{{Judicial remedies}} '''Statutory damages''' are a damage award in civil law, in which the amount awarded is stipulated within the statute rather than being calculated based on the degree of harm to the plaintiff. Lawmakers will provide for statutory damages for acts in which it is difficult to determine a precise value of the loss suffered by the victim. This could be because calculation of a value is impractical, such as in intellectual property cases where the volume of the infringement cannot be ascertained. It could also be because the nature of the injury is subjective, such as in cases of a violation of a person's rights. The award might serve not only as compensation but also for deterrence, and it is more likely to succeed in serving a deterrence function when the potential defendants are relatively sophisticated parties.<ref name="Announcing">{{cite journal|ssrn=1967184|last=Bray |first=Samuel L. |year=2012 |title=Announcing Remedies |journal=Cornell Law Review |volume=97 |page=753}}</ref> Other functions that can be served by statutory damages include reducing administrative costs and clarifying the consequences of violating the law.<ref name="Announcing" />

The amount of statutory damages can be set on a per-incident basis, such as in the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, which gives statutory damages of up to $1,000 for a violation of its provisions.<ref>{{cite web | title = Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, Section $813(a)(2)(A) | url = http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/pubs/consumer/credit/cre27.pdf | accessdate = June 2, 2010 }}</ref> Amounts could also be set per day, as in acts proscribing human-rights violations which might specify damages of $1,000 per day.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.cga.ct.gov/2006/ACT/PA/2006PA-00043-R00SB-00153-PA.htm | title = Public Act No. 06-43 | publisher = State of Connecticut | date = 8 May 2006 | access-date = 7 March 2011}}</ref> The term also applies wherein damages are a multiple of what the legally entitled payment would have been in the matter, which would be typical for copyright or trademark infringement.

The principle of ''in pari delicto'' applies,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=971 |title = in pari delicto | publisher = Law.com | accessdate = 7 March 2011}}</ref> preventing people from suing others for crimes in which they also are equally at fault.

==Intellectual property== In intellectual property cases (relating to copyright or trademark, for instance), it is often difficult for plaintiffs to determine the exact volume of infringement. Thus, statutory damages are often calculated as a multiple of the price for the use of the property, if the infringer had requested and paid for permission.<ref name="wipo">{{cite web | url = http://www.wipo.int/enforcement/en/faq/judiciary/faq08.html#pre | title = Which kind of damages are available in IP disputes? | publisher = World Intellectual Property Organization | accessdate = 7 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103094152/http://www.wipo.int/enforcement/en/faq/judiciary/faq08.html|archive-date=2013-11-03}}</ref> Other statutes may set a fixed amount for each day the violation occurred, for each violation, work, article, or type of good.

* In the United States, statutory damages are set at a minimum of $750 per work, to a maximum of $150,000.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap5.html | title = Circular 92, Title 17, Section 504.c.1 | accessdate = 7 March 2011 | date = October 2009 | publisher = United States Copyright office}}</ref> In Europe, directive 2004/48/EC on the Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights bases the damages on, "the amount of royalties which would have been due if the infringer has requested authorisation".<ref name="wipo"/> * The Lanham (Trademark) Act provides for minimum damages of $1000 and a maximum of $2,000,000 (if willful) for using a counterfeit trademark in commerce (15 U.S.C. § 1117(c), Lanham Act Section 35(c).)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/15/1117.shtml| publisher = Cornell University | title = 15 U.S.C. 1117. Recovery for violation of rights | accessdate= 29 November 2011}}</ref> * The Electronic Communications Privacy Act provides for statutory damages for various wiretap offences of $100 per day, up to $10000.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/search/display.html?terms=statutory%20damages&url=/uscode/html/uscode18/usc_sec_18_00002520----000-.html | title = TITLE 18 > PART I > CHAPTER 119 > § 2520 | accessdate = 7 March 2011 | publisher = Cornell University Law School}}</ref>

One area of debate between legal and economic scholars that pertains to the quantification of statutory patent damages is whether the court may rely on information that postdates the determined date of the hypothetical negotiation between the patent holder and the alleged infringer. Some commentators argue that the court should rely on postdate information to deter patent infringement and ensure the patent holder's adequate compensation,<ref>Michael K. Dunbar & Roman L. Weil, ''Ex Ante Versus Ex Post Damages Calculations'', ''in'' LITIGATION SERVICES HANDBOOK: THE ROLE OF THE FINANCIAL EXPERT § 5.4.b.i (Roman L. Weil, Daniel G. Lentz & David P. Hoffman eds., Wiley 5th ed. 2012).</ref> while others argue that doing so would "give the potential licensee a free option to infringe, which would discourage the potential licensee from promptly entering into a licensing agreement."<ref>J. Gregory Sidak, ''How Relevant Is Justice Cardozo's "Book of Wisdom" to Patent Damages?'', 16 COLUMBIA SCI. & TECH. L. REV. at 28 (forthcoming 2016), https://www.criterioneconomics.com/justice-cardozos-book-of-wisdom-and-patent-damages.html.</ref>

==Civil rights== California's Unruh Civil Rights Act (Civ. Code, § 51 section 52) provides for minimum damages of $4000 <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nixonpeabody.com/publications_detail3.asp?ID=2793 | accessdate = 7 March 2011 | publisher = Nixon Peabody | title = Unintentional discrimination yields unexpected winfall}}</ref> for victims of discrimination under the Americans with Disabilities Act.

==See also== *Statutory damages for copyright infringement

==References== <references />

==Further reading== {{refbegin}} *[https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_791_2018.pdf A Casebook on the Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights]- 4th Edition. 2018 * [https://ssrn.com/abstract=1967184 Samuel L. Bray, Announcing Remedies, 97 Cornell Law Review 753 (2012)]. * [https://ssrn.com/abstract=1351497 Sheila B. Scheuerman, Due Process Forgotten: The Problem of Statutory Damages and Class Actions 74 Missouri Law Review 103 (2009)] {{refend}}

Category:Judicial remedies Category:Statutory law