Superstate

{{Short description|Large and powerful state formed from smaller states}} {{about|the political concept|the quantum mechanics principle|Quantum superposition}} {{distinguish|Supranational union}} {{forms of government}} A '''superstate''' is defined as "a large and powerful state formed when several smaller countries unite",<ref>[http://dictionary.cambridge.org/it/dizionario/inglese/superstate "Superstate"], Cambridge dictionaries online</ref> or "A large and powerful state formed from a federation or union of nations",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/superstate|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712051453/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/superstate|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 12, 2012|title=superstate - Definition of superstate in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries - English}}</ref> or "a hybrid form of polity that combines features of ancient empires and modern states."<ref>Roberts, Alasdair. [https://www.politybooks.com/bookdetail?book_slug=superstates-empires-of-the-twenty-first-century--9781509544479 Superstates: Empires of the Twenty-First Century]. (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2022), 122.</ref> This is distinct from the concept of superpower, although these are sometimes seen together.<ref>Roberts, Alasdair. [https://www.politybooks.com/bookdetail?book_slug=superstates-empires-of-the-twenty-first-century--9781509544479 Superstates: Empires of the Twenty-First Century]. (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2022), 17.</ref>

== History == In the early 20th century, "superstate" had a similar definition as today's supranational organisations. In a 1927 article by Edward A. Harriman on the League of Nations, a superstate was defined as merely "an organisation, of which a state is a member, which is superior to the member themselves", in that "[a] complete superstate has legislative, executive and judicial organs to make, to execute and to interpret its laws". According to this definition, Harriman saw the League of Nations as a "rudimentary superstate", and the United States of America as "an example of a complete and perfect superstate".<ref>Edward A. Harriman, [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8716222&fileId=S000305540002373X The League of Nations a Rudimentary Superstate], ''American Political Science Review'' / Volume 21 / Issue 01 / February 1927, pp 137-140</ref>

In ''World Order of Bahá'u'lláh,'' first published in 1938, Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the Baháʼí Faith, described the anticipated world government of that religion as the "world’s future super-state" with the Baháʼí Faith as the "State Religion of an independent and Sovereign Power."<ref>{{cite book |first=Shoghi |last=Effendi |author-link= Shoghi Effendi |year=1938 |title=The World Order of Bahá'u'lláh |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust |location=Wilmette, Illinois, USA | page=7| chapter= Local and National Houses of Justice| chapter-url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/WOB/wob-3.html#pg7| isbn=978-0-87743-231-9 |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/WOB/index.html |via=Bahá’í Reference Library}}</ref>

In the 1970s, academic literature used the term "superstate" to indicate a particularly rich and powerful state, in a similar fashion to the term superpower. In this context, the term was applied to Japan,<ref name="WICKRAMASINGHE-1973" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Oka |first=Takashi |date=1970-12-13 |title=The Emerging Japanese Superstate |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/12/13/archives/the-emerging-japanese-superstate.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> as contemporary academics suggested that Japan could displace the U.S. as the world's sole superpower, becoming the world's foremost economic power in the (then) near future because of its economic growth in recent decades.<ref name="WICKRAMASINGHE-1973">{{cite journal |first=V. K. |last=WICKRAMASINGHE |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1746-1049.1973.tb00306.x/abstract |title=JAPAN — THE EMERGING SUPERSTATE ? Some Thoughts on Herman Kahn |journal=The Developing Economies |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=196–210 |date=June 1973|doi=10.1111/j.1746-1049.1973.tb00306.x }}</ref> The prediction did not come true.

In contemporary political debate, especially the one centred on the European Union, the term "superstate" is used to indicate a development in which the Union develops from its current ''de facto'' status<ref>Kiljunen, Kimmo (2004). The European Constitution in the Making. Centre for European Policy Studies. pp. 21–26. {{ISBN|978-92-9079-493-6}}.</ref> as a confederation to become a fully-fledged federation, known as the United States of Europe. For instance, Glyn Morgan contrasts the perspective of a "European superstate" to the ones of "a Europe of nation-states" and of "a post-sovereign European polity".<ref name=morgan>Glyn Morgan, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9WuDA3H3KMwC The Idea of a European Superstate: Public Justification and European Integration] Princeton University Press, 2009, {{ISBN|9781400828050}}</ref>{{rp|202}} In her definition, a "European superstate is nothing more than a sovereign state - a tried and tested type of polity that predominates in the modern world - operating on a European wide scale",<ref name=morgan/>{{rp|204}} i.e., "a unitary European state".<ref name=morgan/>{{rp|ix}} Especially after the European debt crisis, economic literature started to discuss the role of European union as a European superstate. In particular,<ref name=erkut>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299468883|title=A Super Indebted European Superstate|first=Burak|last=Erkut|date=24 December 2015|journal=Review of Applied Socio-Economic Research|volume=10|pages=4–10|via=ResearchGate}}</ref> they compared the emergence of a debt union to the federal structure of Germany.

The term was famously used by Margaret Thatcher in her 1988 Bruges speech, when she decried the perspective of "a European super-state exercising a new dominance from Brussels",<ref>Margaret Thatcher, [http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/107332 Speech to the College of Europe ("The Bruges Speech")], 20 September 1988</ref> and has since entered the eurosceptic lexicon. Tony Blair argued in 2000 that he welcomed an EU as a "superpower, not a superstate".<ref>Stephen Haseler, [https://books.google.com/books?id=E8eOpF_qZzYC Super-State: The New Europe and Its Challenge to America], p. 85</ref>

In a 2022 study, Alasdair Roberts argues that superstates should be construed as hybrid forms of political organization: "Every superstate carries the burdens of statehood, that is, the duties of intensive governance and respect for human rights that are carried by all modern states. But superstates also carry the burdens of empire, principally the burden of holding together a large and diverse population spread across a vast territory. Superstates are distinguished from ordinary states by problems of governance that are intensified by scale, diversity, and complexity".<ref name="Roberts">{{cite book |last=Roberts |first=Alasdair |url=https://www.politybooks.com/bookdetail?book_slug=superstates-empires-of-the-twenty-first-century--9781509544479 |title=Superstates: Empires of the Twenty-First Century |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Polity Press |date=2022 |isbn=9781509544479}}</ref>{{rp|18}} In this view, a superstate need not be highly centralized, just as some empires were not highly centralized. Thus is it possible to describe the European Union as a superstate without conceding that is a "centralized, unitary leviathan".<ref name="Roberts" /> {{rp|121}} <!-- All these lack references:

Other examples of superstates include: * The British Empire came close to becoming a superstate in the late 19th century when there was an attempt to re-organize both dominions and colonies into a single body as an Imperial Federation. * The European Union, as argued by many Eurosceptics, is a current example of an emerging superstate. * The Soviet Union, though being constitutionally defined as a union of republics, was ''de facto'' a superstate due to a major cultural and linguistic diversity between its inhabited ethnicities and they never really identified themselves as the single Soviet nation despite the official doctrine. * Yugoslavia before its breakup at the end of the Cold War -->

==Fictional superstates==

*The Alliance for Democracy in ''The Domination'' *Earth Alliance and Interstellar Alliance in ''Babylon 5'' *Earth Federation in ''Mobile Suit Gundam'' *Eastasia, Eurasia and Oceania in ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' *The Eastern Empire, the American Republic, and the European Confederation in ''Lord of the World'' *Federation of the Americas in ''Call of Duty: Ghosts'' *Fleet of Worlds in ''Fleet of Worlds'' *Galactic Empire in ''Foundation'' universe *Galactic Empire and Galactic Republic in ''Star Wars'' *Imperium of Man in ''Warhammer 40,000'' *Mega-City One in ''Judge Dredd'' *Tamrielic Empire in ''The Elder Scrolls'' *Unified Earth Government in ''Halo'' *United Federation of Planets in ''Star Trek'' *United Nations Of Earth and the Outer Planets Alliance in ''The Expanse'' *The World State in ''Brave New World'' *Federation of Super Earth in ''Helldivers'' and ''Helldivers 2'' *Organization of North American Nations in ''Infinite Jest''

== Notes == {{reflist|30em}} {{Autonomous types of first-tier administration}} Category:Federalism Category:Political science terminology Category:Political systems