{{Short description|Transgression against divine law}} {{About|the religious concept|the trigonometric function commonly written as sin|Sine and cosine{{!}}Sine|other uses}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}} [[File:Jan Brueghel de Oude en Peter Paul Rubens - Het aards paradijs met de zondeval van Adam en Eva.jpg|thumb|Depiction of the sin of Adam and Eve (''The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man'' by Jan Brueghel the Elder and Pieter Paul Rubens)]]
The term '''sin''' originates from the Old English ''synn'', tracing back to Proto-Germanic and Proto-Indo-European roots meaning "being" or "truly guilty", implying a judgment of wrongdoing. Over time, different religions and cultures developed distinct understandings of sin, often shaping moral frameworks and spiritual practices. Each culture has its own interpretation of what it means to commit a sin. While sins are generally considered actions, any thought, word, or act considered immoral, amoral, selfish, shameful, harmful, or alienating might be termed "sinful".<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=sin|url=http://oed.com/view/Entry/180030?isAdvanced=false&result=1&rskey=9Bb3P3&|access-date=16 September 2013|work=Oxford English Dictionary}}</ref>
In Abrahamic religions, sin carries a stronger theological dimension. Christianity treats sin as an offense against God, rooted in disobedience, with doctrines like original sin and redemption through Christ’s sacrifice; concepts like the seven deadly sins classify vices leading to moral corruption. In mainstream Christianity, sin is a transgression against the will of God.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704101243/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sin|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 July 2017|title=sin|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=28 August 2017}}</ref> Islam defines sin (''khiṭʾ'', ''ithm'') as violating God’s commands, distinguishing between minor and grave sins. Judaism frames sin as “missing the mark” of God’s law, placing greater weight on wrongs against other people than against God, with atonement often requiring repentance and restitution.
According to Hinduism, pāpa (sin) is a transgression, or demerit, signifying deeds or intentions that transgress moral and spiritual laws, resulting in negative karma and tying a person to the cycle of rebirth (samsara). Hindu codes list various things that drive people to sin themselves. Hindu texts mention various categories of sins such as foremost sins (''ati patakas''), five greatest sins (''maha patakas''), secondary sins (''upa patakas''), and minor sins (''prasangika patakas'').
In Buddhism, sin as defiance against a deity does not exist; instead, actions naturally bring consequences through karma. While general “sin” refers to transgressions against universal moral law, five acts — harming a Buddha, killing an Arhat, creating schism in the Sangha, matricide, and patricide — are considered so severe that they bring immediate karmic repercussions. In contrast, Shinto views sin (''tsumi'') as impurity caused by external factors like evil spirits, not inherently by human actions, and emphasizes purification rituals (''harae'') to restore harmony.
==Etymology== From Middle English {{lang|enm|sinne}}, {{lang|enm|synne}}, {{lang|enm|sunne}}, {{lang|enm|zen}}, from Old English {{lang|ang|synn}} ("sin"), from Proto-West Germanic *sunnju, from Proto-Germanic *sunjō ('truth', 'excuse') and *sundī, *sundijō ("sin"), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁s-ónt-ih₂, from *h₁sónts ("being, true", implying a verdict of "truly guilty" against an accusation or charge), from *h₁es- ("to be"); compare Old English {{lang|ang|sōþ}} ("true"; see sooth). Doublet of suttee.
==Buddhism== {{Main|Buddhist views on sin}} There are a few differing Buddhist views on sin. American Zen author Brad Warner states that in Buddhism there is no concept of sin at all.<ref>{{cite book| last =Warner| first =Brad| author-link =Brad Warner| title =Hardcore Zen: Punk Rock, Monster Movies & the Truth About Reality| publisher =Wisdom Publications| year=2003| pages =144| isbn = 0-86171-380-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last =Warner| first =Brad| author-link =Brad Warner| title=Sex, Sin, and Zen: A Buddhist Exploration of Sex from Celibacy to Polyamory and Everything in Between| publisher =New World Library| year =2010| pages =72| isbn = 978-1-57731-910-8 }}</ref> The Buddha Dharma Education Association also expressly states "The idea of sin or original sin has no place in Buddhism."<ref>{{cite web|title=Buddhism: Major Differences|url=http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/snapshot01.htm|publisher=Buddha Dharma Education Association|access-date=May 13, 2013}}</ref>
Ethnologist Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf explained, "In Buddhist thinking the whole universe, men as well as gods, are subject to a reign of law. Every action, good or bad, has an inevitable and automatic effect in a long chain of causes, an effect that is independent of the will of any deity. Even though this may leave no room for the concept of 'sin' in the sense of an act of defiance against the authority of a personal god, Buddhists speak of 'sin' when referring to transgressions against the universal moral code."<ref>{{cite journal|last=von Fürer-Haimendorf|first=Christoph|year=1974|title=The Sense of Sin in Cross-Cultural Perspective|journal = Man|volume = New Series 9.4|pages=539–556}}</ref>
However, there are five heinous crimes in Buddhism that bring immediate disaster through karmic process.<ref name=Obeyesekere>{{citation|title=The Work of Culture: Symbolic Transformation in Psychoanalysis and Anthropology |author= Gananath Obeyesekere|year=1990|publisher=University of Chicago|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-nLv_IiMTA4C&pg=PA305|isbn=978-0-226-61599-8}}</ref> These five crimes are collectively referred to as Anantarika-karma in Theravada Buddhism<ref name=Obeyesekere/> and ''pañcānantarya'' (Pāli) in the Mahayana ''Sutra Preached by the Buddha on the Total Extinction of the Dharma'',<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lHag-M0quUC&pg=PA128|title= A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms: With Sanskrit and English Equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali Index|publisher=Routledge|year=1995|isbn=978-0700703555|page=128|author-link1=Lewis Hodous|last1=Hodous|first1=Lewis|author-link2=William Edward Soothill|last2=Soothill|first2=William Edward}}</ref> The five crimes or sins are:<ref>{{cite book |last=Rām Garg |first=Gaṅgā |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofh0000garg/page/433 |title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1992 |isbn=9788170223757 |page=433 |url-access=registration}}</ref> # Injuring a Buddha # Killing an Arhat # Creating schism in the society of Sangha # Matricide # Patricide
==Christianity== ===Hamartiology=== {{Main|Christian views on sin}} {{See also|Seven deadly sins}} [[File:Cathédrale d'Amiens, façade - détail.JPG|thumb|A sculpture depicting the judgment of sinners by Jesus at Amiens Cathedral, France]] The doctrine of sin is central to Christianity, since its basic message is about redemption in Christ.<ref>Rahner, p. 1588</ref> Christian hamartiology describes sin as an act of offense against God by despising his persons and Christian biblical law, and by injuring others.<ref>Sabourin, p. 696</ref> According to the classical definition of St. Augustine of Hippo sin is "a word, deed, or desire in opposition to the eternal law of God".<ref>''Contra Faustum Manichaeum'', 22, 27; PL 42, 418; cf. Thomas Aquinas, STh I–II q71 a6.</ref><ref>Mc Guinness, p. 241</ref> Thus, sin requires redemption, a metaphor alluding to atonement, in which the death of Jesus is the price that is paid to release the faithful from the bondage of sin.<ref>Gruden, Wayne. Systemic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine, Nottingham: Intervarsity Press, p. 580</ref>
Among some scholars, sin is understood mostly as a legal infraction or contract violation of non-binding philosophical frameworks and perspectives of Christian ethics, and so salvation tends to be viewed in legal terms. Other Christian scholars understand sin to be fundamentally relational—a loss of love for the Christian God and an elevation of self-love (''concupiscence'', in this sense), as was later propounded by Augustine in his debate with the Pelagians.<ref>''On Grace and Free Will'' (see ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', trans. P.Holmes, vol. 5; 30–31 [14–15]).</ref> As with the legal definition of sin, this definition also affects the understanding of Christian grace and salvation, which are thus viewed in relational terms.<ref>For a historical review of this understanding, see R.N.Frost, "Sin and Grace", in Paul L. Metzger, ''Trinitarian Soundings'', T&T Clark, 2005.</ref>
The concept of the seven deadly sins holds a significant place within Christian teaching as a classification of seven major vices that lead to further immoral behavior and other sins. These sins are pride, greed, wrath, envy, lust, gluttony, and sloth.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chat |first=Bible |date=2024-06-14 |title=What Are the 7 Deadly Sins? Their Meaning and Relevance Today |url=https://thebiblechat.com/what-are-7-deadly-sins/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=thebiblechat.com |language=en}}</ref> They are considered "deadly" because they are the root causes of other sins and moral corruption, opposing the virtues that Christians are encouraged to cultivate such as humility, charity, and patience. The idea of the seven deadly sins originated in early Christian thought and was later formalized by figures such as Pope Gregory I and St. Thomas Aquinas. While not identical to mortal sins, the seven deadly sins are viewed as capital vices from which many other sins arise, thus emphasizing the need for redemption and moral vigilance in the Christian life.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-19 |title=The Seven Deadly Sins - Universal Life Church |url=https://www.themonastery.org/training/sermons/the-seven-deadly-sins |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Universal Life Church Monastery |language=en}}</ref>
===Original sin{{Anchor|Original sin}}=== {{Main|Original sin}} [[File:Forbidden fruit.jpg|thumb|A Sistine Chapel fresco depicts the expulsion of Adam and Eve for transgressing God's command not to eat the fruit of the Tree of the knowledge of good and evil.]] This condition has been characterized in many ways, from the desire to commit wrongful action, referred to as a "sin nature", to total depravity and "utter helplessness even to exercise a good will toward God apart from God's supernatural, assisting grace".<ref name="Burson2016">{{cite book |last1=Burson |first1=Scott R. |title=Brian McLaren in Focus: A New Kind of Apologetic |date=13 September 2016 |publisher=ACU Press |isbn=978-0-89112-650-8 |language=English |quote=...affirms the total depravity of human beings and their utter helplessness even to exercise a good will toward God apart from God's supernatural, assisting grace.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Brodd|first=Jeffrey|title=World Religions|publisher=Saint Mary's Press|year=2003|location=Winona, MN|isbn=978-0-88489-725-5}}</ref>
The concept of original sin was first alluded to in the 2nd century by Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyon in his controversy with certain dualist Gnostics.<ref>"In the person of the first Adam we offend God, disobeying His precept" (Haeres., V, xvi, 3).</ref> Other church fathers such as Augustine also shaped and developed the doctrine,<ref>Patte, Daniel. The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity. Ed. Daniel Patte. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 892</ref> seeing it as based on the New Testament teaching of Paul the Apostle (Romans 5:12–21 and 1 Corinthians 15:21–22) and the Old Testament verse of Psalms 51:5.<ref>{{cite web|author=Peter Nathan |url=http://www.vision.org/visionmedia/article.aspx?id=227 |title=The Original View of Original Sin |website=Vision.org |access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philvaz.com/apologetics/num54.htm |title=Original Sin Explained and Defended: Reply to an Assemblies of God Pastor |website=Philvaz.com |access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref><ref>[http://nazarene.org/ministries/administration/visitorcenter/articles/ Preamble and Articles of Faith] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020030856/http://nazarene.org/ministries/administration/visitorcenter/articles/ |date=20 October 2013 }} – V. Sin, Original and Personal – Church of the Nazarene. Retrieved 13 October 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.topicalbiblestudies.com/original-sin.php Are Babies Born with Sin?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021173528/http://www.topicalbiblestudies.com/original-sin.php |date=21 October 2013 }} – Topical Bible Studies. Retrieved 13 October 2013.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Original Sin: Psalm 51:5 |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resource/55992/original-sin |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=Catholic News Agency |language=en}}</ref> Tertullian, Cyprian, Ambrose and Ambrosiaster considered that humanity shares in Adam's sin, transmitted by human generation. Augustine's formulation of original sin after 412 CE was popular among Protestant reformers, such as Martin Luther and John Calvin, who equated original sin with concupiscence (or "hurtful desire"), affirming that it persisted even after baptism and completely destroyed freedom to do good.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} Before 412 CE, Augustine said that free will was weakened but not destroyed by original sin. But after 412 CE this changed to a loss of free will except to sin.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Kenneth |title=Augustine's Conversion from Traditional Free Choice to "Non-free Free Will": A Comprehensive Methodology |date=2018 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |location=Tübingen |isbn=9783161557538 |pages=16–18, 157–187}}</ref> Calvinism holds the later Augustinian soteriology view. The Jansenist movement, which the Catholic Church declared to be heretical, also maintained that original sin destroyed freedom of will.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08285a.htm |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Jansenius and Jansenism |website=Newadvent.org |date=1 October 1910 |access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref> Instead the Catholic Church declares that Baptism erases original sin.<ref>Catholic Church. [https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p2s2c1a1.htm "The Seven Sacraments of the Church"]. ''Catechism of the Catholic Church''. ''LA Santa Sede''. 19 November 2019.</ref> Methodist theology teaches that original sin is eradicated through entire sanctification.<ref name="Whidden2005">{{cite web |last1=Whidden |first1=Woodrow W. |title=Adventist Theology: The Wesleyan Connection |url=https://adventistbiblicalresearch.org/es/node/203 |publisher=Biblical Research Institute |access-date=30 June 2019 |language=en |date=18 April 2005}}</ref>
==Hinduism== {{see|pāpa}}
According to Hinduism, ''pāpa'' (sin) is an important concept that is tied to the cycle of rebirth (samsara). Every action (''kriya'') of a living being (''karta'') leads to a reaction and an associated result, which forms the concept of ''karma''. Every transgression, or demerit, signifying deeds or intentions that transgress moral and spiritual laws, results in negative karma called ''papa'' which leads to the cycle of rebirth (''samsara'') to continue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sanatanadhara.com/punya/|title=Punya|work=Sanatana Dhara|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> Hindu texts mention various things that are not themselves sin but drive people to sin themselves. ''Manusmriti'' mentions five greatest sins (''maha patakas'').<ref>{{cite book|title=Offense to Reason: A Theology of Sin|author=Bernard L. Ramm|year=2000|isbn=978-1-573-83001-0|publisher=Regent College|page=60}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Hinduism Clarified And Simplified|author=Shrikant Prasoon|year=2009|isbn=978-8-122-31056-6|publisher=Pustak Mahal|page=194}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Hinduism Reconsidered|year=2001|isbn=978-8-173-04385-7|publisher=Manohar Publications|editor1=Günther-Dietz Sontheimer|editor2=Hermann Kulke|page=252}}</ref> There are other activities (anupatakas) which are mentioned as equivalent to committing these five great sins.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hinduism|author=Monier Monier-Williams|year=1882|publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge|page=64}}</ref> Texts also mention foremost sins (''ati patakas''), which include crimes that are punished with the highest penalty.<ref name="Day">{{cite book|title=The Conception of Punishment in Early Indian Literature|author=Terence Day|year=1982|isbn=978-0-919-81215-4|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|page=95}}</ref> Other Hindu texts mention various secondary sins (''upa patakas''), and minor sins (''prasangika patakas''). One has to either feel remorse (''paścātāpa'') or atone for the sins committed (''prāyaścitta'') through confession, attaining knowledge, sacrifice, virtuous conduct, charity, or by prayer and performing rituals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsgram.com/general/2017/10/26/sins-in-hinduism-facts-meaningphilosophytypes-atonement|title=Sins in Hinduism|work=Newsgram|date=26 December 2017|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>
==Islam== {{Main|Islamic views on sin}} Sin (khiṭʾ) is an important concept in Islamic ethics. Muslims see sin as anything that goes against the commands of God (Allah), a breach of the laws and norms laid down by the faith.<ref name="oxfordislamicstudies">{{cite web|title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2211|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116193723/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2211|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 January 2018|work=Sin|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>
Islamic terms for sin include ''dhanb'' and ''khaṭīʾa'', which are synonymous and refer to intentional sins; ''khiṭʾ'', which means simply "a sin"; and ''ithm'', which is used for grave sins.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Wensinck, A. J. | year= 2012 | title=K̲h̲aṭīʾa |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition=2nd|publisher=Brill |editor1=P. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs| doi= 10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_4141 }}</ref>
==Judaism== {{Main|Jewish views on sin}} Judaism regards the violation of any of the 613 commandments as a sin. Judaism teaches that sin is a part of life, since there is no perfect man and everyone has an inclination to do evil. Sin has many classifications and degrees, but the principal classification is that of "missing the mark" (cheit in Hebrew).<ref>Silver, Jonathan, host. [https://tikvahfund.org/library/podcast-david-bashevkin-on-sin-and-failure-in-jewish-thought/ "Podcast: David Bashevkin on Sin and Failure in Jewish Thought"]. ''The Tikvah Podcast'', The Tikvah Fund, 3 Oct. 2019.</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2022}} Some sins are punishable with death by the court, others with death by heaven, others with lashes, and others without such punishment, but no sins committed with willful intentions go without consequence. Sins committed out of lack of knowledge are not considered sins, since sin cannot be a sin if the one who committed it did not know it was wrong. Unintentional sins are considered less severe sins.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/qorbanot.html|title=Sacrifices and Offerings (Karbanot)}}</ref>
Sins between people are considered much more serious in Judaism than sins between man and God. Yom Kippur, the main day of repentance in Judaism, can atone for sins between man and God, but not for sins between man and his fellow, that is until he has appeased his friend.<ref>Mishnah, Yoma, 8:9</ref> Eleazar ben Azariah derived [this from the verse]: "From all your sins before God you shall be cleansed" (Book of Leviticus, 16:30) – for sins between man and God Yom Kippur atones, but for sins between man and his fellow Yom Kippur does not atone until he appeases his fellow.<ref name="Schuster 1986">Simon and Schuster, 1986, Nine Questions People Ask About Judaism, New York: Touchstone book.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url = http://thetorah.com/historical-uniqueness-and-centrality-of-yom-kippur/ |title = The Historical Uniqueness and Centrality of Yom Kippur |publisher = thetorah.com}}</ref>
When the Temple yet stood in Jerusalem, people would offer Korbanot (sacrifices) for their misdeeds. The atoning aspect of ''korbanot'' is carefully circumscribed. For the most part, ''korbanot'' only expiates unintentional sins, that is, sins committed because a person forgot that this thing was a sin or by mistake. No atonement is needed for violations committed under duress or through lack of knowledge, and for the most part, ''korbanot'' cannot atone for a malicious, deliberate sin. In addition, ''korbanot'' have no expiating effect unless the person making the offering sincerely repents of his or her actions before making the offering, and makes restitution to any person who was harmed by the violation.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary.org"/>
Judaism teaches that all willful sin has consequences. The completely righteous suffer for their sins (by humiliation, poverty, and suffering that God sends them) in this world and receive their reward in the world to come. The in-between (not completely righteous or completely wicked), suffer for and repent their sins after death and thereafter join the righteous. The very evil do not repent even at the gates of hell. Such people prosper in this world to receive their reward for any good deed, but cannot be cleansed by and hence cannot leave ''gehinnom'', because they do not or cannot repent. This world can therefore seem unjust where the righteous suffer, while the wicked prosper. Many great thinkers have contemplated this.<ref> {{cite encyclopedia | url= https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0017_0_16693.html | title= Reward and Punishment | encyclopedia= Jewish Virtual Library | access-date= 1 March 2015 }}</ref>
==Shinto== The Shinto concept of sin is inexorably linked to concepts of purity and pollution. Shinto does not have a concept of original sin and instead believes that all human beings are born pure.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Shinto Concept of Sin (Tsumi) and Impurity (Kegare)｜TSURUGAOKA HACHIMANGU|url=http://www.tsurugaoka-hachimangu.jp/shinto_is/shinto_concept.html|access-date=2020-09-23|website=www.tsurugaoka-hachimangu.jp|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211140138/http://www.tsurugaoka-hachimangu.jp/shinto_is/shinto_concept.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sin, also called Tsumi, is anything that makes people impure (i.e. anything that separates them from the ''kami'').<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=BBC – Religions – Shinto: Purity in Shinto|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/shinto/beliefs/purity.shtml|access-date=2020-09-23|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref> However, Shinto does not believe this impurity is the result of human actions, but rather the result of evil spirits or other external factors.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
Sin can have a variety of consequences in Japan, including disaster and disease.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Therefore, purification rituals, or Harae, are viewed as important not just to the spiritual and physical health of the individual but also to the well-being of the nation.<ref name=":1" />
==See also== {{Div col}} * Actual sin * Devil * Ethics in religion * Haram * Internal sin * Crime * Karma * Morality * Religious law * Sin offering * Taboo * Vice * Wickedness {{div col end}}
==Notes and references== {{Reflist|30em}}
==Further reading== *{{cite book|chapter=The Malice of Sin. |title=Sermons from the Latins|year=1902|publisher= Benziger Brothers|first=Robert|last=Bellarmine|author-link=Robert Bellarmine}} *{{cite book|chapter=Chap. IV. The Violation of the Commandments|title=A Complete Catechism of the Catholic Religion|year=1912|publisher=Schwartz, Kirwin & Fauss|first= Joseph|last=Deharbe|translator=Rev. John Fander|author-link=Joseph Deharbe}} *{{cite book|chapter=On Sin|title=Meditations On The Mysteries Of Our Holy Faith|year=1852|publisher=Richarson and Son|first=Lius|last=de la Puente|author-link=Luis de la Puente}} * Fredriksen, Paula. ''Sin: The Early History of an Idea.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-691-12890-0}}. * Granoff; P E; Shinohara, Koichi; eds. (2012), [https://books.google.com/books?id=fBJozjfU1YAC&dq=Kensh%C5%8Dkai&pg=PA147 Sins and Sinners: Perspectives from Asian Religions]. Brill. {{ISBN|9004229469}}. * Hein, David. "Regrets Only: A Theology of Remorse". ''The Anglican'' 33, no. 4 (October 2004): 5–6. * Konstan, David. "Sünde". In: ''Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum'', vol. 31 (Stuttgart 2023), {{ISBN|978-3-7772-2307-0}}, col. 299–332. * Lewis, C.S. ''"Miserable Offenders": An Interpretation of [sinfulness and] Prayer Book Language [about it],'' in series, ''The Advent Papers''. Cincinnati, Ohio: Forward Movement Publications, [196-]. *{{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia |wstitle=Sin |volume=14 |first=Arthur Charles |last=O'Neil}} *{{cite book|chapter=Book I: First Part (Against sin)|title=The Moral Concordances of Saint Anthony of Padua|year=1865|publisher=J.T. Hayes|first=St. Anthony of|last=Padua|author-link=Anthony of Padua}} * Pieper, Josef. ''The Concept of Sin''. Edward T. Oakes SJ (translation from German). South Bend, Indiana: St. Augustine's Press, 2001. {{ISBN|1-890318-08-6}} * Schumacher, Meinolf. [https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/download/1860038/2914809 ''Sündenschmutz und Herzensreinheit: Studien zur Metaphorik der Sünde in lateinischer und deutscher Literatur des Mittelalters'']. Munich: Fink, 1996. {{ISBN|3-7705-3127-2}} *{{cite book|chapter=Lesson 6: On Sin and its Kinds|title=Anecdotes and Examples Illustrating The Catholic Catechism|year=1904|publisher=Benzinger Brothers|first=Francis |last=Spirago|translator=James Baxter}} *{{cite book|chapter=Book 4: On Sin|title=A manual of moral theology for English-speaking countries|year=1925|publisher=Burns Oates & Washbourne Ltd.|first=Thomas|last=Slater S.J.}}
==External links== {{Commons category|Sins}} {{Wiktionary}} {{Wikiquote}} * [https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P6B.HTM The Different Kinds of Sins (Catholic)] * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Sin|short=x}} * {{Sep entry|sin-christian|Sin in Christian Thought|Kevin Timpe}}
{{Hamartiology}} {{Theology}} {{Seven Deadly Sins}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Sin Category:Christian hamartiology Category:Religious belief and doctrine Category:Religious ethics Category:Religious terminology