{{Short description|Right triangle with a feature making calculations on the triangle easier}} {{Redirect2|45-45-90 triangle|30-60-90 triangle|the drawing tool|Set square}} [[Image:Euler diagram of triangle types.svg|thumb|320px|Position of some special triangles in an Euler diagram of types of triangles, using the definition that isosceles triangles have at least two equal sides, i.e. that equilateral triangles are isosceles]] A '''special right triangle''' is a right triangle with some notable feature that makes calculations on the triangle easier, or for which simple formulas exist.

The various relationships between the angles and sides of such triangles allow one to quickly calculate some useful quantities in geometric problems without resorting to more advanced methods.

==Angle-based== [[File:Special right triangles for trig.svg|right|thumb|Special angle-based triangles inscribed in a unit circle are handy for visualizing and remembering trigonometric functions of multiples of 30 and 45 degrees.]]

''Angle-based'' special right triangles are those involving some special relationship between the triangle's three angle measures. The angles of these triangles are such that the larger (right) angle, which is 90 degrees or {{sfrac|{{pi}}|2}} radians, is equal to the sum of the other two angles.

The side lengths of these triangles can be deduced based on the unit circle, or with the use of other geometric methods; and these approaches may be extended to produce the values of trigonometric functions for some common angles, shown in the table below.

{| class="wikitable" ! degrees !! radians !! gons !! turns !! sin !! cos !! tan !! cotan |- | 0° || 0 || 0<sup>g</sup> || 0 || {{sfrac|{{sqrt|0}}|2}} = 0 || {{sfrac|{{sqrt|4}}|2}} = 1 || 0 || undefined |- | 30° || {{sfrac|{{pi}}|6}} || {{sfrac|33|1|3}}<sup>g</sup> || {{sfrac|1|12}} || {{sfrac|{{sqrt|1}}|2}} = {{sfrac|1|2}} || {{sfrac|{{sqrt|3}}|2}} || {{sfrac|1|{{radic|3}}}} || {{sqrt|3}} |- | 45° || {{sfrac|{{pi}}|4}} || 50<sup>g</sup> || {{sfrac|1|8}} || {{sfrac|{{sqrt|2}}|2}} = {{sfrac|1|{{radic|2}}}} || {{sfrac|{{sqrt|2}}|2}} = {{sfrac|1|{{radic|2}}}} || 1 || 1 |- | 60° || {{sfrac|{{pi}}|3}} || {{sfrac|66|2|3}}<sup>g</sup> || {{sfrac|1|6}} || {{sfrac|{{sqrt|3}}|2}} || {{sfrac|{{sqrt|1}}|2}} = {{sfrac|1|2}} || {{sqrt|3}} || {{sfrac|1|{{radic|3}}}} |- | 90° || {{sfrac|{{pi}}|2}} || 100<sup>g</sup> || {{sfrac|1|4}} || {{sfrac|{{sqrt|4}}|2}} = 1 || {{sfrac|{{sqrt|0}}|2}} = 0 || undefined || 0 |}

{{multiple image | width = 120 | image1 = Tile V488 bicolor.svg | caption1 = 45°–45°–90° | image2 = Tile V46b.svg | caption2 = 30°–60°–90° }}

The 45°–45°��90° triangle, the 30°–60°–90° triangle, and the equilateral/equiangular (60°–60°–60°) triangle are the three Möbius triangles in the plane, meaning that they tessellate the plane via reflections in their sides; see Triangle group. ==={{anchor|45-45-90 triangle|90-45-45 triangle}}45°–45°–90° triangle=== [[File:Squadra 45.jpg|thumb|x150px|left|Set square shaped as 45°–45°–90° triangle]] thumb|right|x150px|The side lengths of a 45°–45°–90° triangle [[File:45° 45° 90° Special Right Triangle.svg|thumb|45°–45°–90° right triangle of hypotenuse length 1]]

In plane geometry, dividing a square along its diagonal results in two '''isosceles right triangles''', each with one right angle (90°, {{sfrac|{{pi}}|2}} radians) and two other congruent angles each measuring half of a right angle (45°, or {{sfrac|{{pi}}|4}} radians). The sides in this triangle are in the ratio 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;1&nbsp;:&nbsp;{{sqrt|2}}, which follows immediately from the Pythagorean theorem.

Of all right triangles, such 45°–45°–90° degree triangles have the smallest ratio of the hypotenuse to the sum of the legs, namely {{sfrac|{{sqrt|2}}|2}}.<ref name=PL>Posamentier, Alfred S., and Lehman, Ingmar. ''The Secrets of Triangles''. Prometheus Books, 2012.</ref>{{rp|p. 282, p. 358}} and the greatest ratio of the altitude from the hypotenuse to the sum of the legs, namely {{sfrac|{{sqrt|2}}|4}}.<ref name=PL/>{{rp|p.282}}

Triangles with these angles are the only possible right triangles that are also isosceles triangles in Euclidean geometry. However, in spherical geometry and hyperbolic geometry, there are infinitely many different shapes of right isosceles triangles.

==={{anchor|30-60-90 triangle|90-60-30 triangle}}30°–60°–90° triangle=== thumb|x150px|left|Set square, shaped as 30°–60°–90° triangle alt=|thumb|x141px|The side lengths of a 30°–60°–90° triangle [[File:30° 60° 90° Special Right Triangle.svg|thumb|30°–60°–90° right triangle of hypotenuse length 1]] Another type of special right triangle is the 30°-60°-90° triangle, which refers to any triangle with those three angle measures. Notably, these angles are in the ratio 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3.

A useful property of such triangles is that their side lengths are in the ratio 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;{{sqrt|3}}&nbsp;:&nbsp;2. This property can be proven using trigonometry, or via the geometric proof below:

Draw an equilateral triangle ''ABC'' with side length 2, and with point ''M'' as the midpoint of segment ''BC''. Draw an altitude line from ''A'' to ''M''. Then ''ABM'' is a 30°–60°–90° triangle with hypotenuse of length 2, and base ''BM'' of length 1.

The fact that the remaining leg ''AM'' has length {{sqrt|3}} follows immediately from the Pythagorean theorem.

The 30°–60°–90° triangle is the only right triangle whose angles are in an arithmetic progression. The proof of this fact is simple and follows on from the fact that if ''α'', {{nowrap|''α'' + ''δ''}}, {{nowrap|''α'' + 2''δ''}} are the angles in the progression then the sum of the angles {{nowrap|3''α'' + 3''δ''}} = 180°. After dividing by 3, the angle {{nowrap|''α'' + ''δ''}} must be 60°. The right angle is 90°, leaving the remaining angle to be 30°.

==Side-based== Right triangles whose sides are of integer lengths, with the sides collectively known as Pythagorean triples, possess angles that cannot all be rational numbers of degrees.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Rational Triangle|last=Weisstein|first=Eric W|journal=MathWorld|url=http://mathworld.wolfram.com/RationalTriangle.html}}</ref> (This follows from Niven's theorem.) They are most useful in that they may be easily remembered and any multiple of the sides produces the same relationship. Using Euclid's formula for generating Pythagorean triples, the sides must be in the ratio

:{{nowrap|''m''{{sup|2}} − ''n''{{sup|2}} : 2''mn'' : ''m''{{sup|2}} + ''n''{{sup|2}}}}

where ''m'' and ''n'' are any positive integers such that {{nowrap|''m'' > ''n''}}.

===Common Pythagorean triples=== {{Main|Pythagorean triple}}

There are several Pythagorean triples which are well-known, including those with sides in the ratios:

:{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" |align="right"|3 :||align="right"| 4 :||align="right"| 5 |- |align="right"|5 :||align="right"|12 :||align="right"|13 |- |align="right"|8 :||align="right"|15 :||align="right"|17 |- |align="right"|7 :||align="right"|24 :||align="right"|25 |- |align="right"|9 :||align="right"|40 :||align="right"|41 |}

The 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4&nbsp;:&nbsp;5 triangles are the only right triangles with edges in arithmetic progression. Triangles based on Pythagorean triples are Heronian, meaning they have integer area as well as integer sides.

The possible use of the 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4&nbsp;:&nbsp;5 triangle in Ancient Egypt, with the supposed use of a knotted rope to lay out such a triangle, and the question whether Pythagoras' theorem was known at that time, have been much debated.<ref name=Cooke2011>{{cite book |last=Cooke |first=Roger L. |title=The History of Mathematics: A Brief Course |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wOGh7XPowAMC |edition=2nd |year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-03024-0 |pages=237–238}}</ref> It was first conjectured by the historian Moritz Cantor in 1882.<ref name=Cooke2011/> It is known that right angles were laid out accurately in Ancient Egypt; that their surveyors did use ropes for measurement;<ref name=Cooke2011/> that Plutarch recorded in ''Isis and Osiris'' (around 100 AD) that the Egyptians admired the 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4&nbsp;:&nbsp;5 triangle;<ref name=Cooke2011/> and that the Berlin Papyrus 6619 from the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (before 1700 BC) stated that "the area of a square of 100 is equal to that of two smaller squares. The side of one is {{sfrac|1|2}} + {{sfrac|1|4}} the side of the other."<ref>{{cite book |author=Gillings, Richard J. |title=Mathematics in the Time of the Pharaohs |url=https://archive.org/details/mathematicsintim0000gill |url-access=registration |publisher=Dover |date=1982 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mathematicsintim0000gill/page/161 161]}}</ref> The historian of mathematics Roger L. Cooke observes that "It is hard to imagine anyone being interested in such conditions without knowing the Pythagorean theorem."<ref name=Cooke2011/> Against this, Cooke notes that no Egyptian text before 300 BC actually mentions the use of the theorem to find the length of a triangle's sides, and that there are simpler ways to construct a right angle. Cooke concludes that Cantor's conjecture remains uncertain: he guesses that the Ancient Egyptians probably did know the Pythagorean theorem, but that "there is no evidence that they used it to construct right angles".<ref name=Cooke2011/>

The following are all the Pythagorean triple ratios expressed in lowest form (beyond the five smallest ones in lowest form in the list above) with both non-hypotenuse sides less than 256:

:{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" align="left" style="margin-right: 2em" |align="right"|11 :||align="right"| 60 :||align="right"| 61 |- |align="right"|12 :||align="right"| 35 :||align="right"| 37 |- |align="right"|13 :||align="right"| 84 :||align="right"| 85 |- |align="right"|15 :||align="right"|112 :||align="right"|113 |- |align="right"|16 :||align="right"| 63 :||align="right"| 65 |- |align="right"|17 :||align="right"|144 :||align="right"|145 |- |align="right"|19 :||align="right"|180 :||align="right"|181 |- |align="right"|20 :||align="right"| 21 :||align="right"| 29 |- |align="right"|20 :||align="right"| 99 :||align="right"|101 |- |align="right"|21 :||align="right"|220 :||align="right"|:221 |}

{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" align="left" style="margin-right: 2em" |align="right"| 24 :||align="right"|143 :||align="right"|145 |- |align="right"| 28 :||align="right"| 45 :||align="right"| 53 |- |align="right"| 28 :||align="right"|195 :||align="right"|197 |- |align="right"| 32 :||align="right"|255 :||align="right"|257 |- |align="right"| 33 :||align="right"| 56 :||align="right"| 65 |- |align="right"| 36 :||align="right"| 77 :||align="right"| 85 |- |align="right"| 39 :||align="right"| 80 :||align="right"| 89 |- |align="right"| 44 :||align="right"|117 :||align="right"|125 |- |align="right"| 48 :||align="right"| 55 :||align="right"| 73 |- |align="right"| 51 :||align="right"|140 :||align="right"|149 |}

{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" align="left" style="margin-right: 2em" |align="right"| 52 :||align="right"|165 :||align="right"|173 |- |align="right"| 57 :||align="right"|176 :||align="right"|185 |- |align="right"| 60 :||align="right"| 91 :||align="right"|109 |- |align="right"| 60 :||align="right"|221 :||align="right"|229 |- |align="right"| 65 :||align="right"| 72 :||align="right"| 97 |- |align="right"| 84 :||align="right"|187 :||align="right"|205 |- |align="right"| 85 :||align="right"|132 :||align="right"|157 |- |align="right"| 88 :||align="right"|105 :||align="right"|137 |- |align="right"| 95 :||align="right"|168 :||align="right"|193 |- |align="right"| 96 :||align="right"|247 :||align="right"|265 |}

{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" |align="right"|104 :||align="right"|153 :||align="right"|185 |- |align="right"|105 :||align="right"|208 :||align="right"|233 |- |align="right"|115 :||align="right"|252 :||align="right"|277 |- |align="right"|119 :||align="right"|120 :||align="right"|169 |- |align="right"|120 :||align="right"|209 :||align="right"|241 |- |align="right"|133 :||align="right"|156 :||align="right"|205 |- |align="right"|140 :||align="right"|171 :||align="right"|221 |- |align="right"|160 :||align="right"|231 :||align="right"|281 |- |align="right"|161 :||align="right"|240 :||align="right"|289 |- |align="right"|204 :||align="right"|253 :||align="right"|325 |- |align="right"|207 :||align="right"|224 :||align="right"|305 |} {{clear}}

===Almost-isosceles Pythagorean triples=== Isosceles right-angled triangles cannot have sides with integer values, because the ratio of the hypotenuse to either other side is {{sqrt|2}} and {{sqrt|2}} cannot be expressed as a ratio of two integers. However, infinitely many ''almost-isosceles'' right triangles do exist. These are right-angled triangles with integer sides for which the lengths of the non-hypotenuse edges differ by one.<ref>{{citation | last1 = Forget | first1 = T. W. | last2 = Larkin | first2 = T. A. | issue = 3 | journal = Fibonacci Quarterly | pages = 94–104 | title = Pythagorean triads of the form ''x'', ''x''&nbsp;+&nbsp;1, ''z'' described by recurrence sequences | url = http://www.fq.math.ca/Scanned/6-3/6-3/forget.pdf | volume = 6 | year = 1968| doi = 10.1080/00150517.1968.12431232 }}.</ref><ref>{{citation | last1 = Chen | first1 = C. C. | last2 = Peng | first2 = T. A. | journal = The Australasian Journal of Combinatorics | mr = 1327342 | pages = 263–267 | title = Almost-isosceles right-angled triangles | url = http://ajc.maths.uq.edu.au/pdf/11/ajc-v11-p263.pdf | volume = 11 | year = 1995}}.</ref> Such almost-isosceles right-angled triangles can be obtained recursively,

:''a''<sub>0</sub> = 1, ''b''<sub>0</sub> = 2 :''a''<sub>''n''</sub> = 2''b''<sub>''n''−1</sub> + ''a''<sub>''n''−1</sub> :''b''<sub>''n''</sub> = 2''a''<sub>''n''</sub> + ''b''<sub>''n''−1</sub>

''a''<sub>''n''</sub> is length of hypotenuse, ''n'' = 1, 2, 3, .... Equivalently,

:<math>(\tfrac{x-1}{2})^2+(\tfrac{x+1}{2})^2 = y^2</math>

where {''x'', ''y''} are solutions to the Pell equation {{nowrap|''x''{{sup|2}} − 2''y''{{sup|2}} {{=}} −1}}, with the hypotenuse ''y'' being the odd terms of the Pell numbers '''1''', 2, '''5''', 12, '''29''', 70, '''169''', 408, '''985''', 2378... {{OEIS|id=A000129}}.. The smallest Pythagorean triples resulting are:<ref>{{OEIS|A001652}}</ref>

:{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" align="left" style="margin-right: 3em" |align="right"| 3 :||align="right"| 4 :||align="right"| 5 |- |align="right"| 20 :||align="right"| 21 :||align="right"| 29 |- |align="right"| 119 :||align="right"| 120 :||align="right"| 169 |- |align="right"| 696 :||align="right"| 697 :||align="right"| 985 |}

{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" align="left" |align="right"| 4,059 :||align="right"| 4,060 :||align="right"| 5,741 |- |align="right"| 23,660 :||align="right"| 23,661 :||align="right"| 33,461 |- |align="right"| 137,903 :||align="right"| 137,904 :||align="right"| 195,025 |- |align="right"| 803,760 :||align="right"| 803,761 :||align="right"| 1,136,689 |} {{clear}}

Alternatively, the same triangles can be derived from the square triangular numbers.<ref>{{citation | last = Nyblom | first = M. A. | issue = 4 | journal = The Fibonacci Quarterly | mr = 1640364 | pages = 319–322 | title = A note on the set of almost-isosceles right-angled triangles | url = http://www.fq.math.ca/Scanned/36-4/nyblom.pdf | volume = 36 | year = 1998| doi = 10.1080/00150517.1998.12428915 }}.</ref>

===Arithmetic and geometric progressions=== [[File:Kepler triangle.svg|right|thumb|A '''Kepler triangle''' is a right triangle formed by three squares with areas in geometric progression according to the '''golden ratio'''.]] {{Main article|Kepler triangle}}

The Kepler triangle is a right triangle whose sides are in geometric progression. If the sides are formed from the geometric progression ''a'', ''ar'', ''ar''<sup>2</sup> then its common ratio ''r'' is given by ''r'' = {{sqrt|''φ''}} where ''φ'' is the golden ratio. Its sides are therefore in the ratio {{nowrap|1 : {{sqrt|''φ''}} : ''φ''}}. Thus, the shape of the Kepler triangle is uniquely determined (up to a scale factor) by the requirement that its sides be in geometric progression.

The 3–4–5 triangle is the unique right triangle (up to scaling) whose sides are in arithmetic progression.<ref>{{citation | last1 = Beauregard | first1 = Raymond A. | last2 = Suryanarayan | first2 = E. R. | doi = 10.2307/2691431 | issue = 2 | journal = Mathematics Magazine | mr = 1448883 | pages = 105–115 | title = Arithmetic triangles | volume = 70 | year = 1997| jstor = 2691431 }}.</ref>

===Sides of regular polygons=== [[File:Euclid XIII.10.svg|thumb|The sides of a pentagon, hexagon, and decagon, inscribed in congruent circles, form a right triangle.]] Let <math display=block>a=2\sin\frac{\pi}{10}=\frac{-1+\sqrt5}{2}=\frac1\varphi\approx 0.618</math> be the side length of a regular decagon inscribed in the unit circle, where <math>\varphi</math> is the golden ratio. Let <math display=block>b=2\sin\frac{\pi}{6}=1</math> be the side length of a regular hexagon in the unit circle, and let <math display=block>c=2\sin\frac{\pi}{5}=\sqrt{\frac{5-\sqrt5}{2}}\approx 1.176</math> be the side length of a regular pentagon in the unit circle. Then <math>a^2+b^2=c^2</math>, so these three lengths form the sides of a right triangle.<ref>[http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/java/elements/bookXIII/propXIII10.html Euclid's ''Elements'', Book XIII, Proposition 10].</ref> The same triangle forms half of a golden rectangle. It may also be found within a regular icosahedron of side length <math>c</math>: the shortest line segment from any vertex <math>V</math> to the plane of its five neighbors has length <math>a</math>, and the endpoints of this line segment together with any of the neighbors of <math>V</math> form the vertices of a right triangle with sides <math>a</math>, <math>b</math>, and <math>c</math>.<ref>[http://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/pentagon+decagon+hexagon+identity nLab: pentagon decagon hexagon identity].</ref>

==See also== * Ailles rectangle, combining several special right triangles * Integer triangle * Spiral of Theodorus

==References== <references/>

==External links== * [https://www.mathopenref.com/triangle345.html 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4&nbsp;:&nbsp;5 triangle] * [https://www.mathopenref.com/triangle306090.html 30–60–90 triangle] * [https://www.mathopenref.com/triangle454590.html 45–45–90 triangle]{{snd}} with interactive animations

{{DEFAULTSORT:Special Right Triangles}} Category:Euclidean plane geometry Category:Types of triangles