Persicaria

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae}} {{Automatic taxobox |image = Persicaria capitata AF crop.jpg |image_caption = ''Persicaria capitata'' |taxon = Persicaria |authority = Mill. 1754 |subdivision_ranks = Species |subdivision = See text |synonyms_ref=<ref>{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60433517-2 |title=''Persicaria'' Mill. |author= |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref> |synonyms={{collapsible list| *''Amblygonum'' Rchb. *''Antenoron'' Raf. *''Cephalophilon'' (Meisn.) Spach *''Chylocalyx'' Hassk. *''Echinocaulon'' (Meisn.) Spach *''Echinocaulos'' Hassk. *''Goniaticum'' Stokes *''Heptarina'' Raf. *''Lagunaea'' C.Agardh *''Lagunea'' Lour. *''Mitesia'' Raf. *''Peutalis'' Raf. *''Pogalis'' Raf. *''Sunania'' Raf. *''Tasoba'' Raf. *''Tovara'' Adans. *''Tracaulon'' Raf. *''Truellum'' Houtt. }}}} [[File:Leiden University Library - Seikei Zusetsu vol. 25, page 010 - 大毛蓼 - Persicaria orientalis (L.) Spach, 1804.jpg|thumb|Illustration from the Japanese agricultural encyclopedia ''Seikei Zusetsu'' (1804)]]

'''''Persicaria''''' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as '''knotweeds'''<ref name=Stace>{{cite book|last=Stace|first=C. A.|author-link = Stace, C. A.|year=2010|title=New Flora of the British Isles|edition=Third|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge, U.K.| page=88|isbn=9780521707725}}</ref>{{rp|436}} or '''smartweeds'''.<ref name=fna>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=124629 ''Persicaria''.] Flora of North America.</ref> It has a cosmopolitan distribution, with species occurring nearly worldwide.<ref name=fna/><ref name=nsw>[http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=gn&name=Persicaria ''Persicaria''.] New South Wales Flora Online. National Herbarium, Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney.</ref> The genus was segregated from ''Polygonum''.<ref name=wil>Wilson, K. L. (1990). [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/4113867?uid=3739560&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21102193351923 "Some widespread species of ''Persicaria'' (Polygonaceae) and their allies"]. ''Kew Bulletin'' 45(4) 621-36.</ref>

==Description== The genus includes annual and perennial herbs with taproots or fibrous root systems, or with rhizomes or stolons. The stems are often erect but may be prostrate along the ground, and some species are prickly.<ref name=fna/> The stems are self-supporting or twining and climbing.<ref name=fb>[https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/21343 ''Persicaria''.] FloraBase. Western Australian Herbarium.</ref> The leaves are alternately arranged, deciduous, and variously shaped. The brownish or reddish ochrea may be leathery to papery. The inflorescence may be a panicle or a spikelike or headlike arrangement of fascicles of flowers. The flower is white, greenish, reddish, pink or purple, with the tepals partially fused together along the bases. The fruit is an achene which can take a number of shapes, including a disc or a sphere.<ref name=fna/>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> Persicaria amphibia kz3.jpg|''Persicaria amphibia'' (MHNT) Persicaria microcephala Inflorescence - Les Martels, Giroussens Tarn.jpg|''Persicaria microcephala'' Persicaria glabra in Narshapur forest, AP W IMG 1109.jpg|''Persicaria glabra'' Polygonum longisetum 3.JPG|''Persicaria longiseta'' Persicaria minor flower and leaves.jpg|''Persicaria minor'' Persicaria orientalis02.jpg|''Persicaria orientalis'' </gallery>

==Taxonomy== Within the family Polygonaceae, ''Persicaria'' is placed in the subfamily Polygonoideae, where the tribe Persicarieae consists of two sister genera, ''Bistorta'' and ''Koenigia'', together with ''Persicaria''.{{sfn|Schuster et al|2015}}

{{clade |label1=Persicarieae |1={{clade |1=''Persicaria'' |2={{clade |1=''Bistorta'' |2=''Koenigia'' }} }} }}

===Species=== {{As of|2023|November}}, the following 132 species were accepted:<ref name="POWO_60433517-2">{{cite web |title=''Persicaria'' Mill. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60433517-2 |access-date=2023-11-08}}</ref>

{{Div col|colwidth=25em}} * ''Persicaria acuminata'' {{small|(Kunth) M.Gómez}} * ''Persicaria akakiensis'' {{small|(Cufod.) Soják}} * ''Persicaria × ambigua'' {{small|(Meisn.) B.Bock}} * ''Persicaria amphibia'' {{small|(L.) Delarbre}} – amphibious bistort, water smartweed * ''Persicaria angustifolia'' {{small|(Pall.) Ronse Decr.}} * ''Persicaria arifolia'' {{small|(L.) Haraldson}} – halberd-leaf tearthumb * ''Persicaria assamica'' {{small|(Meisn.) Soják}} * ''Persicaria attenuata'' {{small|(R.Br.) Soják}} * ''Persicaria barbata'' {{small|(L.) H.Hara}} * ''Persicaria × bicolor'' {{small|(Borbás) Soják}} * ''Persicaria biconvexa'' {{small|(Hayata) Nemoto}} * ''Persicaria bicornis'' {{small|(Raf.) Nieuwl.}} – pink smartweed * ''Persicaria borneensis'' {{small|(Meisn.) Soják}} * ''Persicaria × brauniana'' {{small|(F.W.Schultz) Soják}} * ''Persicaria breviochreata'' {{small|(Makino) Ohki}} * ''Persicaria bungeana'' {{small|(Turcz.) Nakai}} – prickly smartweed * ''Persicaria capitata'' {{small|(Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross}} – pink-head knotweed * ''Persicaria careyi'' {{small|(Olney) Greene}} – pink-head knotweed * ''Persicaria celebica'' {{small|(Danser) Soják}} * ''Persicaria cespitosa'' {{small|(Blume) Nakai}} * ''Persicaria changhuaensis'' {{small|H.W.Zhang & X.F.Jin}} * ''Persicaria chinensis'' {{small|(L.) H.Gross}} – Chinese knotweed * ''Persicaria clivorum'' {{small|Seriz.}} * ''Persicaria × condensata'' {{small|(F.W.Schultz) Soják}} * ''Persicaria criopolitana'' {{small|(Hance) Migo}} * ''Persicaria debilis'' {{small|(Meisn.) H.Gross ex W.Lee}} * ''Persicaria decipiens'' {{small|(R.Br.) K.L.Wilson}} – slender knotweed, willow-weed * ''Persicaria dichotoma'' {{small|(Blume) Masam.}} * ''Persicaria diospyrifolia'' {{small|(Cham. & Schltdl.) Funez & Hassemer}} * ''Persicaria dissitiflora'' {{small|(Hemsl.) H.Gross ex T.Mori}} * ''Persicaria eciliata'' {{small|M.A.Hassan}} * ''Persicaria elatior'' {{small|(R.Br.) Soják}} * ''Persicaria erectominor'' {{small|(Makino) Nakai}} * ''Persicaria extremiorientalis'' {{small|(Vorosch.) Tzvelev}} * ''Persicaria ferruginea'' {{small|(Wedd.) Soják}} * ''Persicaria × figertii'' {{small|(Beck) Soják}} * ''Persicaria filiformis'' {{small|(Thunb.) Nakai}} * ''Persicaria foliosa'' {{small|(H.Lindb.) Kitag.}} * ''Persicaria galapagensis'' {{small|(Caruel) Galasso}} * ''Persicaria geocarpica'' {{small|Suyama & K.Ueda}} * ''Persicaria glabra'' {{small|(Willd.) M.Gómez}} – smooth smartweed * ''Persicaria glacialis'' {{small|(Meisn.) H.Hara}} * ''Persicaria glandulopilosa'' {{small|(De Wild.) Soják}} * ''Persicaria glomerata'' {{small|(Dammer) S.Ortiz & Paiva}} * ''Persicaria greuteriana'' {{small|Galasso}} * ''Persicaria hassegawae'' {{small|Hanai & Seriz.}} * ''Persicaria hastatosagittata'' {{small|(Makino) Nakai}} * ''Persicaria × hervieri'' {{small|(Beck) Soják}} * ''Persicaria hirsuta'' {{small|(Walter) Small}} – hairy smartweed * ''Persicaria hispida'' {{small|(Kunth) M.Gómez}} * ''Persicaria huananensis'' {{small|(A.J.Li) B.Li}} * ''Persicaria humboldtiana'' {{small|Funez & Hassemer}} * ''Persicaria humilis'' {{small|(Meisn.) H.Hara}} * ''Persicaria × hybrida'' {{small|(Chaub. ex St.-Amans) Soják}} * ''Persicaria hydropiper'' {{small|(L.) Delarbre}} – water-pepper, marsh-pepper smartweed * ''Persicaria hydropiperoides'' {{small|(Michx.) Small}} – swamp smartweed, mild water-pepper * ''Persicaria hystricula'' {{small|(J.Schust.) Soják}} * ''Persicaria imeretina'' {{small|(Kom.) Soják}} * ''Persicaria × intercedens'' {{small|(Beck) Soják}} * ''Persicaria japonica'' {{small|(Meisn.) Nakai}} * ''Persicaria javanica'' {{small|(Bruyn) Soják}} * ''Persicaria jucunda'' {{small|(Meisn.) Migo}} * ''Persicaria kawagoeana'' {{small|(Makino) Nakai}} * ''Persicaria lanata'' {{small|(Roxb.) Tzvelev}} * ''Persicaria lankeshanensis'' {{small|T.J.Liang & Bo Li}} * ''Persicaria lapathifolia'' {{small|(L.) Delarbre}} – pale persicaria * ''Persicaria leblebicii'' {{small|(Yıld.) Raus}} * ''Persicaria lii'' {{small|Kitag.}} * ''Persicaria limbata'' {{small|(Meisn.) H.Hara}} * ''Persicaria limicola'' {{small|(Sam.) Yonek. & H.Ohashi}} * ''Persicaria longiflora'' {{small|(Courchet) Borodina}} * ''Persicaria longiseta'' {{small|(Bruijn) Kitag.}} – bristly lady's thumb * ''Persicaria maackiana'' {{small|(Regel) Nakai}} * ''Persicaria macrantha'' {{small|(Meisn.) Haraldson}} * ''Persicaria maculosa'' {{small|Gray}} – Jesusplant, spotted lady's thumb, redshank * ''Persicaria madagascariensis'' {{small|(Meisn.) S.Ortiz & Paiva}} * ''Persicaria manshuricola'' {{small|Kitag.}} * ''Persicaria meisneriana'' {{small|(Cham. & Schltdl.) M.Gómez}} – Mexican tearthumb * ''Persicaria microcephala'' {{small|(D.Don) H.Gross}} * ''Persicaria mikawana'' {{small|Hanai & Seriz.}} * ''Persicaria minor'' {{small|(Huds.) Opiz}} – small water-pepper * ''Persicaria mitis'' {{small|(Schrank) Assenov}} * ''Persicaria muricata'' {{small|(Meisn.) Nemoto}} * ''Persicaria × musashinoensis'' {{small|Hiyama}} * ''Persicaria nakaii'' {{small|(H.Hara) Cubey}} * ''Persicaria nataliae'' {{small|Stepanov}} * ''Persicaria neofiliformis'' {{small|(Nakai) Ohki}} * ''Persicaria nepalensis'' {{small|(Meisn.) H.Gross}} – Nepal knotweed * ''Persicaria nogueirae'' {{small|S.Ortiz & Paiva}} * ''Persicaria obtusifolia'' {{small|(Täckh. & Boulos) Greuter & Burdet}} * ''Persicaria odorata'' {{small|(Lour.) Soják}} – Vietnamese coriander * ''Persicaria orientalis'' {{small|(L.) Spach}} – kiss-me-over-the-garden-gate, prince's feather, princess-feather * ''Persicaria palmata'' {{small|(Dunn) Yonek. & H.Ohashi}} * ''Persicaria paradoxa'' {{small|(H.Lév.) Kantachot}} * ''Persicaria paraguayensis'' {{small|(Wedd.) S.T.Kim & Donoghue}} * ''Persicaria paralimicola'' {{small|(A.J.Li) B.Li}} * ''Persicaria pensylvanica'' {{small|(L.) M.Gómez}} – Pennsylvania smartweed * ''Persicaria perfoliata'' {{small|(L.) H.Gross}} * ''Persicaria peruviana'' {{small|(Meisn.) Soják}} * ''Persicaria pilushanensis'' {{small|(Y.C.Liu & C.H.Ou) C.F.Kuo ex T.C.Hsu & S.W.Chung}} * ''Persicaria pinetorum'' {{small|(Hemsl.) H.Gross}} * ''Persicaria poiretii'' {{small|(Meisn.) K.L.Wilson}} * ''Persicaria posumbu'' {{small|(Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross}} * ''Persicaria praetermissa'' {{small|(Hook.f.) H.Hara}} * ''Persicaria prostrata'' {{small|(R.Br.) Soják}} - creeping knotweed * ''Persicaria × pseudoincana'' {{small|(Klokov) Doweld}} * ''Persicaria × pseudolapathum'' {{small|(Schur) D.H.Kent}} * ''Persicaria pubescens'' {{small|(Blume) H.Hara}} * ''Persicaria pulchra'' {{small|Soják}} * ''Persicaria punctata'' {{small|(Elliott) Small}} – dotted knotweed * ''Persicaria puritanorum'' {{small|(Fernald) Soják}} * ''Persicaria robustior'' {{small|(Small) E.P.Bicknell}} – stout smartweed * ''Persicaria rotunda'' {{small|(Z.Z.Zhou & Q.Y.Sun) Bo Li}} * ''Persicaria rubricaulis'' {{small|(Cham.) Galasso}} * ''Persicaria runcinata'' {{small|(Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross}} * ''Persicaria sagittata'' {{small|(L.) H.Gross}} – American tearthumb, arrowleaf tearthumb, arrowvine * ''Persicaria sagittifolia'' {{small|H.Gross}} * ''Persicaria segetum'' {{small|(Kunth) Small}} * ''Persicaria senegalensis'' {{small|(Meisn.) Soják}} * ''Persicaria senticosa'' {{small|(Meisn.) H.Gross}} * ''Persicaria setacea'' {{small|(Baldwin) Small}} – bog smartweed * ''Persicaria setosula'' {{small|(A.Rich.) K.L.Wilson}} * ''Persicaria sinica'' {{small|Migo}} * ''Persicaria sinuata'' {{small|(Royle ex Bab.) H.Gross}} * ''Persicaria snobarii'' {{small|Munshi & Javeid}} * ''Persicaria stagnina'' {{small|(Buch.-Ham. ex Meisn.) M.A.Hassan}} * ''Persicaria stelligera'' {{small|(Cham.) Galasso}} * ''Persicaria strigosa'' {{small|(R.Br.) H.Gross}} – spotted knotweed * ''Persicaria strindbergii'' {{small|(J.Schust.) Galasso}} * ''Persicaria subsessilis'' {{small|(R.Br.) K.L.Wilson}} * ''Persicaria sylvestris'' {{small|Funez & Hassemer}} * ''Persicaria taitoinsularis'' {{small|(Masam.) Yonek.}} * ''Persicaria taquetii'' {{small|(H.Lév.) Koidz.}} * ''Persicaria thunbergii'' {{small|(Siebold & Zucc.) H.Gross}} * ''Persicaria tinctoria'' {{small|(Aiton) Spach}} – Chinese indigo, polygonum-indigo * ''Persicaria tomentosa'' {{small|(Schrank) E.P.Bicknell}} * ''Persicaria trigonocarpa'' {{small|(Makino) Nakai}} * ''Persicaria umbrosa'' {{small|(Sam.) Galasso}} * ''Persicaria virginiana'' {{small|(L.) Gaertn.}} – jumpseed * ''Persicaria viscofera'' {{small|(Makino) H.Gross}} * ''Persicaria viscosa'' {{small|(Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross ex T.Mori}} * ''Persicaria wellensii'' {{small|(De Wild.) Soják}} * ''Persicaria × wilmsii'' {{small|(Beck) Soják}} * ''Persicaria wugongshanensis'' {{small|Bo Li}} {{Div col end}}

== Citations == {{Reflist|30em}}

== General and cited references == {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Schuster |first1=Tanja M. |last2=Reveal |first2=James L. |last3=Bayly |first3=Michael J. |last4=Kron |first4=Kathleen A. |date=2015 |author-link2=James Reveal|title=An updated molecular phylogeny of Polygonoideae (Polygonaceae): Relationships of ''Oxygonum'', ''Pteroxygonum'', and ''Rumex'', and a new circumscription of ''Koenigia'' |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288889005|journal=Taxon |volume=64 |issue=6 |pages=1188–1208 |doi=10.12705/646.5 |bibcode=2015Taxon..64.1188S |name-list-style=amp|ref={{harvid|Schuster et al|2015}} }} {{Refend}}

Category:Persicaria Category:Polygonaceae genera Category:Taxa named by Philip Miller