Statism

{{Short description|Doctrine that the political authority of the state is legitimate to some degree}} {{Redirect|Statist}} {{party politics}}

In political science, '''statism''' or '''etatism''' (from French, ''état'' 'state') is the doctrine that the political authority of the state is legitimate to some degree.{{sfn|Bakunin|1990}}{{sfn|Cudworth|2007}}<ref name="barrow">{{cite book |last=Barrow |first=Clyde W. |title=Critical Theories of State: Marxist, Neo-Marxist, Post-Marxist |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1993 |isbn=0-299-13714-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3zo8mCl580C |via=Google Books}}</ref> This may include economic and social policy, especially in regard to taxation and the means of production.<ref>{{harvp|Bakunin|1990}}; {{harvp|Cudworth|2007}}; {{harvp|Kvistad|1999}}; {{harvp|Levy|2006|p=469}}; {{harvp|Obadare|2010}}</ref>

While in use since the 1850s, the term ''statism'' gained significant usage in American political discourse throughout the 1930s and 1940s. Opposition to statism is termed anti-statism or anarchism. The latter is usually characterized by a complete rejection of all hierarchical rulership.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Craig |editor-first=Edward |section=Anarchism |title=The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=31 March 2005 |isbn=978-0-415-32495-3 |editor-link=Edward Craig (philosopher) |title-link=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Routledge}}</ref>

== Overview == Statism can take many forms, from small state to strong state. Minarchism is a political philosophy that prefers a minimal state such as a night-watchman state to protect people from aggression, theft, breach of contract and fraud with the military, police and courts. This may also include fire departments, prisons and other functions.<ref>{{harvp|Machan|2002|pp=569–588}}; {{harvp|Block|2007|pp=61–90}}; {{harvp|Long|2008}}; {{harvp|Parker|2010}}</ref> The welfare state is another form within the spectrum of statism.<ref>{{cite book |publisher=Prentice-Hall |isbn=978-0-13-537167-1 |last=Friedrich |first=Carl |title=Limited Government: A Comparison |url=https://archive.org/details/limitedgovernmen0000frie |url-access=registration |location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey |year=1974 |oclc=803732}}</ref><ref name="Welfare State by Marx">{{cite book |publisher=Wilson |last=Marx |first=Herbert |title=The Welfare State |location=New York City, New York |year=1950}}</ref> Authoritarian philosophies view a strong, authoritative state as required to legislate or enforce morality and cultural practices.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/authoritarian |title=authoritarian |date=9 October 2013 |publisher=Dictionary.com, LLC |access-date=22 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/644/ |title=The Authoritarian Impulse in Constitutional Law |last=West |first=Robin |journal=Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works |date=1988 |publisher=Georgetown University Law Center |access-date=22 May 2015}}</ref> Totalitarianism is that which prefers a maximum, all-encompassing state.<ref>{{harvp|Arendt|1966}}; {{harvp|Cernak|2011}}; {{harvp|Friedrich|1964}}; {{harvp|Gleason|1995}}; {{harvp|Schapiro|1972}}</ref>

Political theory has long questioned the nature and rights of the state. Some forms of corporatism extol the moral position that the corporate group, usually the state, is greater than the sum of its parts and that individuals have a moral obligation to serve the state. Skepticism towards statism in Western cultures is largely rooted in Enlightenment philosophy. John Locke notably influenced modern thinking in his writings published before and after the English Revolution of 1688, especially ''A Letter Concerning Toleration'' (1667), ''Two Treatises of Government'' (1689) and ''An Essay Concerning Human Understanding'' (1690). In the text of 1689, he established the basis of liberal political theory, i.e., that people's rights existed before government; that the purpose of government is to protect personal and property rights; that people may dissolve governments that do not do so; and that representative government is the best form to protect rights.<ref>{{cite book |last=Boaz |first=David |date=2010 |title=The Libertarian Reader: Classic and Contemporary Writings from Lao Tzu to Milton Friedman |publisher=Simon & Schuster |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cMs6OaHu6iEC&dq=John+Locke+libertarian&pg=PA123 |page=123 |via=Google Books |isbn=9781439118337}} {{ISBN|1439118337}}.</ref>

== Economic statism == Economic statism promotes the view that the state has a major, necessary and legitimate role in directing the major aspects of the economy, either directly through state-owned enterprises and economic planning of production, or indirectly through economic interventionism and macro-economic regulation.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Jones |first=R. J. Barry |date=2001 |title=Statism |encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy |edition=1st |volume=3 |location=New York City, New York |publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref>

=== State capitalism === {{main|State capitalism}}

State capitalism is a form of capitalism that features high concentrations of state-owned commercial enterprises or state direction of an economy based on the accumulation of capital, wage labor and market allocation. In some cases, state capitalism refers to economic policies such as dirigisme, which existed in France during the second half of the 20th century and to the present-day economies of the People's Republic of China and Singapore, where the government owns controlling shares in publicly traded companies.<ref name="Leviathan in Business: Varieties of State Capitalism and Their Implications for Economic Performance, 2012">{{cite book |last=Musacchio |first=Aldo |date=2012 |title=Leviathan in Business: Varieties of State Capitalism and Their Implications for Economic Performance}}</ref> Some authors also define the former economies of the Eastern Bloc and Soviet Union as constituting a form of state capitalism.

=== State corporatism === {{main|Corporate statism}}

State corporatism, corporate statism or simply "corporatism" is a political culture and a form of corporatism whose proposers affirm or believe that corporate groups should form the basis of society and the state. This principle requires that all citizens belong to one of the various officially designated interest groups (usually on the basis of the economic sector), the state also has great control over its citizens.

=== State interventionism === {{main|State interventionism}}

The term statism is sometimes used to refer to market economies with large amounts of government intervention, regulation or influence over markets. Market economies that feature high degrees of intervention are sometimes referred to as "mixed economies". Economic interventionism asserts that the state has a legitimate or necessary role within the framework of a capitalist economy by intervening in markets, regulating against overreaches of private sector industry and either providing or subsidizing goods and services not adequately produced by the market.

=== State socialism === {{main|State socialism}}

State socialism broadly refers to forms of socialism based on state ownership of the means of production and state-directed allocation of resources. It is often used in reference to Soviet-type economic systems of former communist states and, by extension, those of North Korea, Cuba, and the People's Republic of China. Politically, state socialism is often used to designate any socialist political ideology or movement that advocates for the use of state power for the construction of socialism, or to the belief that the state must be appropriated and used to ensure the success of a socialist revolution. It is usually used in reference to Marxist–Leninist socialists who champion a one-party state. Critics of state socialism argue that its known manifestations in Soviet-model states are merely forms of state capitalism,<ref>{{cite book |last=Michie |first=Jonathan |title=Reader's Guide to the Social Sciences |publisher=Routledge |date=January 1, 2001 |isbn=978-1579580919 |page=1595 |quote=State capitalism has inconsistently been used as a synonym for 'state socialism', although neither phrase has a stable denotation.}}</ref> claiming that the Soviet model of economics was based upon a process of state-directed capital accumulation and social hierarchy.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Bertrand |editor1-last=Badie |editor1-link=Bertrand Badie |editor2-first=Dirk |editor2-last=Berg-Schlosser |editor2-link=Dirk Berg-Schlosser |editor3-first=Leonardo |editor3-last=Morlino |editor3-link=Leonardo Morlino |title=International Encyclopedia of Political Science |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2011 |isbn=978-1412959636 |page=2459 |quote=The repressive state apparatus is in fact acting as an instrument of state capitalism to carry out the process of capital accumulation through forcible extraction of surplus from the working class and peasantry.}}</ref>

== Political statism ==

=== State nationalism === {{main|State nationalism}}

State nationalism, state-based nationalism, state-led nationalism,<ref name="Liu Li Fan Hong">{{cite book |author1=Liu Li |author2=Fan Hong |title=The National Games and National Identity in China |date=14 July 2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |pages=4 }}</ref> or "statism" ({{zh|t=國家主義|link=no}}) equates 'state identity' with 'national identity' and values state authority. State nationalism is classified as civic nationalism by the dichotomy that divides nationalism into "civic" and "ethnic",<ref name="Mohammad Ateequ"/><ref>{{cite book |author1=Jacob T. Levy |title=The Multiculturalism of Fear |date=2000 |publisher=OUP Oxford |pages=87}}</ref><ref name="J. C. Chatturvedi">{{cite book |author1=J. C. Chatturvedi |title=Political Governance: Political theory |date=2005 |publisher=Isha Books |pages=75}}</ref> but it is not necessarily liberal and has been present in authoritarian politics. Soviet nationalism, Shōwa Statism, Kemalism,<ref>{{cite book |author=Cengiz Gunes |title=The Political Representation of Kurds in Turkey: New Actors and Modes of Participation in a Changing Society |date=2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |pages=6}}</ref> Francoism,<ref name="J. C. Chatturvedi"/> and Communist-led Chinese state nationalism<ref name="Mohammad Ateequ">{{cite book |author1=Mohammad Ateeque |title=Identity Conscience Nationalism and Internationalism |publisher=Educreation Publishing |pages=52}}</ref> are all classified as state nationalism.

=== State feminism === {{main|State feminism}}

State feminism is a feminism permitted by the state or led by the nation state. State feminism is distinguished between liberal state feminism (represented by the Nordic model) and authoritarian state feminism (that is often also linked to state-led secularism).

== See also == {{sisterlinks}} {{cols|colwidth=20em}}  * Anarchism and libertarianism * Anarcho-capitalism * Anti-statism * Autocracy * Big government and small government * Fascism * Federalism * Imperialism * Monopoly on violence * Night-watchman state * Oligarchy * Stateless society * Sovereignty * Subsidiarity {{colend}}

== References == {{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography === {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Arendt |first=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt |title=The Origins of Totalitarianism |publisher=Harcourt Brace & World |url=https://archive.org/details/originsoftotalit0000unse_j3v9 |url-access=registration |location=New York City, New York |year=1966}} * {{cite book |last=Bakunin |first=Mikhail |author-link=Mikhail Bakunin |title=Statism and Anarchy |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-36182-8 |location=Cambridge |year=1990}} * {{cite journal |last=Block |first=Walter |title=Anarchism and Minarchism; No Rapprochement Possible: Reply to Tibor Machan |issn=0363-2873 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=61–90 |journal=The Journal of Libertarian Studies |year=2007}} * {{cite book |last=Cernak |first=Linda |title=Totalitarianism |publisher=ABDO |isbn=978-1-61714-795-1 |location=Edina, Minnesota |year=2011}} * {{cite book |last=Cudworth |first=Erika |title=The Modern State: Theories and Ideologies |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7486-2176-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pr8tAAAAYAAJ |via=Google Books}} * {{cite book |last=de Bellis |first=Gian Piero |author-link=Gian Piero de Bellis |title=Statism. The roots and features of a dying ideology |publisher=World Wide Wisdom |url=https://www.panarchy.org/books/statism.html |url-access=registration |location=Saint-Imier, Suisse Jura |year=2023}} * {{cite book |last=de Bellis |first=Gian Piero |author-link=Gian Piero de Bellis |title=Post-Statism. On the Social Sciences as Social Scam and the Social Scientists as Social Scoundrels |publisher=World Wide Wisdom |url=https://www.panarchy.org/books/poststatism.html |url-access=registration |location=Saint-Imier, Suisse Jura |year=2023}} * {{cite book |last=Friedrich |first=Carl |title=Totalitarianism |publisher=Grosset & Dunlap |location=New York City, New York |year=1964}} * {{cite book |last=Gleason |first=Abbott |title=Totalitarianism |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-505017-2 |location=Oxford, England |year=1995 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/totalitarianismi00glea}} * {{cite book |last=Kvistad |first=Gregg |title=The Rise and Demise of German Statism: Loyalty and Political Membership |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-57181-161-5 |location=Providence [u.a.] |year=1999}} * {{cite book |last=Levy |first=Jonah D. |title=The State After Statism: New State Activities in the Age of Liberalization |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2006 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=469 |isbn=978-0-674-02276-8}} * {{cite book |last=Long |first=Roderick T. |title=Anarchism Minarchism: Is a Government Part of a Free Country? |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-6066-8 |location=Aldershot, England |year=2008}} * {{cite journal |last=Machan |first=Tibor |title=Anarchism and Minarchism: A Rapprochement |issn=1145-6396 |volume=12 |pages=569–588 |journal=Journal des Économistes et des Études Humaines |year=2002 |issue=4 |doi=10.2202/1145-6396.1077 |s2cid=153541595}} * {{cite book |last=Obadare |first=Ebenezer |title=Statism, Youth, and Civic Imagination: A Critical Study of the National Youth Service Corps Programme in Nigeria |publisher=Codesria |isbn=978-2-86978-303-4 |location=Dakar, Senegal |year=2010}} * {{cite book |last=Parker |first=Martin |publisher=Zed Books |isbn=978-1-84972-734-1 |title=The Dictionary of Alternatives Utopianism and Organisation |location=London, England |year=2010}} * {{cite book |last=Schapiro |first=Leonard |title=Totalitarianism |publisher=Praeger |location=New York City, New York |year=1972}} {{refend}}

Category:Statism Category:1850s neologisms Category:Controversies within libertarianism Category:Economic systems Category:Libertarian terms Category:Political realism Category:Political science terminology Category:Political theories Category:Sovereignty