{{short description|Data and information having an implicit or explicit association with a location}} {{More citations needed|date=April 2023}}
'''Geographic data and information''' is defined in the ISO/TC 211 series of standards as data and information having an implicit or explicit association with a location relative to Earth (a geographic location or geographic position).<ref>[https://isotc211.geolexica.org/concepts/202/ Geolexica, the authoritative glossary for geographic information technology from ISO/TC 211]</ref><ref>[https://isotc211.geolexica.org/concepts/205/ Geolexica, the authoritative glossary for geographic information technology from ISO/TC 211]</ref> It is also called '''geospatial data and information''',{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} '''georeferenced data and information''',{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} as well as '''geodata''' and '''geoinformation'''.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}
Geographic data and information is stored in geographic databases and geographic information systems (GIS). There are many different formats of geodata, including vector files, raster files, web files, and multi-temporal data.
'''Spatial data''' or '''spatial information''' is broader class of data whose geometry is relevant but it is not necessarily georeferenced, such as in computer-aided design (CAD), see geometric modeling.
==Fields of study== Geographic data and information are the subject of a number of overlapping fields of study, mainly: * Geocomputation * Geographic information science ** Geographic information science and technology * Geoinformatics * Geomatics * Geovisualization * Technical geography "Geospatial technology" may refer to any of "geomatics", "geomatics", or "geographic information technology."
The above is in addition to other related fields, such as: * Cartography * Geodesy * Geography * Geostatistics * Photogrammetry * Remote sensing * Spatial data analysis * Surveying * Topography * Geospatial analysis * Geospatial intelligence
==See also== {{Main cat|Geographic data and information}} * Earth observation data * Geographic feature * Geomatics engineering * Georeferencing * Ubiquitous geographic information * Satellite imagery
==References== {{reflist}}
==Further reading== * Roger A. Longhorn; Michael Blakemore (2007). ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Geographic_Information.html?id=SiWEEvUvTSkC Geographic Information: Value, Pricing, Production, and Consumption]''. CRC Press.
==External links== *{{Commons category-inline}}
Category:Geographic data and information
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