Specially Designated Terrorist

A '''Specially Designated Terrorist''' ('''SDT''') is a person who has been designated by the U.S. secretary of the treasury to be a specially designated terrorist under notices or regulations issued by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), under the U.S. Treasury Department.<ref name="ter">{{cite book|last=Costigan|first=Sean S.|author2=Gold, David |title=Terrornomics|year=2007|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CtfSiaj9R5wC&pg=PA187|access-date=March 12, 2010 | isbn=978-0-7546-4995-3}}</ref><ref name="Treasury's War book">{{cite book | title=Treasury's War | publisher=PublicAffairs | author=Zarate, Juan C. | year=2013 | location=New York | isbn=9781610391153}}</ref>

Executive Order 12947, issued by President Bill Clinton on January 23, 1995, prohibits financial transactions with SDTs.<ref name="ter"/><ref name="report">{{cite web|url=http://www.ustreas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/reports/tar2002.pdf|title=Terrorist Assets Report; Calendar Year 2002|last=U.S. Treasury Department|access-date=March 12, 2010|archive-date=August 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826154557/http://ustreas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/reports/tar2002.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="eord">{{cite web|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_12947|title=Executive Order 12947|last=Clinton|first=William J.|date=January 23, 1995|work=Wikisource|access-date=April 13, 2011|archive-date=May 12, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512015308/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_12947|url-status=live}}</ref> Twelve organizations and 18 people were identified in the Order as threatening disruption of the Middle East peace process. The U.S. secretary of the treasury and the U.S. attorney general were given the power to add other organizations and people to the list.<ref name="ter"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=e90zAAAAIBAJ&pg=2433,1087582&dq=specially-designated-terrorist&hl=en |title=Islamic Jihad Leader's Bank Accounts Frozen |publisher=Gainesville Sun|date=November 3, 1995 |access-date=September 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBY7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+%22executive+order%22+18&pg=PA671 |title=The Code of Federal regulations of the United States of America |year=1997 |access-date=September 28, 2010 |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320205951/https://books.google.com/books?id=BBY7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+%22executive+order%22+18&pg=PA671 |url-status=live }}</ref> On August 20, 1998, President Clinton expanded the list by Executive Order 13099.<ref name="report"/>

The U.S. government began to impose economic sanctions against international terrorists in 1995.<ref name="report"/> On January 25, 1995, Hamas and Hezbollah were listed as SDTs. Mousa Abu Marzook was added in August 1995, Osama bin Laden was added in 1998, and on December 4, 2001, the Holy Land Foundation was also designated.<ref name="eord"/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DcUeAc4YZo0C&dq=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&pg=PA135 ''Checkpoints in cyberspace: best practices to avert liability in cross-border transactions''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320210005/https://books.google.com/books?id=DcUeAc4YZo0C&pg=PA135&dq=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&client=firefox-a&cd=18#v=onepage&q=%22specially%20designated%20terrorist%22&f=false |date=2022-03-20 }}, American Bar Association, Roland L. Trope, Gregory E. Upchurch, 2005, {{ISBN|1-59031-429-8}}, accessed March 12, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tYHi5qBaM7MC&q=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&pg=PA265|title=Unfunding terror: the legal response to the financing of global terrorism|author=Jimmy Gurulé|isbn=978-1-84542-962-1|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|year=2008|access-date=September 28, 2010|archive-date=March 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320210021/https://books.google.com/books?id=tYHi5qBaM7MC&q=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&pg=PA265|url-status=live}}</ref> On February 28, 2006, Sami Al-Arian signed a plea agreement in which he agreed to plead guilty to one count of conspiracy to contribute services to or for the benefit of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, a SDT organization, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371; he was sentenced to 57 months in prison.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sptimes.com/2006/04/24/Hillsborough/Plea_deal_overcame_th.shtml |title=Hillsborough: Plea deal overcame the discord |publisher=Sptimes.com |date=April 24, 2006 |access-date=September 28, 2010 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173647/http://www.sptimes.com/2006/04/24/Hillsborough/Plea_deal_overcame_th.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="plea">{{cite web|url=http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Al-Arian_pleaagr.pdf|title=Plea Agreement; U.S. v. Al-Arian|date=February 28, 2006|access-date=March 8, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301162657/http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Al-Arian_pleaagr.pdf|archive-date=March 1, 2012}}</ref><ref name="57months">{{cite web|url=http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Al-Arian_dojprsentencing.pdf|title=Sami Al-Arian Sentenced to 57 Months in Prison for Assisting Terrorist Group|last=U.S. Department of Justice|date=May 1, 2006|work=Press Release|access-date=March 8, 2010|archive-date=October 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004192730/http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Al-Arian_dojprsentencing.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Ziyad al-Nakhalah, the leader of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, was designated a SDT in January 2014.<ref name=ecfr>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ecfr.eu/mapping_palestinian_politics/detail/ziyad_al_nakhalah |title=Mapping Palestinian Politics - Ziyad al-Nakhalah |access-date=2020-09-18 |archive-date=2020-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606203040/https://www.ecfr.eu/mapping_palestinian_politics/detail/ziyad_al_nakhalah/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The SDT list appears in the ''Federal Register'', which is updated regularly.<ref name="Treasury's War book">{{cite book | title=Treasury's War | publisher=PublicAffairs | author=Zarate, Juan C. | year=2013 | location=New York | isbn=9781610391153}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0gI970h9_pwC&q=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&pg=PA37|title=To supply or to deny: comparing nonproliferation export controls in five key countries|author=Michael David Beck|isbn=90-411-2216-8|publisher=Kluwer Law International|year=2003|access-date=September 28, 2010|archive-date=March 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320205946/https://books.google.com/books?id=0gI970h9_pwC&q=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&pg=PA37|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=QpVVPtzu1LUC&dq=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&pg=PA348 ''The cost of counterterrorism: power, politics, and liberty''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320205949/https://books.google.com/books?id=QpVVPtzu1LUC&pg=PA348&dq=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&client=firefox-a&cd=19#v=onepage&q=%22specially%20designated%20terrorist%22&f=false |date=2022-03-20 }}, Laura K. Donohue, Cambridge University Press, 2008, {{ISBN|0-521-84444-4}}, accessed March 12, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,118241,00.html|title=Hamas-Linked US Ventures Under Scrutiny|publisher=Fox News|date=April 27, 2004|access-date=September 28, 2010|archive-date=February 6, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206150246/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,118241,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Consequences== All of the assets of all SDTs were frozen.<ref name="Treasury's War book">{{cite book | title=Treasury's War | publisher=PublicAffairs | author=Zarate, Juan C. | year=2013 | location=New York | isbn=9781610391153}}</ref> In addition, transfers of "funds, goods, or services" to SDTs were prohibited.<ref name="google1">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBY7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+%22funds,+goods,+or+services%22&pg=PA669 |title=The Code of Federal regulations of the United States of America |year=1997 |access-date=September 28, 2010 |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320210036/https://books.google.com/books?id=BBY7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+%22funds%2C+goods%2C+or+services%22&pg=PA669 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Giu7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+funds+goods+services |title=International economics and ... |date=September 25, 2008 |isbn=9780072873337 |access-date=September 28, 2010 |last1=King |first1=Philip |last2=King |first2=Sharmila |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320210032/https://books.google.com/books?id=Giu7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+funds+goods+services |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sj2cwVNqUvYC&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+funds+goods+services&pg=SA8-PA112 |title=United States Export Controls |isbn=9780735565197 |access-date=September 28, 2010 |last1=Root |first1=William A. |last2=Liebman |first2=John R. |last3=Thomsen |first3=Roszel Cathcart |date=15 November 2006 |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320210002/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sj2cwVNqUvYC&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+funds+goods+services&pg=SA8-PA112 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPNJsqgYtucC&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+funds+goods+services|title=9-11 And Beyond|date=September 11, 2001|isbn=9780757504730|access-date=September 28, 2010|last1=Jandrowitz|first1=James|last2=Spaulding|first2=Jay|archive-date=March 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320210032/https://books.google.com/books?id=DPNJsqgYtucC&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+funds+goods+services|url-status=live}}</ref> Also, any U.S. entity that holds any funds in which any interest is held in an SDT was required under the law to report its interest to appropriate U.S. authorities.<ref name="ter"/><ref name="eord"/><ref name="google1"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw1mHo6zjKwC&q=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&pg=PA323|title=Infiltration: how Muslim spies and subversives have penetrated Washington|author=Paul Sperry|isbn=1-59555-003-8|publisher=Thomas Nelson Inc|year=2005|access-date=September 28, 2010|archive-date=March 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320210003/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw1mHo6zjKwC&q=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&pg=PA323|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CtfSiaj9R5wC&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+assets+frozen&pg=PA188 |title=Terrornomics |date=September 11, 2001 |isbn=9780754649953 |access-date=September 28, 2010 |last1=Costigan |first1=Sean S. |last2=Gold |first2=David |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320205956/https://books.google.com/books?id=CtfSiaj9R5wC&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+assets+frozen&pg=PA188 |url-status=live }}</ref> The sanctions apply to any entity "owned or controlled by", or acting on behalf of, an SDT.<ref name="ter"/><ref name="eord"/><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBY7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+%22funds,+goods,+or+services%22&pg=PA669 |title=The Code of Federal regulations of the United States of America |year=1997 |access-date=September 28, 2010 |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320210036/https://books.google.com/books?id=BBY7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+%22funds%2C+goods%2C+or+services%22&pg=PA669 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CtfSiaj9R5wC&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+owned+or+controlled+by&pg=PA188 |title=Terrornomics |date=September 11, 2001 |isbn=9780754649953 |access-date=September 28, 2010 |last1=Costigan |first1=Sean S. |last2=Gold |first2=David |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320205957/https://books.google.com/books?id=CtfSiaj9R5wC&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+owned+or+controlled+by&pg=PA188 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Giu7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+owned+or+controlled+by |title=International economics and ... |date=September 25, 2008 |isbn=9780072873337 |access-date=September 28, 2010 |last1=King |first1=Philip |last2=King |first2=Sharmila |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320210038/https://books.google.com/books?id=Giu7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+owned+or+controlled+by |url-status=live }}</ref> They also apply to foreign branches of U.S. entities, but not to subsidiaries formed under non-U.S. law.<ref name="eord"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R52qp4xa_DYC&q=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&pg=PA623 |title=The law and business of international project finance|author= Scott L. Hoffman |isbn=1-57105-176-7 |publisher=Kluwer Law International|year=2001 |access-date=September 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBY7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+%22funds,+goods,+or+services%22&pg=PA669 |title=The Code of Federal regulations of the United States of America |year=1997 |access-date=September 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CtfSiaj9R5wC&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+%22executive+order%22+12947+entities+%22peace+process%22&pg=PA179 |title=Terrornomics |date=September 11, 2001 |isbn=9780754649953 |access-date=September 28, 2010|last1=Costigan |first1=Sean S. |last2=Gold |first2=David }}</ref>

== References == {{Reflist|2}}

==External links== *[https://sanctionslist.ofac.treas.gov/Home/SdnList Treasury Department List of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons, including SDTs]

12947 Category:1995 in American law Category:International sanctions Category:Terrorism laws in the United States Category:Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List