{{Short description|Saami social structure}} {{For|the museum in Inari, Finland|Siida (museum)}} thumb|310px|Reindeer-herding communities/Sámi settlements of 16th century Sápmi
A '''{{lang|se|siida}}''' is an organisation of humans traditionally present in Sámi societies consisting of several families of reindeer herders whose reindeer graze together.<ref name="Kalstad 1999">{{Cite book |year=1999 |last=Hætta Kalstad |first=Johan Klemet |title=Reindriftspolitikk og samisk kultur - en uløselig konflikt? En studie av reindriftstilpasninger og moderne reindriftspolitikk |trans-title=Reindeer Herding Politics and Sámi Culture - an Unsolvable Conflict? A Study on Adjustments to Reindeer Herding and Modern Reindeer Herding Politics |language=Norwegian Bokmål |publisher=Sámi Instituhtta |series=Dieđut |number=2/1999 |location=Kautokeino |issn=0332-7779 |url=http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2009082704010 |via=National Library of Norway}}</ref>{{rp|107-109}}<ref name="Korpijaakko-Mikkel March 22, 2009">{{Cite journal|title=Siida and traditional Sami reindeer herding knowledge |last=Korpijaakko-Mikkel|first=Sara |date=March 22, 2009 |journal=Northern Review |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-202252650.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501035825/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-202252650.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 1, 2011}}</ref> {{lang|se|Siida}}s traditionally encompassed more resources than reindeer,<ref name="Kalstad 1999"/>{{rp|108}} but after changes in Sámi societies over the course of the 1600s, only reindeer herders still practiced this system.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1981 |last=Aarseth |first=Bjørn |editor-last=Fladby |editor-first=Rolf |title=Gard, sii'da og andre småsamfunn i nordnorske bygder: De minste enhetenes historie i lokalhistorien |trans-title=Farm, Siida and Other Small Communities in Northern Norwegian Villages: The History of the Smalles Units in Local History |chapter=Arbeidet med de minste enhetene i de indre samiske områder |trans-chapter=The work with the smallest units in the inner Sámi areas |publisher=Universitetsforlaget |isbn=82-00-05674-0 |pages=65-88 |url=http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2014073005066?page=65 |via=National Library of Norway}}</ref>{{rp|68}} It is termed a ''sameby'' ('Sámi village') in Swedish law, {{lang|no|reinbeitedistrikt}} ('reindeer pasture district') in Norwegian law, and {{lang|fi|paliskunta}} ('reindeer herding district') in Finnish law. The pastoralist organisation differs slightly between countries, except in Russia, where kolkhoz replaced these earlier organisations.
==Sweden== {{Unreferenced|section|date=October 2024}} In Sweden, according to the {{ill|Reindeer Herding Act|sv|Rennäringslagen}}, membership in a ''sameby'' follows "pastoralist rights" based on statute of limitations, and is limited to individuals of Sámi descent.<ref name=lagen>[https://lagen.nu/1971:437#P6 Rennäringslag (1971:437)]</ref> There are thirty-three mountain {{lang|se|siida}}s, ten forest samebys and eight concession samebys, divided by historical extent, summer and winter pasture usage, etc. Membership is required to practice pastoralist rights. This is required for reindeer ownership as well, except in concession samebys, where even non-members can own "serve reindeers", served by sameby members who receiving concession to pasture lands in payment. This custom originates in older conventions when reindeer were used by settled local populations in daily life. The economic activity in present-day samebys is limited to profit from pastoralist rights.
Based on historic Swedification policies that distinguished between settled and nomadic Sámi, in 1928 the membership in Swedish samebys essentially limited to those whose ancestors were nomads before 1886, barring the settled Swedish Sámi from membership in a sameby. This restriction was removed by the 1971 version of the {{ill|Reindeer Herding Act|sv|Rennäringslagen}}. {{cn|date=August 2025}}
=== List of ''sameby'' ===
In 2013, there were 51 sameby, of which 8 were concession sameby and 9 were forest sameby.<ref>[https://www.scb.se/contentassets/e7a917a4d15e4cb3bd0bb6f3015dd17c/jo1901_2013a01_br_jo01br1401.pdf Jordbruksstatistisk årsbok 2014 med data om livsmedel], Table 6.22, p. 137</ref>
'''Mountain sameby:''' Könkämä, Lainiovuoma, Saarivuoma, Talma, Gabna, Leavas, Girjas, Báste, Unna Tjerusj, Sirges, Jåkkåkaskatjiellde, Tuorpon, Luokta Mavas, Semisjaur-Njarg, Svaipa, Grans, Rans, Ubmeje tjeälddie, Vapstens, Vilhelmina norra, Vilhelmina södra, Frostvikens norra, Ohredahke, Raedtievaerie, Jiingevaerie, Jovnevaerie, Njaarke, Kall, Handölsdalens, Tåssåsens, Mittådalens, Ruvhten Sijte, and Idre{{cn|date=August 2025}}
'''Forest sameby:''' Vittangi, Gällivare, Serri, Udtja, Ståkke, Maskaur, Västra Kikkejaur, Östra Kikkejaur, Mausjaur, and Malå{{cn|date=August 2025}} '''Concession sameby:''' Muonio, Sattajärvi, Tärendö, Korju, Pirttijärvi, Ängeså, Kalix, and Liehittäjä{{cn|date=August 2025}}
==Norway== In Norway, pastoralist activity requires membership in a unit ({{lang|no|driftsenhet}}), corresponding to a reindeer herd. The rights to conduct pastoralism are based on statute of limitations and limited to individuals of Sámi descent.
The 2007 Reindeer Husbandry Act revised the official reindeer district system to acknowledge and incorporate traditional {{lang|se|siida}} units, improving recognition of Sámi land rights and centering reindeer grazing activities on ecologically and economically sustainable resource use based on local culture and tradition.<ref name="Korpijaakko-Mikkel March 22, 2009"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Reindeer Husbandry in Norway - Districts, Siida and Siida Units|publisher=International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry|url=https://icr.arcticportal.org/norway?start=3|access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite act |date=2007 |legislature=Stortinget |title=Lov om reindrift (reindriftsloven) |trans-title=Reindeer Husbandry Act (LOV-2007-06-15-40) |url=https://lovdata.no/dokument/LTI/lov/2007-06-15-40 |language=no}}</ref> Prior to the act, Norwegian authorities maintained their own definitions of reindeer herding districts, leading to piecemeal development and sales of land, disconnecting traditional pasture areas.<ref name="TylerHanssen-Bauer2021">{{cite journal|last1=Tyler|first1=Nicholas J.C.|last2=Hanssen-Bauer|first2=Inger|last3=Førland|first3=Eirik J.|last4=Nellemann|first4=Christian|title=The Shrinking Resource Base of Pastoralism: Saami Reindeer Husbandry in a Climate of Change|journal=Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems|volume=4|year=2021|issn=2571-581X|doi=10.3389/fsufs.2020.585685|doi-access=free|hdl=10037/20640|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
==Finland== In Finland and Russia, pastoralist activity is not limited to ethnic Sámi. In Finland, reindeer herding is also practiced by non-Sámi Finns. There are 56 {{Lang|fi|paliskunta}}s, of which 13 in the extreme north of Lapland constitute the Sámi area. However, reindeer herding has a more prominent economic role in the local communities of the north. {{lang|se|Siida}}s are governed like stock companies, where the reindeer-holders elect a board of directors and a chief executive officer ({{lang|fi|poroisäntä}}, 'reindeer master') every three years, voting with as many votes as they have reindeer.<ref name="inari">[http://www.inarinpaliskunnat.org/organisaatio.html INARIN PALISKUNNAT – Poronhoidon organisaatio<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927161508/http://www.inarinpaliskunnat.org/organisaatio.html |date=2007-09-27 }}</ref>
==Russia== In Russia, Arctic peoples were forcibly relocated to ''kolkhozes'' (collective communities) by the state between 1927 and 1940, including the Sámi of the Kola Peninsula.<ref>{{cite book|title=South Kola: A travel guide to the southern part of Murmansk oblast|last=Konttinen|first=Jussi|date=2008|publisher=Rovaniemi University of Applied Sciences|location=Oulu, Finland|page=128|isbn=978-952-5153-76-7|url=http://www.ramk.fi/loader.aspx?id=103ca0d4-42a9-4017-b26a-e56c860a3826|accessdate=9 March 2021}}</ref> The Sámi were moved to ''kolchozes'' in the ''pogosts'' of Kamensky, Iokangsky, Kildinsky, Lovozersky, and Voronensk,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Reprisals against the Kola Sami |last=Mihailova|first=E.R. |publisher=Cultural almanac ASTES number 5 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-202252650.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501035825/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-202252650.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-05-01}}</ref> and eventually two ''raion'' (administrative district) in Murmansk Oblast were designated as Sámi districts, Lovozersky District and Saamsky District.
==References== {{reflist}}
Category:Sámi-language terms Category:Sámi organisations Category:Reindeer herding