{{Short description|Dog type}} {{for multi|the Thoroughbred racehorse|Spaniel (horse)|the American R&B doo-wop group from the 1950s|The Spaniels}} [[File:Three Cocker Spaniels.jpg|thumb|English Cocker Spaniels are small spaniels]] [[File:Dog on beach.jpg|thumb|A Welsh Springer Spaniel on the beach]]
A '''spaniel''' is a type of gun dog. Spaniels were especially bred to flush game out of denser brush. By the late 17th century, spaniels had been specialized into water and land breeds. The extinct English Water Spaniel was used to retrieve water fowl shot down with arrows. Land spaniels were setting spaniels—those that crept forward and pointed their game, allowing hunters to ensnare them with nets, and springing spaniels — those that sprang pheasants and partridges (for hunting with falcon) and also rabbits and smaller mammals such as rats and mice (for hunting with greyhounds). During the 17th century, the role of the spaniel dramatically changed as Englishmen began hunting with flintlocks for wing shooting. Charles Goodall and Julia Gasow (1984)<ref>Goodall and Gasow, ''The New Complete English Springer Spaniel'', 1984.</ref> write that spaniels were "transformed from untrained, wild beaters, to smooth, polished gun dogs."
The word "spaniel" would seem to be derived from the medieval French ''espaigneul''{{mdash}}"Spanish"{{mdash}}to modern French, ''espagnol''.
==Definition and description== thumb|A drawing of a typical skull of a spaniel
The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' defines Spaniel as "a breed of dog with a long silky coat and drooping ears".<ref name="oxford">{{cite web |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/spaniel |title=spaniel |work=Compact Oxford English Dictionary |access-date=2010-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925081407/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/spaniel |archive-date=2016-09-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Not much has changed about spaniels in general over the years, as can be seen in this 1921 entry in ''Collier's New Encyclopedia'':
<blockquote>Their distinguishing characteristics are a rather broad muzzle, remarkably long and full ears, hair plentiful and beautifully waved, particularly that of the ears, tail, and hinder parts of the thighs and legs. The prevailing color is liver and white, sometimes red and white or black and white, and sometimes deep brown, or black on the face and breast, with a tan spot over each eye. The English spaniel is a superior and very pure breed. The King Charles is a small variety of the spaniel used as a lapdog. The water spaniels, large and small, differ from the common spaniel only in the roughness of their coats, and in uniting the aquatic propensities of the Newfoundland dog with the fine hunting qualities of their own race. Spaniels possess a great share of intelligence, affection, and obedience, which qualities, combined with much beauty, make them highly prized as companions.</blockquote>
==History== [[File:Toy Spaniel from 1915.JPG|thumb|King Charles Spaniels, photographed in 1915, one of the smaller breeds, are primarily lap dogs]]
The origin of the word ''spaniel'' is described by the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' as coming from the Old French word ''espaigneul'' which meant "Spanish (dog)"; this in turn originated from the Latin ''Hispaniolus'' which simply means "Spanish".<ref name="oxford"/>
In Edward, 2nd Duke of York's work ''The Master of Game'', which was mostly a 15th-century translation of an earlier work by Gaston III of Foix-Béarn entitled ''Livre de chasse'', spaniels are described as being from Spain as much as all Greyhounds are from England or Scotland.<ref name="master"/> Sixteenth-century English physician John Caius wrote that the spaniels of the time were mostly white, marked with spots that are commonly red. He described a new variety to have come out of France, which were speckled all over with white and black, "which mingled colours incline to a marble blewe".<ref>{{cite book |last=Caius |first=John |author2=Fleming, Abraham |title=Of Englishe dogges, the diversities, the names, the natures and the properties. A short treatise written in Latine and newly drawne into Englishe |year=1880 |publisher=Bradley |page=15 |url=https://archive.org/stream/ofenglishedogges00caiuuoft#page/14/mode/2up/search/spaniel |access-date=2016-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210234030/http://www.archive.org/stream/ofenglishedogges00caiuuoft#page/14/mode/2up/search/spaniel |archive-date=2016-12-10 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Celtic origin theory=== In the appendices added to the 1909 re-print of Caius' work, the editors suggested that the type of dogs may have been brought into the British Isles as early as 900 BC by a branch of the Celts moving from Spain into Cornwall and on into Wales, England and Ireland.<ref name="master">{{cite book |title=The Master of Game |last=Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York |author-link=Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York |year=1909 |publisher=Ballantyne, Hanson & Co |page=195 }}</ref> Theories on the origin of the Welsh Springer Spaniel support this theory, as it is believed that the breed specifically is a direct descendant of the "Agassian hunting dog" described in the hunting poem ''Cynegetica'' attributed to Oppian of Apamea, which belonged to the Celtic tribes of Roman Britain:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.akc.org/breeds/welsh_springer_spaniel/did_you_know.cfm|title=Welsh Springer Spaniel Did You Know?|publisher=American Kennel Club|access-date=11 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804034552/http://www.akc.org/breeds/welsh_springer_spaniel/did_you_know.cfm|archive-date=4 August 2010|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<blockquote>There is a strong breed of hunting dog, small in size but no less worthy of great praise. These the wild tribes of Britons with their tattooed backs rear and call by the name of Agassian. Their size is like that of worthless and greedy domestic table dogs; squat, emaciated, shaggy, dull of eye, but endowed with feet armed with powerful claws and a mouth sharp with close-set venomous tearing teeth. It is by virtue of its nose, however, that the Agassian is most exalted, and for tracking it is the best there is; for it is very adept at discovering the tracks of things that walk upon the ground, and skilled too at marking the airborne scent.<ref>Cited in: {{cite book |title=Roman Britain: A Sourcebook |series=Routledge Sourcebooks for the Ancient World |first=Stanley |last=Ireland |edition=3rd |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2008 |isbn=9780415471770 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cb9NUaWWT3YC&pg=PA216 |chapter= Chapter 15: Government, Commerce and Society |page=216, §507 |oclc=223811588}}</ref></blockquote>
===Roman origin theory=== Another theory of the origin of the spaniel is that the ancient Romans imported spaniels into Britannia by way of the trade routes to the Far East. Colonel David Hancock<ref>{{cite book|first=David|last=Hancock|title=The Heritage of the Dog|year=1990|isbn=1-85259-228-1|publisher=Nimrod Press Limited}}</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2021}} adds a belief that the sporting type of spaniel originated in China from the short-faced ancestors of dogs such as the Pekingese, Pug and Shih Tzu. The theory goes that these ancestors were introduced into Southern Europe and evolved into the small sporting spaniels of the period around AD 1300–1600. The issue of how a short-muzzled dog could evolve into a longer-muzzled dog is addressed by pointing to the evolution of the King Charles Spaniel into the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel in less than a century.<ref>{{cite book |title=An Ancient History of Dogs: Spaniels Through the Ages |last=Judah |first=J.C. |year=2007 |publisher=Lulu.com |page=42 }}{{self-published source|date=June 2021}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=February 2020}}
==Hunting== thumb|A 16th-century drawing of a hawking party with spaniels In assisting hunters, it is desirable that spaniels work within gun range, are steady to shot, and are able to mark the fall and retrieve shot game to hand with a soft mouth. A good nose is highly valued, as it is in most gun dog breeds. They are versatile hunters traditionally being used for upland game birds, but are equally adept at hunting rabbits, waterfowl, rats, and mice. Whether hunting in open fields, woodlands, farm lands—in briars, along fencerows or marshlands, a spaniel can get the job done.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spanieljournal.com|title=Spaniel Journal|work=spanieljournal.com|access-date=2013-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102132034/http://spanieljournal.com/|archive-date=2014-01-02|url-status=live}}</ref>
On the basis of function and hunting style, the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) draws a distinction between Continental and Anglo-American spaniels. The FCI places Continental dogs of the spaniel type in the pointing group (Group 7, sect. 1.2) because they function more like setters which "freeze" and point to game. Breeds in this group include the Blue Picardy Spaniel, the French Spaniel, the Brittany, the Pont-Audemer Spaniel, and the Stabyhoun. The FCI classifies most other dogs of the spaniel type as flushing or water dogs (Group 8, sections 2 and 3).<ref>[http://www.fci.be/nomenclatures_detail.asp?lang=en&file=group7 FCI – Breeds nomenclature<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314004543/http://www.fci.be/nomenclatures_detail.asp?lang=en&file=group7 |date=2008-03-14 }}; [http://www.fci.be/nomenclatures_detail.asp?lang=en&file=group8 FCI – Breeds nomenclature<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304060412/http://www.fci.be/nomenclatures_detail.asp?lang=en&file=group8 |date=2008-03-04 }}</ref>
==Breeds==
===Contemporary=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Breed !Also known as !Country/region of origin !Type of spaniel !Min. height !Max. height !Min. weight !Max. weight !class="unsortable"|Image |- |American Cocker Spaniel |Cocker Spaniel<br />(in the United States) |United States |Flushing |{{convert|13|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|15|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|24|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |{{convert|29|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref>Fogle (2006): p. 152</ref> |align=center| 100px |- |American Water Spaniel | |United States |Flushing |{{convert|15|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|18|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|25|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |{{convert|45|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref>Palika (2007): p. 131</ref> |align=centre|100px |- |Blue Picardy Spaniel |Epagneul Bleu de Picardie |France |Setting |{{convert|22|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|24|in|cm|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canadasguidetodogs.com/spanielblue.htm |title=Blue Picardy Spaniel - Breed Description and Information |work=Canada's Guide to Dogs |access-date=2009-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103161220/http://canadasguidetodogs.com/spanielblue.htm |archive-date=2010-01-03 |url-status=live }}</ref> |{{convert|43|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |{{convert|45|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref>Fogle (2006): p. 230</ref> |align=center| 100px |- |Brittany |Brittany Spaniel |Brittany, France |Setting |{{convert|17|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|20.5|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|30|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |{{convert|45|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |center|100px|Brittany Spaniel |- |Boykin Spaniel | |United States |Flushing |{{convert|15|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|18|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|25|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |{{convert|45|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref>Palika (2007): p. 172</ref> |align=center| 100px |- |Cavalier King Charles Spaniel |Cavalier Spaniel |United Kingdom |Companion Flushing |{{convert|12|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|13|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|13|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |{{convert|18|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Cavalier King Charles Spaniels |last=Coile |first=D. Caroline |year=2008 |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-7641-3771-6|page=11 }}</ref> |align=center| 100px |- |Clumber Spaniel | |England |Flushing |{{convert|17|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|20|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|55|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |{{convert|85|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref>Smith (2002): p. 128</ref> |align=center| 100px |- |Drentse Patrijshond |Dutch Partridge Dog |Netherlands |Setting |{{convert|21.5|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|25.5|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|55|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |{{convert|77|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds |last=Cunliffe |first=Juliette |year=1999 |publisher=Parragon |isbn=0-7525-8018-3 |page=323 }}</ref> |align=center| 100px |- |English Cocker Spaniel |Cocker Spaniel<br />(In the United Kingdom) |England |Flushing |{{convert|15|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|17|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|26|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |{{convert|34|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Getting to Know English Cockers |last=Lambert |first=Cathy |publisher=Animalinfo Publications |isbn=978-1-921537-15-8 |page=20 }}</ref> |align=center| 100px |- |English Springer Spaniel | |England |Flushing |{{convert|19|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|20|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|40|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |{{convert|50|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref>Smith (2002): p. 134</ref> |align=center| 100px |- |Field Spaniel | |England |Flushing |{{convert|17|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|18|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|35|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |{{convert|50|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref>Palika (2007): p. 237</ref> |align=center| 100px |- |French Spaniel |Épagneul français<br />(in France) |France |Setting |{{convert|21|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|25|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|45|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |{{convert|60|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |align=center| 100px |- |German Spaniel |Deutscher Wachtelhund |Germany |Setting |{{convert|16|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|20|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|44|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |{{convert|66|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref>Fogle (2006): p. 344</ref> |align=center| 100px |- |Irish Water Spaniel |Whiptail, Shannon Spaniel, Rat Tail Spaniel, and Bog Dog |Ireland |Retriever |{{convert|21|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|24|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|45|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |{{convert|65|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref>Palika (2007): p. 269</ref> | align="center" | 100px |- |King Charles Spaniel |English Toy Spaniel<br />(in the United States) |England |Companion Flushing |{{convert|9|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|10|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|6|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |{{convert|12|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref>Palika (2007): p. 232</ref> |align=center| 100px |- |Kooikerhondje |Dutch Spaniel |Netherlands |Decoy Spitz or Pointing |{{convert|14|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|16|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|20|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |{{convert|24|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite book |title=The Essential Dog Book |last=Larkin |first=Peter |year=2003 |publisher=Anness Publishing |isbn=978-0-681-86485-6 |page=135 }}</ref> |align=center| 100px |- |Markiesje |Dutch Tulip Hound |Netherlands |Companion Pointing |{{convert|12.5|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|15.5|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|13|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |{{convert|18|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |align=center| 100px |- |Papillon |Continental Toy Spaniel,<br />Épagneul Nain Continental |France |Companion Spitz |{{convert|8|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|11|in|cm|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Papillons |last=Hungerland |first=Jacklyn E. |year=2003 |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |isbn=978-0-7641-2419-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/papillonseveryth0000hung/page/11 11] |url=https://archive.org/details/papillonseveryth0000hung/page/11 }}</ref> |{{convert|5|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |{{convert|10|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref>Palika (2007): p. 311</ref> |align=center|100px |- |Phalène |Continental Toy Spaniel,<br />Épagneul Nain Continental |Belgium |Companion Spitz |{{convert|8|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|11|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|5|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |{{convert|10|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pethealthlibrary.purinacare.com/breed/phalene/ |title=Breed Information: Phalene |work=Purina Care: Pet Health Library |access-date=2009-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622015956/http://pethealthlibrary.purinacare.com/breed/phalene/ |archive-date=2011-06-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> |align=center|100px |- |Picardy Spaniel |Épagneul Picard |France |Setting |{{convert|22|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|23.5|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|44|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |{{convert|55|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sarahsdogs.com/breeds/picardy-spaniel/ |title=Picardy Spaniel Information |work=Sarah's Dogs |access-date=2018-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021151209/https://www.sarahsdogs.com/breeds/picardy-spaniel/ |archive-date=2018-10-21 |url-status=live }}</ref> |align=center|100px |- |Pont-Audemer Spaniel |Épagneul Pont-Audemer |France |Setting |{{convert|20|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|23|in|cm|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds |last=Cunliffe |first=Juliette |year=2005 |publisher=Whitecap Books |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-7641-5700-4 |page=310 }}</ref> |{{convert|40|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |{{convert|53|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Atlas of Dog Breeds of the World |last=Wilcox|first=Bonnie |author2=Walkowicz, Chris |year=1995 |publisher=TFH Publications |edition=5th |isbn=978-0-7938-1284-4 |page=383 }}</ref> |align=center|100px |- |Russian Spaniel |Russian hunting spaniel (Русский охотничий спаниель) |Russia |Flushing |{{convert|15|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|17|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|28|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |{{convert|40|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds |last=Cunliffe |first=Juliette |year=1999 |publisher=Parragon |isbn=0-7525-8018-3 |page=347 }}</ref> |align=center|100px |-
|Stabyhoun |Frisian Pointer |Netherlands |Setting |{{convert|19.6|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|21|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|30|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |{{convert|50|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stabyhouns.org/|title=Ameri-Can Stabyhoun Association|work=stabyhouns.org|access-date=2013-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419011937/http://stabyhouns.org/|archive-date=2013-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> |align=center|100px |- |- |Sussex Spaniel | |England |Flushing |{{convert|13|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|15|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|35|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |{{convert|44|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite book |title=The Sporting Spaniel Handbook |last=Spiotta-DiMare |first=Loren |year=1999 |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |isbn=978-0-7641-0884-6 |page=122 }}</ref> |align=center|100px |- |Welsh Springer Spaniel |Llamgi Cymru, Tarfgi Cymru |Wales |Flushing |{{convert|17|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|19|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|35|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |{{convert|55|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref>Smith (2002): p. 122</ref> |align=center|100px |- |}
===Extinct=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Type of spaniel !Country/region of origin !Period of extinction !Image |- |Alpine Spaniel |Switzerland |1830s |align=center| 100px |- |English Water Spaniel |England |1930s |align=center| 100px |- |Norfolk Spaniel |England |1902 |align=center| 100px |- not actually extinct was renamed the springer spaniel |Toy Trawler Spaniel |United Kingdom |1920s |align=center| 100px |- |Tweed Water Spaniel |England |19th century |align=center| 100px |- |Manilla Spaniel<ref>{{cite magazine|title=What Ever Happened to the Manilla Spaniel |url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/culture/lifestyle/manilla-spaniel-dog-breed-facts-a00203-20240102 |periodical=Esquire}}</ref> |Philippines |Early 20th century |align=center| |- |}
===Misnamed=== The following breeds are not true spaniels, but are named as such due to their resemblance to the spaniels.{{cn|date=April 2024}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" !Type of spaniel !Also known as !Country/region of origin !Min. height !Max. height !Min. weight !Max. weight !Image |- |Japanese Chin |Japanese Spaniel |Japan |{{convert|9|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|10|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|4|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |{{convert|11|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref>Fogle (2006): p. 67</ref> |align=center| 100px |- |Pekingese |Chinese Spaniel<ref>{{cite book|last=Drury|first=W.D.|title=British Dogs, Their Points, Selection, And Show Preparation|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|year=1903|chapter=Chapter LVIII. Chinese Spaniels, Chinese Pugs or Pekinese Spaniels, Pekinese Pugs|url=http://chestofbooks.com/animals/dogs/British-Dog-Shows/Chapter-LVIII-Chinese-Spaniels-Chinese-Pugs-or-Pekinese-Spaniels-Pekinese-Pug.html|access-date=2010-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219205313/http://chestofbooks.com/animals/dogs/British-Dog-Shows/Chapter-LVIII-Chinese-Spaniels-Chinese-Pugs-or-Pekinese-Spaniels-Pekinese-Pug.html|archive-date=2010-02-19|url-status=live}}</ref> |China |{{convert|8|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|9|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|8|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |{{convert|14|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref>Palika (2007): p. 315</ref> |align=center| 100px |- |Tibetan Spaniel | |Tibet<ref>{{cite web|title=FCI-Standard N° 231 / 11. 05. 1998 / GB Tibetan Spaniel|url=http://www.fci.be/uploaded_files/231gb98_en.doc|work=Fédération Cynologique Internationale|access-date=2010-10-16|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120801185635/http://www.fci.be/uploaded_files/231gb98_en.doc|archive-date=2012-08-01}}</ref> |{{convert|9|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|11|in|cm|abbr=on}} |{{convert|9|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |{{convert|15|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref>Palika (2007): p. 375</ref> |align=center|100px |- |}
==See also== * Dogs portal * List of dog breeds * Alanorarius, a keeper of spaniels * Hunting dog * Dog type
== Citations == {{reflist}}
== General and cited references == * {{cite book |last=Fogle |first=Bruce |year=2006 |title=Dogs |series=Eyewitness Companion Guides |publisher=DK Adult |isbn=978-0-7566-1692-2 |ref=fogle02}} * {{cite book |last=Palika |first=Liz |year=2007 |title=The Howell Book of Dogs: The Definitive Reference to 300 Breeds and Varieties |url=https://archive.org/details/howellbookofdogs00pali |publisher=Howell Book House |isbn=978-0-470-00921-5 |ref=Palika2007 }} * {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Steve |year=2002 |title=The Encyclopedia of North American Sporting Dogs: Written by Sportsmen for Sportsmen |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofno0000unse_c0p4 |publisher=Willow Creek Press |isbn=978-1-57223-501-4 |ref=smith02 |url-access=registration }}
== External links == {{commons category|Spaniels}} * [http://www.journalspaniel.ru/ ''Журнал Спаниель''] (www.journalspaniel.ru) {{In lang|ru}} and [http://www.spanieljournal.com/ ''Spaniel Journal''] {{In lang|en}}
{{Gundogs}} {{Domestic dog}}
Category:Spaniels * Category:Hunting dogs