Spindalis

{{Short description|Genus of birds}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Western spindalis (Spindalis zena pretrei) male.JPG | image_caption = Western spindalis (''Spindalis zena'') | parent_authority = Barker, Burns, Klicka, Lanyon, & Lovette, 2013<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Barker | first1=F.K. | last2=Burns | first2=K.J. | last3=Klicka | first3=J. | last4=Lanyon | first4=S.M. | last5=Lovette | first5=I.J. | date=2013 | title=Going to extremes: contrasting rates of diversification in a recent radiation of New World passerine birds | journal=Systematic Biology | volume=62 | issue=2 | pages=298–320 | doi=10.1093/sysbio/sys094 | pmid=23229025 | doi-access=free}}</ref> | display_parents = 2 | taxon = Spindalis | authority = Jardine & Selby, 1837 | type_species = ''Spindalis bilineatus'' Jardine & Selby, 1837<br>''Tanagra nigricephala'' Jameson, 1835<br>Jamaican spindalis }}

'''''Spindalis''''' is a genus consisting of four non-migratory species of bird. It is the only genus in the family '''Spindalidae'''. The species are mostly endemic to the West Indies; exceptions include populations of western spindalises on Cozumel Island, off the Yucatán Peninsula's east coast, and in extreme southeastern Florida. The species were traditionally considered aberrant members of the tanager family Thraupidae. Taxonomic studies recover them as a sister group to the Puerto Rican tanager (family Nesospingidae), and some group Spindalidae and Nesospingidae within the Phaenicophilidae.<ref name="oliveros">{{cite journal|last1=Oliveros|first1=C.H.|display-authors=etal|year=2019|title=Earth history and the passerine superradiation|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States|volume=116|issue=16|pages=7916–7925|doi=10.1073/pnas.1813206116|pmid=30936315|pmc=6475423|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019PNAS..116.7916O }}</ref>

Males are characterized by bright plumage while females are duller and have a different coloration. The nests are cup-shaped.{{sfn|Garrido et al.|1997|p=587}}

==Taxonomy== The genus ''Spindalis'' was introduced in 1837 by the naturalists William Jardine and Prideaux John Selby to accommodate a single species, ''Spindalis bilineatus'' Jardine and Selby. This name is now considered a junior synonym of ''Tanagra nigricephala'' Jameson, 1835, the Jamaican spindalis, which becomes the type species by monotypy.<ref>{{ cite book | last1=Jardine | first1=William | author1-link=Sir William Jardine, 7th Baronet | last2=Selby | first2=Prideaux John | author2-link=Prideaux John Selby | date=1837 | title=Illustrations of Ornithology | volume=4 | location=Edinburgh | publisher=W.H. Lizars | at=Plate 9 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/63411804 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Paynter | editor-first=Raymond A. Jr | year=1970 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=13 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=316 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483551 }}</ref>

The genus contains four species:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=August 2024 | title=Enigmatic Oscines | work=IOC World Bird List Version 14.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/enigmas/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=23 February 2025 }}</ref>

{{Species table |genus= Spindalis |authority-name= Jardine & Selby |authority-year=1837 |species-count=four|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}}

{{Species table/row |name=Hispaniolan spindalis |binomial=Spindalis dominicensis |image=File:Hispaniolan Spindalis, Kenscoff, Haiti 1.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt= |authority-name=Bryant, H |authority-year= 1867|authority-not-original=yes |range= Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic) |range-image=File:Spindalis dominicensis map.svg |range-image-size=180px |size= |habitat= |hunting= |iucn-status= LC |population= |direction= |subspecies= }}

{{Species table/row |name=Jamaican spindalis |binomial=Spindalis nigricephala |image=File:Jamaican Spindalis (Spindalis nigricephala) (8082131069).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=|image-caption=Male |image2 =File:Jamaican Spindalis RWD2.jpg|image2-caption=Female |authority-name=Jameson |authority-year=1835 |authority-not-original=yes |range= Jamaica |range-image=File:Spindalis nigricephala map.svg |range-image-size=180px |size= |habitat= |hunting= |iucn-status= LC |population= |direction= |subspecies= }}

{{Species table/row |name=Puerto Rican spindalis |binomial=Spindalis portoricensis |image=File:Puerto Rican Stripe-headed Tanager (male) (5403225223).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=|image-caption=Male |image2 =File:Puerto Rican Stripe-headed Tanager (female) (5403225013).jpg|image2-caption=Female |authority-name=Bryant, H|authority-year= 1866 |authority-not-original=yes |range=Puerto Rico |range-image=File:Spindalis portoricensis map.svg |range-image-size=180px |size= |habitat= |hunting= |iucn-status= LC |population= |direction= |subspecies= }}

{{Species table/row |name=Western spindalis |binomial=Spindalis zena |image=File:Spindalis zena pretrei, Ciego de Avila Province, Cuba 1 (cropped).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=|image-caption=Male |image2 =File:Western spindalis (Spindalis zena pretrei) female.JPG|image2-caption=Female |authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=yes |range= southeastern Florida and the western Caribbean (Cozumel, the Cayman Islands, Cuba, the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands) |range-image=File:Spindalis zena map.svg |range-image-size=180px |size= |habitat= |hunting= |iucn-status= LC |population= |direction= |subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Five subspecies |bullets=on | ''S. z. zena'' | ''S. z. townsendi'' | ''S. z. pretrei'' | ''S. z. salvini'' | ''S. z. benedicti'' }} }}

==Taxonomy== Historically, the genus consisted of a single polytypic species, ''Spindalis zena'' (with the common name of stripe-headed tanager), with eight recognized subspecies—''S. z. townsendi'' and ''S. z. zena'' from the Bahamas, ''S. z. pretrei'' from Cuba, ''S. z. salvini'' from Grand Cayman, ''S. z. dominicensis'' from Hispaniola and Gonâve Island, ''S. z. portoricensis'' from Puerto Rico, ''S. z. nigreciphala'' from Jamaica, and ''S. z. benedicti'' from Cozumel Island. In 1997, based primarily on morphological and vocalization differences, three of the subspecies (''portoricensis'', ''dominicensis'' and ''nigricephala'') were elevated to species status. ''S. zena'' remained a polytypic species with five recognized subspecies—''S. z. pretrei'', ''S. z. salvini'', ''S. z. benedicti'', ''S. z. townsendi'', and ''S. z. zena''.{{sfn|Garrido et al.|1997|pp=588–589}}

==References== {{Reflist}}

==Sources== {{Refbegin}} *{{Cite journal | last1=Garrido | first1=O.H. | last2=Parkes | first2=K.C. | last3=Reynard | first3=G.B. | last4=Kirkconnell | first4=A. | last5=Sutton | first5=R. | date=1997 | title=Taxonomy of the stripe-headed tanager, genus ''Spindalis'' (Aves:Thraupidae) of the West Indies | journal=The Wilson Bulletin | volume=109 | issue=4 | pages=561–594 | url=http://sora.unm.edu/node/131513 | ref={{sfnRef|Garrido et al.|1997}} }} {{Refend}}

Category:Spindalis Category:Bird genera Category:Passeroidea Category:Taxa named by Sir William Jardine Category:Taxa named by Prideaux John Selby