{{Short description|Word}} {{redirect|Spaz|other uses|Spaz (disambiguation)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}} In medicine, the adjective '''spastic''' refers to an alteration in muscle tone affected by the medical condition spasticity, which is a well-known symptomatic phenomenon seen in patients with a wide range of central neurological disorders, including spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy (for example, spastic diplegia), stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS),<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chang |first1=Eric |last2=Ghosh |first2=Nilasha |last3=Yanni |first3=Daniel |last4=Lee |first4=Sujin |last5=Alexandru |first5=Daniela |last6=Mozaffar |first6=Tahseen |date=2013 |title=A Review of Spasticity Treatments: Pharmacological and Interventional Approaches |volume=25 |issue=1–2 |pages=11–22 |journal=Critical Reviews in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine |doi=10.1615/CritRevPhysRehabilMed.2013007945 |pmid=25750484 |pmc=4349402}}</ref> as well as conditions such as "spastic colon". The word is derived via Latin from the Greek {{Transliteration|grc|spastikos}} ("drawing in", "tugging" or "shaking uncontrollably").
Colloquially, the noun ''spastic'', originally a medical term, is now pejorative; though severity of this differs between the United States and the United Kingdom. Disabled people in the United Kingdom often consider "spastic" to be one of the most offensive terms related to disability.<ref name="Lynnequist">{{cite web | last = Murphy | first = M Lynne | title = spastic, learning disability | work = Separated by a Common Language | date = 2007-02-28 | url = http://separatedbyacommonlanguage.blogspot.com/2007/01/spastic-learning-disability.html | access-date = 2007-08-17}}</ref><ref name="WorseWord">{{cite web | author = BBC | author-link = BBC | title = Worst Word Vote | work = Ouch | year = 2003 | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/ouch/yourspace/worstwords/ | access-date = 2007-08-17 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070320214418/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ouch/yourspace/worstwords/ <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2007-03-20}}</ref>
==UK and Ireland== The medical term "spastic" came into use to describe cerebral palsy.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Economist in the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c2AiAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA472|access-date=31 March 2016|newspaper=The Economist|agency=University of Michigan|volume=173|publisher=Economist Newspaper Limited|year=1954|page=472|quote=CHRISTY BROWN is not strictly a spastic. But the word has now come to be used to cover all forms of cerebral palsy — the medical term for the effects produced by some types of brain maldevelopment or by brain injury at birth.}}</ref> The Scottish Council for the Care of Spastics was founded in 1946, and the Spastics Society, an English charity for people with cerebral palsy, was founded in 1951. However, the word began to be used as an insult and became a term of abuse used to imply stupidity or physical ineptness: a person who is uncoordinated or incompetent, or a fool.<ref>{{cite book |title=Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishdic0015unse |url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989}}</ref> It was often colloquially abbreviated to shorter forms such as {{'}}'''spaz'''{{'}}; in Ireland, the term was frequently shortened to '''<nowiki/>'spa'''' and used as an insult.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gueret |first=Maurice |date=16 February 2020 |title=Wounding words |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2355480996 |access-date=13 June 2025 |website=Sunday Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 October 1995 |title=Irish Times |quote=The current meaning – in young people’s parlance – of the word ‘spa’ is crazy, mad, daft [BS].}}</ref>
Although the word has a much longer history, its derogatory use grew considerably in the 1980s and this is sometimes attributed to the BBC children's TV show ''Blue Peter'';<ref name="Smith2013">{{cite book|first=Raymond A.|last=Smith|title=Global HIV/AIDS Politics, Policy, and Activism: Persistent Challenges and Emerging Issues|volume=93|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdXYAQAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA337|date=28 October 2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-39946-6|page=2}}</ref> during the International Year of Disabled Persons (1981), several editions of ''Blue Peter'' featured a man named Joey Deacon with cerebral palsy, who was described as a "spastic". Phrases such as "joey", "deacon", "spacker" and "spaz" became widely used insults amongst children at that time.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4902432.stm | date = 2006-04-13 |work=BBC News|title=The s-word |access-date=2007-07-23 |first=Damon |last=Rose}}</ref>
In 1994, the same year that Conservative MP Terry Dicks referred to himself in a House of Commons debate as "a spastic with cerebral palsy",<ref>Hansard. [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199394/cmhansrd/1994-03-11/Debate-3.html "House of Commons Hansard"], Column 544, on 11 May,</ref> the Spastics Society changed its name to Scope. The word has been deemed unacceptable to use outside of specific medical contexts,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003020.html|title=Language Log: A Brief History of "Spaz.|quote=Oxford English Dictionary editor Robert W. Burchfield wrote in a note appended to the entry for spastic, the epithet "is generally condemned as a tasteless expression, and is not common in print".|access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref> thus reducing stigmatisation of the condition.<ref name="Smith2013" /> Some UK schoolchildren adopted a derogatory adaptation of the Spastic Society's new name, "scoper".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Disabled face rising levels of abuse, says charity boss |newspaper=The Times |language=en |url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/advice/disabled-face-rising-levels-of-abuse-says-charity-boss-0w6l8vs2v8v |access-date=2022-05-03 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref><ref name="DalzellVictor2014">{{cite book|author1=Tom Dalzell|author2=Terry Victor|title=The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0mcBQAAQBAJ&q=scoper|date=27 November 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-62512-4|page=672}}</ref> The current understanding of the word is well-illustrated by a BBC survey in 2003, which found that "spastic" was the second most offensive term in the UK relating to anyone with a disability. (The word "retard" was deemed most offensive in the US and other countries).<ref name="WorseWord" /> In 2007, Lynne Murphy, a linguist at the University of Sussex, described the term as being "one of the most taboo insults to a British ear".<ref name="Lynnequist" />
==United States== In American slang, the term 'spaz' has evolved from a derogatory description of people with disabilities, and is generally understood as a casual word for clumsiness, otherness, sometimes associated with overexcitability, excessive startle response ("jumpiness"), excessive energy, involuntary or random movement, or hyperactivity. Some of these associations use the symptoms of cerebral palsy and other related disabilities as insults.
Its usage has been documented as far back as the mid-1950s.<ref name="Zimmer">{{cite web |last=Zimmer |first=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Zimmer |date=2007-02-05 |title=A brief history of 'spaz' |url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003020.html |access-date=2007-10-31 |website=Language Log |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 1965, film critic Pauline Kael, hypothesised that, "The term that American teenagers now use as the opposite of 'tough' is 'spaz'."
Benjamin Zimmer, editor for American dictionaries at Oxford University Press, and researcher at the University of Pennsylvania's Institute for Research in Cognitive Sciences, writes that by the mid-1960s the American usage of the term 'spaz' shifted from "its original sense of 'spastic or physically uncoordinated person' to something more like 'nerdy, weird, or uncool person{{'"}}, all with a negative sense.<ref name="Zimmer2">{{cite web |last=Zimmer |first=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Zimmer |date=2006-04-13 |title=Parents will never be cool |url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/004146.html |access-date=2007-10-31 |website=Language Log |publisher=University of Pennsylvania}}</ref> In a June 2005 newsletter for American Dialect Society, Zimmer reports that the "earliest [written] occurrence of uncoordinated 'spaz' he could find" is in ''The Elastik Band''{{'s}} 1967 "undeniably tasteless, garage-rock single" – "Spazz".<ref name="Zimmer3">{{cite web |last=Zimmer |first=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Zimmer |date=2005-06-23 |title=spaz(z), n. |url=http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0506D&L=ADS-L&P=11873 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103044359/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0506D&L=ADS-L&P=11873 |archive-date=3 November 2007 |access-date=2007-10-31 |website=Newsletter |publisher=American Dialect Society |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Later in 1978, Steve Martin introduced a character Charles Knerlman, a.k.a. "Chaz the Spaz" on ''Saturday Night Live'', in a skit with Bill Murray called "Nerds". Bill Murray later starred in the movie ''Meatballs'', which had a character named "Spaz".<ref>{{cite web |title=Meatballs (1979) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0079540/ |access-date=2009-08-14 |publisher=IMDb |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Both shows portrayed a "spaz" as a nerd or with potential cognitive or learning disabilities in a comic setting, reinforcing the more casual negative use of the term in the United States by using it in popular comedy.<ref name="Zimmer"/>
The term still occasionally appears in North American movies or TV series, such as ''Friends'', as a pejorative word which reflects a certain degree of casual ableism. As such, it receives a different reaction from British and American audiences. In one episode, Rachel refers to herself as a "laundry spaz" due to her inability to competently do the laundry; this relates to the original meaning about physical ability. This comment was deemed offensive enough by the British Board of Film Classification to give the episode a 12 rating. Other episodes in the series are rated a step lower as PG.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hoyle |first=Ben |date=2009-06-24 |title=British Board of Film Classification tightens age rating guidelines |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article6565478.ece |access-date=2009-06-25 |website=Times Online |place=London, UK |df=dmy-all}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Similarly, Rugrats: ''Tales from the Crib: Snow White'' got a PG rating based on Angelica calling Kimi "Spazzy".<ref>{{cite news |title=Rugrats: ''Tales from the Crib'' Snow White |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/rugrats-tales-crib-snow-white |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617095342/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/rugrats-tales-crib-snow-white |archive-date=17 June 2013 |access-date=2013-10-28 |publisher=BBFC |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
The difference in qualitative assessment of the term between British and American audiences is demonstrated by reactions to comments by golfer Tiger Woods after losing the US Masters Tournament in 2006. He said, "I was so in control from tee to green, the best I've played for years ... But as soon as I got on the green I was a spaz." His remarks were broadcast and drew no known public attention in the United States. But they were widely reported in the United Kingdom, where they caused offence and were condemned by a representative of Scope and Tanni Grey-Thompson, a prominent paralympian. On learning of the furor over his comments, Woods' representative promptly apologized.<ref>{{cite news |date=2006-04-13 |title=Agent: Tiger sorry for 'spaz' remark |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/golf/04/13/tiger.comments/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060421225619/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/golf/04/13/tiger.comments/index.html |archive-date=2006-04-21 |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=SI.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2006-04-12 |title=Tanni criticises 'stupid' Tiger |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/golf/4899216.stm |access-date=2007-08-17 |website=BBC Sport |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Shortly after Weird Al Yankovic's song "Word Crimes" (2014) was released, Yankovic said that he had been unaware that the word "spastic" as used in the song is "considered a highly offensive slur by some people", particularly in the United Kingdom. He apologized for having it in his lyrics.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tucker |first=Rebecca |date=July 21, 2014 |title=Weird Al apologizes for offending with 'spastic' lyric in Word Crimes parody |url=https://nationalpost.com/entertainment/music/weird-al-apologizes-for-offending-with-spastic-lyric-in-word-crimes-parody |access-date=July 26, 2014 |newspaper=National Post |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Lizzo's 2022 song "Grrrls" included the word "spaz". The song was criticized and the singer was asked to remove this content (classified as expressing an ableist slur) from the lyrics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-13 |title=Fans ask Lizzo to remove song over offensive lyric |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-61782726 |access-date=2022-06-14 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> After the backlash, Lizzo posted her stance against derogatory language; she has since announced a new version of "Grrrls" with new lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2022 |title=Lizzo is changing the lyrics to her 'Grrrls' single following criticism over ableism |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/pop-culture-news/lizzo-changing-lyrics-grrrls-single-criticism-ableism-rcna33391 |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=NBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2022 |title=Lizzo changes lyrics of new song 'Grrrls' to remove 'ableist slur' |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/music/lizzo-changes-lyrics-song-grrrls-remove-ableist-slur-rcna33396 |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=TODAY}}</ref> Similarly, Beyoncé's 2022 song "Heated" from her seventh studio album ''Renaissance'' included the word. It was strongly criticized and the word was eventually removed from the song.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Adekaiyero |first=Ayomikun |date=August 1, 2022 |title=Beyoncé confirms she will remove a lyric from her new album 'Renaissance' following backlash that it's 'ableist' and 'deeply offensive' |url=https://www.insider.com/beyonc-remove-ableist-lyric-heated-renaissance-2022-8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801144302/https://www.insider.com/beyonc-remove-ableist-lyric-heated-renaissance-2022-8 |archive-date=August 1, 2022 |access-date=August 1, 2022 |website=Insider.com |agency=Insider Inc.}}</ref>
==Australia==
thumb|right|180px|A historical Australian road sign encouraging drivers to watch out for "Spastic Pedestrians". The sign is no longer in official use. In Australian English, for some time, terms such as "spastic" and "crippled" were considered the proper words to describe persons with various disabilities and even appeared on traffic signs warning drivers of such persons near the road. More recently, these terms have fallen out of use and replaced with the more socially acceptable and generic "disabled". The word "spastic" became so negatively loaded that The Spastic Society of Victoria had to change its name to Scope.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-09-13|title=Why the words matter|url=https://www.abc.net.au/rampup/articles/2011/09/13/3316570.htm|access-date=2021-06-06|website=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU}}</ref>
==Products using the term== Multiple products in the United States have names or content including the word 'spaz' or 'spastic'.
Controversy arises if products are sold in the UK under the same name. In particular the manufacturers and importers of the ''Spazz'' wheelchair were criticised by the British charity Scope when they put the wheelchair on sale in the UK.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2005-10-16 |title=James Meek: You're better off with a Spazz |language=en |work=the Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2005/oct/17/shopping.health |access-date=2022-06-13}}</ref> Scope expressed a fear that such a brand would spur use of the word again as an insult. Such negative usage had declined since the 1980s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/tm_objectid=16246448&method=full&siteid=66633&headline=disabled-outrage-over-wheelchair-called-the-spazz--name_page.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051220040211/http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/tm_objectid=16246448&method=full&siteid=66633&headline=disabled-outrage-over-wheelchair-called-the-spazz--name_page.html |archive-date=2005-12-20 |df=dmy-all |newspaper=The Daily Record |place=Glasgow, Scotland |title=Disabled outrage over wheelchair called 'The Spazz'}}</ref>
The Transformers Power Core Combiners line of robot toys was to include a character named "Spastic". Hasbro, the makers of Transformers, said that it would not release "Spastic" in the UK. This did not stop vocal British fans from alerting various news outlets, eventually resulting in the name being changed for all markets to the less-offensive "Over-Run". The online biography for another Transformer, Strafe, originally described him as "spastic", but was changed to "twitchy" when controversy erupted.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}
On 29 June 2007, Ubisoft of France pulled one of their games called ''Mind Quiz: Your Brain Coach'', for referring to players who did not perform well at the game as "Super Spastic". The company stated, "As soon as we were made aware of the issue we stopped distribution of the product and are now working with retailers to pull the game off the market."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6253688.stm |title=Brain game pulled over 'offence' |access-date=2007-06-29 |df=dmy-all |website=BBC News |date=2007-06-29}}</ref> One month later, Nintendo recalled ''Mario Party 8'' because the term was used in in-game dialogue.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Wooden |first=Andrew |date=July 24, 2007 |url=http://www.mcvuk.com/news/read/mario-party-8-back-on-august-3rd |title=Mario Party 8 back on August 3rd |magazine=MCV |access-date=May 23, 2016}}</ref>
==See also== *Ableism *Disability abuse *Disability hate crime *Euphemism *Spasm
==References== {{Reflist}}
Category:Pejorative terms for people with disabilities Category:Stereotypes Category:Disability in the United Kingdom Category:Disability in Australia Category:American and British English differences Category:Ableism Category:Ableism in the United States Category:Ableism in the United Kingdom