Strigil

{{Short description|Ancient Greek and Roman cleaning tool}} [[File:Roman - Strigil - Walters 541926.jpg|thumb|upright|Bronze strigil (Roman, 1st century AD, Walters Art Museum]] The '''strigil''' (Latin: strigilis) or '''stlengis''' ({{langx|grc|στλεγγίς}}, probably a loanword from the Pre-Greek substrate) is a tool for cleansing the body by scraping off dirt and perspiration, as well as oil that was applied before bathing in Ancient Greek and Roman cultures. In these cultures the strigil was primarily used by men, specifically male athletes; however, in Etruscan culture there is evidence of strigils being used by both sexes.<ref name=depuma-429-430>{{cite journal|last1=De Puma|first1=Richard|title=A Third-Century B.C.E. Etruscan Tomb Group from Bolsena in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.|journal=American Journal of Archaeology|pages=429–40}}</ref> The standard design is a curved blade with a handle, all of which is made of metal.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Padgett|first1=J. Michael|title=Objects of Desire: Greek Vases from the John B. Elliot Collection.|date=2002|publisher=Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University.|pages=36–48}}</ref>

Strigils were commonly used by individuals who were engaging in vigorous activities, in which they accumulated large amounts of dirt and sweat on their bodies.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Boardman|first1=J.|last2=Kenyon|first2=K. M.|last3=Moynahan|first3=E. J.|last4=Evans|first4=J. D.|title=The Olive in the Mediterranean: Its Culture and Use [and Discussion]|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=1976|pages=187–96|doi=10.1098/rstb.1976.0080|volume=275}}</ref> The people who used the strigil included athletes, the wealthy, soldiers, and more. However, wealthy or prestigious individuals often had slaves to wield the strigils and clean their bodies, rather than doing it themselves.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Leader|first1=Ruth E.|title=In Death Not Divided: Gender, Family, and State on Classical Athenian Grave Stelae.|journal=American Journal of Archaeology|page=683}}</ref>

Strigils were not only significant in a practical sense, but culturally as well. They are often found in tombs or burials, in some cases along with a bottle of oil.<ref name=boardman-136-137>{{cite journal|last1=Boardman|first1=John|title=Sickles and Strigils|journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies|pages=136–137}}</ref>

==Representations==

===Timeline=== Strigils were not used in the earlier ages of Greek history. This is supported by Homer's poems, which state that oil was applied after bathing and was not removed. Furthermore, strigils are not mentioned in literature until the later portion of the 5th century BC.<ref name=boardman-136-137/> As early as the 6th century BC, however, representations of strigils can be found on vases.<ref name=boardman-136-137/> By the 4th century BC, strigils are depicted in other types of artwork, such as skyphoi and statues.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Padgett|first1=J. Michael|title=Objects of Desire: Greek Vases from the John B. Elliot Collection.|date=2002|publisher=Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University.|pages=36–48}}</ref>

In Book 23 of the ''Iliad'', during the funeral games for Patroclus, Homer describes the athletes using strigils to clean themselves after physical contests. This is one of the earliest literary references to the strigil in Greek culture, illustrating its use in the context of athletic events, which were an important part of Greek social and religious life.

===Cultural depictions=== As stated above, strigils are represented throughout Greek, Roman, and Etruscan cultures in varying ways. Strigils were often depicted alongside olive oil and an athlete.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Padgett|first1=J. Michael|title=Objects of Desire: Greek Vases from the John B. Elliot Collection.|date=2002|publisher=Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University.|pages=36–48}}</ref> The ''Croatian Apoxyomenos'' is a bronze statue that displays the use of a strigil by an athlete.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Boardman|first1=J.|last2=Kenyon|first2=K. M.|last3=Moynahan|first3=E. J.|last4=Evans|first4=J. D.|title=The Olive in the Mediterranean: Its Culture and Use [and Discussion]|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=1976|pages=187–96|doi=10.1098/rstb.1976.0080|volume=275}}</ref> Strigils were also represented on some sarcophagi, such as the marble strigil sarcophagus of a Greek physician, which has elaborate S-shaped curves on it to symbolize strigils.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gontar|first1=Cybele Trione|title=The Campeche Chair in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.|journal=Metropolitan Museum Journal|page=183}}</ref>

One source offers an alternative portrayal of strigils, "a secondary meaning for the word stlengis, strigil, is wreath or tiara." To support the claim that a strigil may have been viewed as a tiara or wreath, there was a 5th-century grave that had a strigil across the forehead of a corpse.<ref name=boardman-136-137/>

====Burials and tombs==== Strigils were significant beyond merely being tools for cleansing; they were also a common offering given to the deceased during burial.<ref name=boardman-136-137/> For instance, three graves from Greece in the 3rd century BC, which contained adult males, all had iron strigils.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fossey|first1=John M.|title=The Ritual Breaking of Objects in Greek Funerary Contexts: A Note.|journal=Folklore|pages=21–23}}</ref>

In the excavation of another 3rd-century BC tomb, which contained an Etruscan woman, there was an inscribed silver strigil along with a mirror. Strigils were commonly found in the tombs of Etruscan women, and it seemed to be an essential part of women’s bathing equipment.<ref name=depuma-429-430/> The inscribed silver strigil of the Etruscan tomb has two inscriptions on the handle: One being "śuthina", an inscription found on numerous objects in the tomb. While the other, more significant inscription is a monogram, R:M, which reads as Ra:Mu. The monogram is speculated to be the beginning of the Etruscan woman’s name.<ref name=depuma-429-430/>

In 2018, archaeologists discovered in Assos many strigils. Some of the strigils found were iron, but most were made of bronze.<ref>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/photo-2-000-year-old-athletes-tools-unearthed-in-turkeys-assos-138414#photo-5 2,000-year-old athletes' tools unearthed in Turkey's Assos]</ref>

===Composition and design=== As is obvious from the strigils found in the previously discussed tombs, strigils could differ in the type of metal used, design, etc., depending on the status of the individual it belonged to, time period, and other relevant factors. The typical metals used for strigils were bronze and iron.<ref name=boardman-136-137/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fossey|first1=John M.|title=The Ritual Breaking of Objects in Greek Funerary Contexts: A Note.|journal=Folklore|pages=21–23}}</ref> Some other variations of strigils are as follows: Hippias, an ancient Greek sophist who created his own strigil, made it in a unique way which allowed for sweat to drain through a small channel.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hunink|first1=Vincent|title=Apuleius, Florida IX, 34f|journal=Hermes|pages=382–84}}</ref> Literature from Plutarch states that Spartans used reeds at times instead of the typical metal strigils.<ref name=boardman-136-137/>

==Gallery== <gallery> Image:Strigiles.jpg|Roman strigils, 1st century BC Image:Greek statue of a athlete cleaning himself.jpg|''Apoxyomenos'': an athlete cleaning himself Image:Strigil Sarcophagus St Victor.jpg|Strigil Sarcophagus in Saint-Victor de Marseille Abbey File:Lawrence Alma-Tadema (1836-1912) - The Tepidarium - LL 3130 - Lady Lever Art Gallery.jpg|''The Tepidarium'' by Lawrence Alma-Tadema, 1881 </gallery>

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== *{{Commonscat-inline|Strigils}}

Category:Cleaning tools Category:Sport in ancient Greece Category:Sport in ancient Rome Category:Ancient Roman tools