{{short description|Genus of flowering plants in the Magnoliid family Calycanthaceae}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}} {{automatic taxobox |image = Floridus1f.UME.jpg |image_caption = ''Calycanthus floridus'' |taxon = Calycanthus |authority = L.<ref name=POWO_331448-2/> |subdivision_ranks = Species |subdivision = See text. |synonyms_ref=<ref name=POWO_331448-2/> |synonyms={{collapsible list| *''Basteria'' <small>Mill.</small> *''Beureria'' <small>Ehret</small> *''Butneria'' <small>Duhamel</small> *''Pompadoura'' <small>Buc'hoz ex DC.</small> *× ''Sinocalycalycanthus'' <small>F.T.Lass. & Fantz</small> *''Sinocalycanthus'' <small>W.C.Cheng & S.Y.Chang</small> }}}}
'''''Calycanthus''''', called '''sweetshrub''',<ref name=FNA_C/> is a genus of flowering plants in the family Calycanthaceae. The genus includes two to four species depending on taxonomic interpretation; three are accepted by most 21st century sources.
==Description== ''Calycanthus'' plants are deciduous shrubs, growing to {{cvt|4|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall. The leaves are opposite and undivided. The plants are aromatic.<ref name=FNA_Cf/><ref name=FNA_Co/><ref name=LancRix19/><ref name=FC_C/> The flowers are typical of the family Calycanthaceae in lacking distinct sepals and petals, but instead having spirals of tepals.<ref name=Hsu18/> Flowers are produced from spring onwards, until October in the case of ''C. occidentalis''.<ref name=NP_CAOC5/> The flowers of the two North American species are scented, {{convert|4|-|7|cm|in|abbr=on}} across, with numerous dark red to burgundy to purplish brown tepals. ''C. chinensis'' has broader tepals, the outer ones white flushed with pink, the inner ones mostly yellow with purple marks at the base.<ref name=LancRix19/> The fruit is an elliptical dry capsule, containing numerous seeds.<ref>{{cite web |title=SWEETSHRUB |url=https://hgic.clemson.edu/factsheet/sweetshrub/ |website=Home & Garden Information Center |publisher=Clemson University Cooperative Extension |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref>
''C. floridus'' and ''C. occidentalis'' are pollinated by beetles. Their flowers produce small protein-rich growths that feed beetle pollinators.<ref name=ZhouRennWen06/> ''C. occidentalis'' has been shown to produce chemicals that mimic fermenting fruits that attract beetles in the families Nitidulidae and Staphylinidae.<ref name=GottGottSilbStan21/>
==Taxonomy== The genus ''Calycanthus'' was created by Carl Linnaeus in 1759,<ref name=IPNI_331448-2/> with the sole species ''Calycanthus floridus''.<ref name=Linn59/> In 1762, he added ''Calycanthus praecox'', now treated as ''Chimonanthus praecox''.<ref name=POWO_139233-1/>
===Phylogeny and evolution=== A 2006 molecular phylogenetic study of the family Calycanthaceae found that the three widely recognized species of ''Calycanthus'' formed a monophyletic group. Relationships among the three species differed depending on whether chloroplast or nuclear data was used. A cladogram obtained by combining the two is shown below.<ref name=ZhouRennWen06/> {{clade |label1=Calycanthaceae |1={{clade |1=''Idiospermum'' (Australia) |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Calycanthus floridus'' (eastern North America) |2={{clade |1=''Calycanthus occidentalis'' (western North America) |2=''Calycanthus chinensis'' (China) }} }} |2=''Chimonanthus'' (China) }} }} }} The family Calycanthaceae may have had a Gondwanan origin. The sole Australian representative, ''Idiospermum australiense'', would then represent an ancient relic, probably having diverged in the Cretaceous. There are no extant South American members of the family, although fossils are known. ''Calycanthus'' may have migrated into North America from eastern Asia, or may have originated in South America, moved northwards and then spread to eastern Asia.<ref name=ZhouRennWen06/>
===Species=== {{As of|2020|February}}, Plants of the World Online accepted four species:<ref name=POWO_331448-2/> * ''Calycanthus brockianus'' <small>Ferry & Ferry f.</small>—north central Georgia; has greenish rather than brownish red flowers, and may only be a triploid color variant of ''C. floridus''.<ref name=LancRix19/> * ''Calycanthus chinensis'' <small>(W.C.Cheng & S.Y.Chang) W.C.Cheng & S.Y.Chang ex P.T.Li</small> (syn. ''Sinocalycanthus sinensis'')—Chinese sweetshrub, Chinese wax shrub, native to eastern China, with white flowers<ref name=POWO_77067552-1/> * ''Calycanthus floridus'' <small>L.</small>—Carolina spicebush, eastern sweetshrub, native to the Eastern United States, from New York and Missouri, south through the Appalachian Mountains, Piedmont, and Mississippi Valley, to Louisiana, and east to northern Florida<ref name=USDA_CAFL22/> ** ''C. f.'' var. ''floridus'' (syn. ''C. mohrii'')—eastern sweetshrub; twigs pubescent (hairy)<ref name=USDA_CAFLF/> ** ''C. f.'' var. ''glaucus'' (syn. ''C. fertilis'')—eastern sweetshrub; twigs glabrous (smooth).<ref name=USDA_CAFLG/> * ''Calycanthus occidentalis'' <small>Hook. & Arn.</small>—California spicebush, western sweetshrub, native to moist habitats of California below {{convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}}, including in the California Coast Ranges, San Joaquin Valley, and Sierra Nevada.<ref name=JM_Co/><ref name=USDA_CAOC5/> {{As of|2021|February}}, the Oregon Flora Project documented two specimens in Oregon, marked as "exotic?".<ref name=OF_Co/>
''C. chinensis'' has a confused taxonomic history. It was first described in 1963 as ''Calycanthus chinensis'' by W.C. Cheng and S.Y. Chang, but invalidly because two different collections were both given as holotypes. The authors then described it validly in 1964 in their new genus ''Sinocalycanthus''. In 1979, P.T. Li rejected the genus ''Sinocalycanthus'', and validated the original name ''Calycanthus chinensis''.<ref name=LancRix19/>
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> Calycanthus chinensis 2020-06-23 9533.jpg|''C. chinensis''–Chinese sweetshrub Calycanthus floridus kz01.jpg|''C. floridus''—eastern sweetshrub Calycanthus occidentalis-Chico.jpg|''C. occidentalis''—western sweetshrub </gallery>
==Cultivation== thumb|The earliest illustration of ''Calycanthus floridus'', from a work published from 1731 onwards ''Calycanthus'' species are cultivated as ornamental plants by plant nurseries, including in the United States and England.
''Calycanthus floridus'' is planted in gardens, as a specimen shrub, or for hedges.<ref name=NP_CAFL22/><ref name=PF_Cf/> The English naturalist Mark Catesby drew it as the support for the bird he called "''Garrulus Carolinensis'' The Chatterer" (now ''Bombycilla cedrorum'') in a work published from 1731 onwards. He described the shrub as growing in "remote and hilly parts" and having bark "as odoriferous as cinnamon".<ref name=Catesby/> The colonial planters of the Carolinas transplanted it into their gardens, and the botanist Peter Collinson described it to Linnaeus and imported it into England from Charleston in the Province of South Carolina around 1756.<ref name=Coats/>{{Page needed|date=February 2021}}
''Calycanthus occidentalis'' is planted in traditional, native plant, and wildlife gardens, and for natural landscaping and habitat restoration projects, primarily in California and the Western United States.<ref name=TP/><ref name=PF_Co/> It was introduced into cultivation in 1831.<ref name=NP_CAOC5/>
''Calycanthus chinensis'' was introduced into cultivation in both the United States and the United Kingdom from the Shanghai Botanical Garden in the 1980s.<ref name=Hsu18/><ref name=LancRix19/> It has since been used extensively in the breeding of cultivars.<ref name=Hsu18/>
===Hybridization=== Several hybrids and hybrid cultivars have been produced, with the intention of combining the larger flower size of ''C. chinensis'' with the colour and scent of the two North American species, as well as their greater hardiness. The hybrid between ''C. chinensis'' and ''C. floridus'' has been named ''C.'' × ''raulstonii''. It combines the larger flowers of ''C. chinesis'' with the flower color of ''C. floridus''. The original cross has been given the cultivar name 'Hartlage Wine' after the student, Richard Hartlage, who made the first crosses. Further crosses have been made. 'Venus' involves ''C. occidentalis'' as well.<ref name=LancRix19/><ref name=Hsu18/>
Hybrid cultivars include:<ref name=Hsu18/> *'Aphrodite' (''C. chinensis'' × ''C. occidentalis'') – US; large reddish-purple flowers with yellow marks on the inner tepals, borne on relatively long stalks; long flowering season *'Hartlage Wine' (''C.'' × ''raulstonii'') – US, 1991; resembles ''C. chinensis'' in leaf and flower size, with the flower colour of ''C. floridus''; may reach {{cvt|2|m|ft|0}} in height; given the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit<ref name=RHS_332225/> *'Hongyun' (''C.'' × ''raulstonii'') – China, 2001; large flowers of ''C. chinensis'' with the red colour of ''C. floridus'' *'Solar Flare' (''C.'' × ''raulstonii'') – US, 2003–2006; similar to 'Hartlage Wine' but with larger and thicker leaves and smaller flowers; appears to be hardier to frost than 'Hartlage Wine' *'Venus' (''C.'' × ''raulstonii'' × [''C. chinensis'' × ''C. occidentalis'']) – large white flowers, marked with yellow and purple at the centre; strongly fragrant <gallery mode="packed" heights="" caption="Calycanthus cultivars"> Calycanthus 'Aphrodite', Longwood Gardens 01.jpg|Calycanthus 'Aphrodite' Calycanthus raulstonii 'Hartlage Wine', Morris Arboretum 01.jpg|Calycanthus × raulstonii 'Hartlage Wine' X Sinocalycalycanthus Venus - Flickr - peganum (3).jpg|Calycanthus 'Venus' </gallery>
==Other uses== ''Calycanthus floridus'' and ''C. occidentalis'' were both used as a traditional medicinal plant by Native Americans. The indigenous peoples of California also used ''C. occidentalis'' in basketweaving and for arrow shafts.<ref name=NAED_Cf/><ref name=NAED_Co/>
===Essential oils=== ''Calycanthus'' oil, distilled from the flowers, is an essential oil used in some quality perfumes.<ref>Groom, N. [https://books.google.com/books?id=UYrDPqLVD-kC&pg=PA48&lpg=PA48 The New Perfume Handbook], second ed., Springer, 1997, page 48.</ref>
==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=Catesby>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Catesby |first1=Mark |date=1731–1747 |contribution=Garrulus Carolinensis |title=The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands |page=46 |publication-place=London |publisher=self-published |contribution-url=http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA02/amacker/etext/I_46.htm |access-date=10 February 2021 |volume=I | edition=1st |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024033538/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA02/amacker/etext/I_46.htm |archive-date=24 October 2019 }} (The plant is given Linnaeus's name ''Calycanthus floridus'' in the [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52620020 table of contents] of the 3rd edition.)</ref>
<ref name=Coats>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Coats |first1=A. |date=1992 |orig-year=first published 1964 |title=Garden Shrubs and their Histories |publication-place=New York |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-671-74733-6 }}</ref>
<ref name=FC_C>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |first1=Bingtao |last1=Li |first2=Bruce |last2=Bartholomew |contribution=Calycanthus |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=105270 |access-date=9 February 2021 |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Zhengyi |editor2-last=Raven |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor3-last=Hong |editor3-first=Deyuan |title=Flora of China ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>
<ref name=FNA_C>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |first1=George P. |last1=Johnson |contribution=Calycanthus |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=105270 |access-date=9 February 2021 |name-list-style=amp |editor-last=Flora of North America Editorial Committee |title=Flora of North America ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org }}</ref>
<ref name=FNA_Cf>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |first1=George P. |last1=Johnson |contribution=Calycanthus floridus |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200008493 |access-date=9 February 2021 |name-list-style=amp |editor-last=Flora of North America Editorial Committee |title=Flora of North America ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org }}</ref>
<ref name=FNA_Co>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |first1=George P. |last1=Johnson |contribution=Calycanthus occidentalis |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500303 |access-date=9 February 2021 |name-list-style=amp |editor-last=Flora of North America Editorial Committee |title=Flora of North America ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org }}</ref>
<ref name=GottGottSilbStan21>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Gottsberger |first1=Gerhard |last2=Gottsberger |first2=Brigitte |last3=Silberbauer-Gottsberger |first3=Ilse |last4=Stanojlovic |first4=Vesna |last5=Cabrele |first5=Chiara |last6=Dötterl |first6=Stefan |date=2021 |title=Imitation of fermenting fruits in beetle-pollinated ''Calycanthus occidentalis'' (Calycanthaceae) |journal=Flora |volume=274 |article-number=151732 |doi=10.1016/j.flora.2020.151732 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access= |bibcode=2021FMDFE.27451732G |s2cid=228979128 }}</ref>
<ref name=Hsu18>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Hsu |first1=Eric |date=March 2018 |title=An overview of ''Calycanthus'' |journal=The Plantsman |series=New Series |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=32–39 }}</ref>
<ref name=IPNI_331448-2>{{IPNI |mode=cs1 |taxon=Calycanthus |authority=L. |id=331448-2 |access-date=6 February 2021}}</ref>
<ref name=JM_Co>{{Cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=George P. |last2=Fosiée |first2=Tahbaz |title=''Calycanthus occidentalis'' Sweet-shrub, Spicebush |website=Jepson eFlora |publisher=The Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley |url=https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=16812 |access-date=10 February 2021 }}</ref>
<ref name=LancRix19>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Lancaster |first1=Roy |last2=Rix |first2=Martyn |date=2019 |title=921. ''Calycanthus chinensis'' Calycanthaceae |journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=340–346 |doi=10.1111/curt.12302 |s2cid=213402675 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>
<ref name=Linn59>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Linnaeus |first1=C. |date=1759 |title=Systema Naturae |volume=2 |edition=10th |publication-place=Stockholm (Holmia) |publisher=Laurentius Salvius }} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/586985 p. 1066].</ref>
<ref name=NAED_Cf>{{Cite web |title=NAEB Text Search: ''Calycanthus floridus'' |website=Native American Ethnobotany Database |publisher=Botanical Research Institute of Texas |url=http://naeb.brit.org/uses/search/?string=Calycanthus+floridus |access-date=10 February 2021 }}</ref>
<ref name=NAED_Co>{{Cite web |title=NAEB Text Search: ''Calycanthus occidentalis'' |website=Native American Ethnobotany Database |publisher=Botanical Research Institute of Texas |url=http://naeb.brit.org/uses/search/?string=Calycanthus+occidentalis |access-date=10 February 2021 }}</ref>
<ref name=NP_CAFL22>{{Cite web |title=''Calycanthus floridus'' |url=http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=CAFL22 |website=Native Plants |publisher=Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center |access-date=9 February 2021 }}</ref>
<ref name=NP_CAOC5>{{Cite web |title=''Calycanthus occidentalis'' |url=http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=CAOC5 |website=Native Plants |publisher=Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center |access-date=9 February 2021 }}</ref>
<ref name=OF_Co>{{Cite web |title=''Calycanthus occidentalis'' Hook. & Arn. spicebush |website=Oregon Flora |publisher=Oregon State University |url=https://oregonflora.org/taxa/index.php?taxon=3534 |access-date=10 February 2021 }}</ref>
<ref name=PF_Cf>{{Cite web |title=''Calycanthus floridus'' |website=Plant Finder |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=278791 |access-date=10 February 2021 }}</ref>
<ref name=PF_Co>{{Cite web |title=''Calycanthus occidentalis'' |website=Plant Finder |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=278792 |access-date=10 February 2021 }}</ref>
<ref name=POWO_139233-1>{{Cite web |title=''Calycanthus praecox'' L. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of theRoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:139233-1 |access-date=6 February 2021 }}</ref>
<ref name=POWO_331448-2>{{Cite web |title=''Calycanthus'' L. |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331448-2 |access-date=9 February 2021 }}</ref>
<ref name=POWO_77067552-1>{{cite web |title=''Calycanthus chinensis'' (W.C.Cheng & S.Y.Chang) W.C.Cheng & S.Y.Chang ex P.T.Li |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77067552-1 |access-date=5 February 2021 }}</ref>
<ref name=RHS_332225>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |title=''Calycanthus'' × ''raulstonii'' 'Hartlage Wine' |website=RHS Plants |publisher = The Royal Horticultural Society |url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/332225/Calycanthus-x-raulstonii-Hartlage-Wine/Details |access-date=7 February 2021}}</ref>
<ref name=TP>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theodorepayne.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Calycanthus_occidentalis |title=Theodore Payne Foundation, California Native Plant Horticulture database: ''Calycanthus occidentalis'' - Spice Bush |access-date=11 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612105649/http://www.theodorepayne.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Calycanthus_occidentalis |archive-date=12 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name=USDA_CAFL22>{{Cite web |title=''Calycanthus occidentalis'' Hook. & Arn. |website=Plants Database |publisher=Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture |url=http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=CAFL22 |access-date=10 February 2021}}</ref>
<ref name=USDA_CAFLF>{{Cite web |title=''Calycanthus floridus'' L. var. ''floridus'' |website=Plants Database |publisher=Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture |url=http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=CAFLF |access-date=10 February 2021}}</ref>
<ref name=USDA_CAFLG>{{Cite web |title=''Calycanthus floridus'' L. var. ''glaucus'' (Willd.) Torr. & A. Gray |website=Plants Database |publisher=Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture |url=http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=CAFLG |access-date=10 February 2021}}</ref>
<ref name=USDA_CAOC5>{{Cite web |title=''Calycanthus occidentalis'' Hook. & Arn. |website=Plants Database |publisher=Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture |url=http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=CAOC5 |access-date=10 February 2021}}</ref>
<ref name=ZhouRennWen06>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Zhou |first1=S. |last2=Renner |first2=S. |last3=Wen |first3=J. |date=2006 |title=Molecular phylogeny and intra- and intercontinental biogeography of Calycanthaceae |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |url=http://www.umsl.edu/~renners/Zhou_etal_Calycanthaceae_MPE2006.pdf |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.015 |pmid=16495090 |bibcode=2006MolPE..39....1Z |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> }}
==External links== {{Commons category|Calycanthus}} * [http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=1330 CalFlora Database: ''Calycanthus occidentalis'' (spicebush, western sweetshrub)] * [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Calycanthus+floridus UC Photos gallery: ''Calycanthus floridus''] * [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Calycanthus+occidentalis UC Berkeley Cal Photos gallery: ''Calycanthus occidentalis'']
{{Taxonbar|from=Q158029}}
Category:Flora of the Eastern United States Category:Flora of the West Coast of the United States Category:Garden plants of North America Category:Laurales genera Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine Category:Calycanthaceae