjoyed greater freedom and fewer responsibilities than their parents' generation,<ref name="history" /> and "[fanned] changes to social and sexual politics".<ref name="bfi" />
The 1966 ''Time'' magazine issue that coined the "Swinging" name noted: "In this century, every decade has had its city". It noted that the fin de siècle belonged to Vienna, the 1920s to Paris, the next periods to Berlin, New York City, and then the "''la dolce vita''" of Rome in the 1950s, and "Today it is London".<ref name=":1" />
=== Prominence === The Swinging Sixties movement was predominantly a feature of the London West End and not representative of the entire city.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Dylan |date=22 August 2020 |title=London swings: How Britain invented the Sixties |url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/culture/article/britain-swinging-sixties |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=British GQ |language=en-GB}}</ref> British ''GQ'' magazine described: "In the early Sixties, the East End was as different from the West End as England was from France."<ref name=":2" /> David Bailey who was a major figure of the Swinging era, described his native London East End as: "rows and rows of little 1880 houses. People were so poor you'd see market stalls covered in second-hand false teeth. It was quiet there, too, and cars were still something of a novelty, even in the early Sixties.<ref name=":2" />
== Name == "The Swinging City" was defined by ''Time'' magazine on the cover of its issue of 15 April 1966.<ref name=":1">{{cite magazine |title=TIME Magazine Cover: London – Apr. 15, 1966 |url=https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19660415,00.html |magazine=Time |access-date=25 January 2019 |language=en-us}}</ref> In a Piri Halasz article 'Great Britain: You Can Walk Across It on the Grass',<ref name="Rycroft2012">{{cite book |last1=Rycroft |first1=Simon |title=Swinging City: A Cultural Geography of London 1950–1974 |date=2012 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4094-8887-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pLn9Ck4XS6kC&q=Great%20Britain%3A%20You%20Can%20Walk%20Across%20It%20On%20the%20Grass&pg=PA65 |access-date=26 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> the magazine pronounced London the global hub of youthful creativity, hedonism and excitement: "In a decade dominated by youth, London has burst into bloom. It swings; it is the scene",<ref>{{cite news|title=The Diamond Decades: The 1960s|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/the_queens_diamond_jubilee/9288411/The-Diamond-Decades-The-1960s.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/the_queens_diamond_jubilee/9288411/The-Diamond-Decades-The-1960s.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|agency=The Daily Telegraph|date=10 November 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="Gilbert-3">''most famous (if not the first) identification of Swinging London'' Gilbert, David (2006) [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/maney/ldn/2006/00000031/00000001/art00001 "'The Youngest Legend in History': Cultures of Consumption and the Mythologies of Swinging London"] ''The London Journal'' 31(1): pp. 1–14, page 3, {{doi|10.1179/174963206X113089}}</ref> and celebrated in the name of the pirate radio station, Swinging Radio England, that began shortly afterwards.
The term "swinging" in the sense of hip or fashionable had been used since the early 1960s, including by Norman Vaughan in his "swinging/dodgy" patter on ''Sunday Night at the London Palladium''. In 1965, Diana Vreeland, editor of ''Vogue'' magazine, said that "London is the most swinging city in the world at the moment."<ref>Quoted by John, ''Weekend Telegraph'', 16 April 1965; and in Pearson, Lynn (2007) "Roughcast textures with cosmic overtones: a survey of British murals, 1945–80" ''Decorative Arts Society Journal'' 31: pp. 116–37</ref> Later that year, the American singer Roger Miller had a hit record with "England Swings", although the lyrics mostly relate to traditional notions of Britain.
== Music == [[File:KinksFanclubCropped.png|thumb|right|alt=|The Kinks in 1967]] Already heralded by Colin MacInnes' 1959 novel ''Absolute Beginners'' which captured London's emerging youth culture,<ref>{{cite news |title=Absolute MacInnes: British identity and society|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/apr/15/britishidentity.fiction |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> Swinging London was underway by the mid-1960s and included music by the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, the Kinks, the Who, Small Faces, the Animals, Dusty Springfield, Lulu, Cilla Black, Sandie Shaw and other artists from what was known in the US as the "British Invasion".<ref>{{cite web| author=Ira A. Robbins |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/80244/British-Invasion |title=British Invasion (music) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia |website=Britannica.com |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref> Psychedelic rock from artists such as Pink Floyd, Cream, Procol Harum, the Jimi Hendrix Experience and Traffic grew significantly in popularity.
Large venues, besides former music halls, included Hyde, Alexandra and Finsbury Parks, Clapham Common and the Empire Pool (which became Wembley Arena). This sort of music was heard in the United Kingdom on TV shows such as the BBC's ''Top of the Pops'' (where the Rolling Stones were the first band to perform with "I Wanna Be Your Man"), and ITV's ''Ready Steady Go!'' (which would feature Manfred Mann's "5-4-3-2-1" as its theme tune), on commercial radio stations such as Radio Luxembourg, Radio Caroline and Radio London, and from 1967 on BBC Radio One.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC says fond farewell to Top of the Pops|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/06_june/20/totp.shtml|access-date=2 September 2022|agency=BBC|archive-date=20 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120012154/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/6_june/20/totp.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first= David| last= Roberts| year= 1998| title= Guinness Rockopedia| edition= 1st| publisher= Guinness Publishing Ltd.| location= London| page= [https://archive.org/details/guinnessrockoped0000unse/page/258 258]| isbn= 0-85112-072-5| url-access= registration| url= https://archive.org/details/guinnessrockoped0000unse/page/258}}</ref>
The Rolling Stones' 1966 album ''Aftermath'' has been cited by music scholars as a reflection of Swinging London. Ian MacDonald said, with the album the Stones were chronicling the phenomenon, while Philippe Margotin and Jean-Michel Guesdon called it "the soundtrack of Swinging London, a gift to hip young people".<ref>{{harvnb|Norman|2001|p=197}}; {{harvnb|Moon|2004|p=697}}; {{harvnb|MacDonald|2002}}; {{harvnb|Margotin|Guesdon|2016|p=136}}.</ref>
== Fashion and symbols == {{see also|peacock revolution}} During the Swinging Sixties, fashion and photography were featured in ''Queen'' magazine, which drew attention to fashion designer Mary Quant.<ref>{{cite book|author=Barry Miles|date= 2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r8xbaIlrUREC&pg=PA203 |title=The British Invasion: The Music, the Times, the Era|page=203|publisher= Sterling|isbn= 978-1-4027-6976-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ros Horton, Sally Simmons|date= 2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7LYLOj2APSsC&pg=PA170|page=170|title= Women Who Changed the World|publisher= Quercus|isbn= 978-1-84724-026-2}}</ref> Mod-related fashions such as the miniskirt stimulated fashionable London shopping areas such as Carnaby Street and King's Road, Chelsea.<ref name=lisa>{{cite news|last=Armstrong|first=Lisa|title=Mary Quant: 'You have to work at staying slim—but it's worth it'|url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG9087300/Mary-Quant-You-have-to-work-at-staying-slim-but-its-worth-it.html|access-date=17 October 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=17 February 2012}}</ref><ref name=berg>{{cite book|first=Amy|last=DelaHaye|editor1-last=Steele|editor1-first=Valerie|title=The Berg Companion to Fashion|year=2010|publisher=Berg|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1-84788-563-0|pages=586–588|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_3qzO6NTqcC&pg=PA586}}</ref> Vidal Sassoon created the bob cut hairstyle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/9255724/Vidal-Sassoon.html |title=Telegraph obituary |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=10 May 2012 | access-date=16 August 2022}}</ref>
thumb|Carnaby Street, {{circa|1968|lk=no}}, which was the center of the Swinging fashion scene<ref>{{Cite web |last=Richman |first=Liz Connor, Gareth |date=2017-03-21 |title=26 amazing photos of Carnaby Street in the swinging 60s and 70s |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/26-amazing-photos-of-carnaby-street-in-the-swinging-sixties-and-seventies-a3263291.html |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=The Standard |language=en}}</ref>
The model Jean Shrimpton was another icon and one of the world's first supermodels.<ref>{{cite web|title=Small is still beautiful|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-116426956|work=Daily Post|date=10 May 2004|author=Burgess, Anya}}</ref> She was the world's highest paid<ref name="paid">{{cite journal|title=The Girl Behind The World's Most Beautiful Face|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6wssAAAAIBAJ&pg=3967,1120155&dq|journal=Family Weekly|date=8 February 1967}}</ref> and most photographed model<ref>{{cite journal|title=Most Photographed Model Reticent About Her Role|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=REsqAAAAIBAJ&pg=7034,4428159&dq|date=11 June 1967|author=Cloud, Barbara|journal=The Pittsburgh Press}}</ref> during this time. Shrimpton was called "The Face of the '60s",<ref>{{cite web|title=Jean Shrimpton, the Famed Face of the '60s, Sits Before Her Svengali's Camera One More Time|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20067955,00.html|date=30 May 1977|volume=07|number=21}}</ref> in which she has been considered by many as "the symbol of Swinging London"<ref name=paid /> and the "embodiment of the 1960s".<ref>{{cite web|title=New Model Army|author=Patrick, Kate|date=21 May 2005|work=Scotsman.com News|url=http://news.scotsman.com/ViewArticle.aspx?articleid=2628354}}</ref>
Like Pattie Boyd, the wife of Beatles guitarist George Harrison, Shrimpton gained international fame for her embodiment of the "British female 'look' – mini-skirt, long, straight hair and wide-eyed loveliness", characteristics that defined Western fashion following the arrival of the Beatles and other British Invasion acts in 1964.<ref name="Hibbert/HistoryOfRock">{{cite magazine|first=Tom|last=Hibbert|title=Britain invades the world: Mid-Sixties British Music|magazine=The History of Rock|year=1982}} Available at [http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/britain-invades-the-world-mid-sixties-british-music Rock's Backpages] (subscription required).</ref> Other popular models of the era included Veruschka, Peggy Moffitt and Penelope Tree. The model Twiggy has been called "the face of 1966" and "the Queen of Mod", a label she shared with, among others, Cathy McGowan, the host of the television rock show ''Ready Steady Go!'' from 1964 to 1966.<ref>Fowler, David (2008) ''Youth Culture in Modern Britain, C.1920–c.1970: From Ivory Tower to Global Movement – A New History'' p. 134. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008</ref>
The British flag, the Union Jack, became a symbol, assisted by events such as England's home victory in the 1966 World Cup. The Jaguar E-Type sports car was a British icon of the 1960s.<ref name="Storey" />
In late 1965, photographer David Bailey sought to define Swinging London in a series of large photographic prints.<ref name="Brown&Gaines" /> Compiled into a set titled ''Box of Pin-Ups'', they were published on 21 November that year.{{sfn|Bray|2014|p=xii}} His subjects included actors Michael Caine and Terence Stamp; musicians John Lennon, Paul McCartney, Mick Jagger and five other pop stars; Brian Epstein, as one of four individuals representing music management; hairdresser Vidal Sassoon, ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev, Ad Lib club manager Brian Morris, and the Kray twins; as well as leading figures in interior decoration, pop art, photography, fashion modelling, photographic design and creative advertising.<ref name="Brown&Gaines">{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Peter|last2=Gaines|first2=Steven|title=The Love You Make: An Insider's Story of the Beatles|publisher=New American Library|location=New York, NY|year=2002|orig-year=1983|isbn=978-0-451-20735-7|page=120}}</ref>
Bailey's photographs reflected the rise of working-class artists, entertainers and entrepreneurs that characterised London during this period. Writing in his 1967 book ''The Young Meteors'', journalist Jonathan Aitken described ''Box of Pin-Ups'' as "a Debrett of the new aristocracy".{{sfn|Bray|2014|pp=252–53}}
== Film == [[File:Mini-ature Parking Space - geograph.org.uk - 1169507.jpg|thumb|right|The Mini became an icon of 1960s popular culture, and featured in the 1969 British caper film ''The Italian Job''.]]
The phenomenon was featured in many films of the time, including ''Darling'' (1965) starring Julie Christie, ''The Pleasure Girls'' (1965),<ref name="Mitchell2011">{{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Neil|title=World Film Locations: London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oSFR3OIF5vUC&pg=PA66|year=2011|publisher=Intellect Books|isbn=978-1-84150-484-1|page=66}}</ref> ''The Knack ...and How to Get It'' (1965), Michelangelo Antonioni's ''Blowup'' (1966), ''Alfie'' (1966), ''Morgan: A Suitable Case for Treatment'' (1966), ''Georgy Girl'' (1966), ''Kaleidoscope'' (1966), ''The Sandwich Man'' (1966), ''The Jokers'' (1967), ''Casino Royale'' (1967) starring Peter Sellers, ''Smashing Time'' (1967), ''To Sir, with Love'' (1967), ''Bedazzled'' (1967) starring Dudley Moore and Peter Cook, ''Poor Cow'' (1967), ''I'll Never Forget What's'isname'' (1967), ''Tonite Let's All Make Love in London'' (1967), ''Up the Junction'' (1968), ''Joanna'' (1968), ''Otley'' (1968), ''Interlude'' (1968), ''The Strange Affair'' (1968), ''Baby Love'' (1968), ''The Touchables'' (1968), ''Wonderwall'' (1968), ''Les Bicyclettes de Belsize'' (1968), ''All Neat in Black Stockings'' (1969), ''The Italian Job'' (1969), ''Two Gentlemen Sharing'' (1969), ''The Magic Christian'' (1969), ''Performance'' (1970), and ''Deep End'' (1970).<ref name="films">{{cite news|title=10 great films set in the swinging 60s|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/10-great-films-set-swinging-60s|agency=BFI.org|date=10 November 2016}}</ref>
The comedy films ''Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery'' (1997) and ''Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me'' (1999), written by and starring Mike Myers, resurrected the imagery of the Swinging London scene (but were filmed in Hollywood), as did the 2009 film ''The Boat That Rocked''.<ref name="Storey">John Storey (2010). "Culture and Power in Cultural Studies: The Politics of Signification". p. 60. Edinburgh University Press</ref> Another film about the era, ''Hippie Hippie Shake'', was shelved.<ref>{{cite news | title=Hippie Hippie break-up as director walks | work=The Times | date=21 July 2009 | url=http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/celebrity/article6721082.ece | access-date=8 October 2009 | quote=Working Title insists that the film won't go straight to DVD, with a smallish 100-print release scheduled for next February. | location=London | first=Adam | last=Sherwin | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615194824/http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/celebrity/article6721082.ece }}</ref>
== Television == * The ITV spy-fi series ''The Avengers'' (1961–1969), particularly after it began broadcasting in colour, revelled in its Swinging Sixties setting.<ref>"[http://www.theweek.co.uk/64162/patrick-macnee-five-things-you-didnt-know-about-avengers-star Patrick Macnee: five things you didn't know about Avengers star]", ''The Week'', 26 June 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2015.</ref> * In the episode "Beauty Is an Ugly Word" (1966) of BBC's ''Adam Adamant Lives!'', Adamant (Gerald Harper), an Edwardian adventurer suspended in time since 1902, was told, "This is London, 1966 – the swinging city."<ref>Dominic Sandbrook (2015). ''White Heat: A History of Britain in the Swinging Sixties''. Hatchett UK</ref> * The BBC show ''Take Three Girls'' (1969) is noted for Liza Goddard's first starring role, an evocative folk-rock theme song ("Light Flight" by Pentangle), a West Kensington location, and scenes in which the heroines were shown dressing or undressing.<ref>{{cite book | title=Television's Strangest Moments: Extraordinary But True Tales from the History of Television | first1=Quentin | last1=Falk | first2=Ben | last2=Falk | publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag | year=2005 | isbn=978-1-86105-874-4 | page=78}}</ref> * "Jigsaw Man", a 1968 episode of the detective series ''Man in a Suitcase'', opened with the announcement: "This is London ... Swinging London."<ref>[http://ctva.biz/UK/ITC/ManInASuitcase.htm "Man in a Suitcase (1967–68)]". CTVA. Retrieved 10 November 2016</ref>
== Books == * ''How to Stay Married'' by Jilly Cooper and ''Coronet Among the Weeds'' by Charlotte Bingham have been compared due to their portrayals of London in this period.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Irwin |first=Mary |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Love_Wars/tX9IEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22how+to+stay+married%22+jilly+cooper&pg=PA74&printsec=frontcover |title=Love Wars: Television Romantic Comedy |date=2025-02-20 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-78453-346-5 |pages=74 |language=en}}</ref>
== See also == {{Portal|1960s}} * 1960s in fashion * Cool Britannia, a Britain-wide phenomenon in the 1990s and 2000s * Freakbeat * Timeline of London 1940s–1990s * UK underground – London 1960s counter-culture, or underground, scene * Yé-yé * Youthquake (movement)
== References == {{Reflist}}
== Bibliography == {{Refbegin|30em}} * Beard, Chris (Joe) (2014). ''Taking the Purple: The Extraordinary Story of The Purple Gang – Granny Takes a Trip ... and All That''. print {{ISBN|978-0-9928671-0-2}} or online in Kindle format https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00KLOEOIO {{ISBN|978-0-9928671-1-9}}. * {{cite book|first=Christopher|last=Bray|title=1965: The Year Modern Britain was Born|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XwyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT195|year=2014|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=London|isbn=978-1-84983-387-5}} * {{cite book | title=The Pendulum Years | year=1970 | isbn=978-0-224-61963-9 | last=Levin | first=Bernard | publisher=Jonathan Cape | author-link=Bernard Levin}} * {{cite magazine|first=Ian|last=MacDonald|title=The Rolling Stones: Play With Fire|date=November 2002|magazine=Uncut}} Available at [https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/the-rolling-stones-play-with-fire Rock's Backpages] (subscription required) * {{cite book|last1=Margotin|first1=Philippe|last2=Guesdon|first2=Jean-Michel|year=2016|title=The Rolling Stones All the Songs: The Story Behind Every Track|publisher=Running Press|isbn=978-0316317733}} * {{cite book | title=Revolt into Style | year=1970 | isbn=978-0-7139-0166-5 | last=Melly | first=George | publisher=Allen Lane | author-link=George Melly | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/revoltintostylep00mell }} * {{cite book|chapter=The Rolling Stones|first=Tom|last=Moon|editor1-last=Brackett|editor1-first=Nathan|editor2-last=Hoard |editor2-first=Christian|title=The New Rolling Stone Album Guide|year=2004|publisher=Fireside|location=London|isbn=0-7432-0169-8}} * {{cite book|last=Norman|first=Philip|author-link=Philip Norman (author)|title=The Stones|publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson|location=London|year=2001|isbn=0-283-07277-6}} * {{cite book | title=Bomb Culture | year=1968 | isbn=978-0-261-62617-1 | last=Nuttall | first=Jeff | publisher=MacGibbon & Kee | author-link=Jeff Nuttall}} * {{cite book | title=White Heat: A history of Britain in the swinging sixties | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-316-72452-4 | last=Sandbrook | first=Dominic | publisher=Little, Brown | author-link=Dominic Sandbrook}} * {{cite book | title=Never Had It So Good: A history of Britain from Suez to the Beatles | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-316-86083-3 | last=Sandbrook | first=Dominic | publisher=Little, Brown | author-link=Dominic Sandbrook}} * Salter, Tom (1970). ''Carnaby Street''. Margaret and Jack Hobbs, Walton-on-Thames, Surrey, England. {{ISBN|978-0-85138-009-4}}. {{Refend}}
== External links == * {{cite web |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum |url= http://www.vam.ac.uk/page/0-9/1960s-fashion/ |title= 1960s Fashion Feature, including biographies, interviews, clothing and resources}}
{{London history}} {{Counterculture of the 1960s}}
Category:1960s fashion Category:1960s in London Category:Counterculture of the 1960s Category:Culture in London Category:Youth culture in the United Kingdom