Side collision

{{short description|Vehicle crash where the side of one or more vehicles is impacted}} {{more citations needed|date=October 2021}} [[Image:Ford Focus versus Ford Explorer crash test IIHS.jpg|thumb|250px|A crash test by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety shows the damage to a compact Ford Focus struck by a Ford Explorer SUV]] [[File:V05962P112.jpg|thumb|Side impact NCAP test of a 2007 Saturn Outlook.]] [[File:V06445P040.jpg|thumb|This NHTSA collision test shows what happens when a Volkswagen New Beetle slides sideways into a utility pole or a tree.]] [[Image:Japanese car accident.jpg|thumb|250px|Two cars are involved in a side collision at an intersection in Tokyo, Japan]] A '''side collision''', also called a '''T-bone accident''', is a vehicle crash where the side of one or more vehicles is impacted. These crashes typically occur at intersections, in parking lots, and when two vehicles pass on a multi-lane roadway.

==Occurrences and effects== A 2016 study found that, in the EU, side impact collisions were significantly less common than frontal impact collisions, at rates of 22-29% and 61-69% respectively.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web| url=https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/injuries_study_2016.pdf | title=Study on Serious Road Traffic Injuries in the EU | date=October 2016 | access-date=2019-06-15 | archive-date=2018-05-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516174924/https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/injuries_study_2016.pdf | url-status=dead}}</ref> However, they tend to be much more dangerous. Another report commissioned by the EU in 2015 found that side impacts accounted for roughly 35-40% of passenger fatality and serious injury, as opposed to 55% attributed to head-on collisions. <ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web| url=https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/ersosynthesis2015-seriousinjuries25_en.pdf | title=Serious Injuries 2015 | access-date=2019-06-15 | archive-date=2020-06-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602055523/https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/ersosynthesis2015-seriousinjuries25_en.pdf | url-status=dead}}</ref> A likely contributor to this fact is the amount of protection offered by the struck vehicle. Even when equipped with the safest cars on the road, these casualties occurred at much lower speeds than in head-on collisions, with passenger fatality and serious injury typically occurring at 50 km/h (~31 mph) in side impact collisions, as opposed to 70 km/h (~43 mph) for frontal impacts.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> Additionally, side impacts tend to affect more vulnerable areas of the body. While front and rear impacts typically produced the most serious injuries in the lower extremities (legs and feet), side impacts typically resulted in most serious injuries in the head and chest regions.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

In 2008, a total of 5,265 (22%) out of 23,888 people were killed in vehicles which were struck in the side in the United States.<ref>{{Cite thesis|url=https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/76999|title=Assessment of Crash Energy - Based Side Impact Reconstruction Accuracy|first=Nicholas S.|last=Johnson|date=May 3, 2011|publisher=Virginia Tech |type=Thesis |via=vtechworks.lib.vt.edu}}</ref>

For European motorcyclists, side impact is the second most frequent location of impact.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

For European cyclists, thorax injuries are associated with side-impact injuries in urban areas and/or at junctions.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

In several European countries, such as the UK, Sweden, and France, around one quarter of traffic injuries are produced by side collisions, but accounted for 29 to 38% of injuries which were fatal.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web| url=https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/pdf/ersosynthesis2018-vehiclesafety.pdf | title=Vehicle Safety 2018 | access-date=2019-06-15 | archive-date=2019-06-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624185604/https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/pdf/ersosynthesis2018-vehiclesafety.pdf | url-status=dead}}</ref>

In European vehicle side impact, 60% of casualties were "struck side", while 40% were "non struck side", in 2018.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

Fatal casualties count as 50% and 67% in UK and in France, in 2010<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

Also, side collision are not well managed with child restraints which are not enough taking into account the movement of the child's head and prevent contact with the car's interior.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

For light vans and minibuses in 2000 in UK and Germany, between 14% and 26% of accidents with passenger cars were side impacts.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

In Shanghai, in China, 23% of the 1097 serious accidents occurred between June 2005 and March 2013 are side impact accidents, there the leading collision mode, according to the Shanghai United Road Traffic Safety Scientific Research Center (SHUFO) database.<ref name="www-esv.nhtsa.dot.gov">{{Cite web| title=Characteristic analysis of passenger cars' side impact based on in-depth accident research in China | url=https://www-esv.nhtsa.dot.gov/Proceedings/24/files/24ESV-000016.PDF | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101001640/http://www-esv.nhtsa.dot.gov/Proceedings/24/files/24ESV-000016.PDF | archive-date=2016-11-01}}</ref> The head and neck are involved in around 64% of the casualties.<ref name="www-esv.nhtsa.dot.gov"/>

==Testing== Euro NCAP, IIHS and NHTSA test side impacts in different ways. {{asof|2015}}, they all test vehicle-to-vehicle side impacts,<ref name=crView>{{cite web|url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2011/08/crash-test-101/index.htm |title=NHTSA Crash Test |date=April 2014 |work=Consumer Reports |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref><ref name=enSide>{{cite web|url=http://www.euroncap.com/en/vehicle-safety/the-ratings-explained/adult-occupant-protection/side-mobile-barrier/ |title=Euro NCAP - Side Mobile Barrier |work=Euro NCAP|access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> where heavier vehicles have lower fatality rates than lighter vehicles.<ref name=ray>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/S0001-4575(98)00041-4| title=Impact conditions in side-impact collisions with fixed roadside objects| year=1999| last1=Ray| first1=M.H.| journal=Accident Analysis & Prevention| volume=31| issue=1–2| pages=21–30| pmid=10084615}}</ref>

NHTSA and Euro NCAP also test the more severe vehicle-into-pole side impacts,<ref name=enPole>{{cite web|url=http://www.euroncap.com/en/vehicle-safety/the-ratings-explained/adult-occupant-protection/side-pole/ |title=Euro NCAP - Side Pole |work=Euro NCAP|access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> where smaller vehicles have the same fatality rate as larger vehicles.<ref name=ray/>

Newer cars have improved safety in case of front crashes, but side impacts can also be deadly; about 9,700 people were killed in side impacts in the US in 2004.<ref name=iihs2006>{{cite web |url=http://www.iihs.org/iihs/news/desktopnews/new-side-impact-crash-test-results-impala-avalon-are-top-large-car-performers |title=Impala, Avalon are top large cars in side crash test |work=iihs.org |access-date=7 October 2015 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905103327/http://www.iihs.org/iihs/news/desktopnews/new-side-impact-crash-test-results-impala-avalon-are-top-large-car-performers |url-status=dead }}</ref>  Side airbags became mandatory in 2009 in the US, saving an estimated 1,000 lives per year. <ref name=forb2007>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/2007/07/26/cars-dangerous-twenty-forbeslife-cx_bh_0726cars.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925071115/http://www.forbes.com/2007/07/26/cars-dangerous-twenty-forbeslife-cx_bh_0726cars.html |title=Top 20 Most Dangerous Vehicles |author=Bengt Halvorson|date=26 July 2007 |archive-date=25 September 2015|work=Forbes}}</ref> Research indicates that the vehicle's underbody is the best place to reinforce structures to reduce intrusion by the pole. <ref>Billot et al. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093039/http://www-esv.nhtsa.dot.gov/Proceedings/23/files/23ESV-000440.PDF Pole Impact Test: Study of the two current Candidates in Terms of Cost and Benefits for France]" page 3-4. PSA Peugeot Citroën</ref>

==General list of side impacts== [[File:Side collision.jpg|thumb|A side collision in Toronto]] These are lists of cars with notable aspects of side impact.

===List of cars after 2011=== The NHTSA results are evaluated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration using Office of Crashworthiness Standards, New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) Side Impact Laboratory Test Procedure<ref name=simdb>[http://www.safercar.gov/staticfiles/safercar/NCAP/T_NHTSA-Laboratory_Test_Procedure_NCAP.pdf Side Impact Laboratory Test Procedure, Moving Deformable Barrier] ''NHTSA Office of Crashworthiness Standards'', September 2012. 285 pages in 9MB</ref> and Side Impact Rigid Pole Laboratory Test Procedure<ref name=sirp>[http://www.safercar.gov/staticfiles/safercar/NCAP/Side-Pole_TP_NCAP.pdf Side Impact Laboratory Test Procedure, Rigid Pole] ''NHTSA Office of Crashworthiness Standards'', September 2012. 224 pages in 8MB</ref> to display a simple star-rating. The "primary purpose of the NCAP side impact program is to provide comparative vehicle side protection information to assist consumers in making vehicle purchase decisions, thereby providing an incentive for vehicle manufacturers to design safer vehicles."<ref name=sirp/>

The IIHS results are evaluated by Insurance Institute for Highway Safety using their protocols.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iihs.org/ratings/about-our-tests|title=About our tests|website=IIHS-HLDI crash testing and highway safety}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihs.org/iihs/ratings/technical-information/technical-protocols |title=Technical protocols|work=iihs.org}}</ref>

This list shows the most notable of newer tested vehicles tested via NHTSA and IIHS. Some provide good protection, some less so, and some developed improved safety in response to a low result (Dodge Ram and Fiat 500). Some are common examples of their type.

Sorted roughly by rating, Head injury criterion (HIC) and Crush.    {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Side impact safety of newer cars (from 2011–present), by NHTSA and IIHS. Click <> to sort by parameter. ! rowspan=2 | Year {{#tag:ref|Model Year of car crash-tested, not year of Overall Rating. Older crash tests usually carry over to newer car models; easily checked by comparing ratings and document numbers for different years.|group=N}} ! rowspan=2 | Manufacturer ! rowspan=2 class="unsortable" | Model ! rowspan=2 class="unsortable" | Type ! rowspan=2 | Number produced {{#tag:ref|Number of cars produced of this model.|group=N}} ! colspan=3 | Impactor (MDB) into Vehicle{{#tag:ref|Also known as Moving Deformable Barrier.|group=N}} ! colspan=4 | Vehicle into pole ! rowspan=2 class="unsortable" | Comment  ! rowspan=2 | IIHS side rating  ! rowspan=2 | Euro NCAP side rating |- ! Maximum Crush{{#tag:ref|Free space left after impact.|group=N}} || HIC {{#tag:ref|Head Injury Criteria (HIC36) has a threshold of 1000; lower is better. MDB HIC shows front+rear seat of impact side.|group=N}} || Rating {{#tag:ref|Side Barrier Rating, combines front and rear seats.|group=N}} || Maximum Crush || HIC || RLSA{{#tag:ref|RLSA=Resultant Lower Spine Acceleration, measured in g-force. Detract rating over 50g. Threshold is 82g.|group=N}} || Rating  |- | 2014 || || Jeep Wrangler || SUV || 1 million<ref name="Chrysler Group LLC">{{cite press release|url= http://media.chrysler.com/newsrelease.do?&id=14265 |title=One in a Million: Toledo Assembly Complex Marks Production of One-Millionth Jeep Wrangler JK |publisher=Chrysler Group LLC |access-date=16 February 2014}}</ref> || align=right | mm || align=right | || {{NA}}<ref name="2016 Jeep Wrangler 2DR 4WD">"[http://www.safercar.gov/Vehicle+Shoppers/5-Star+Safety+Ratings/2011-Newer+Vehicles/Vehicle-Detail?vehicleId=10166 2016 Jeep Wrangler 2DR 4WD]" ''NHTSA'' (click Side Crash)</ref> || align=right | mm || align=right | || align=right | g || {{NA}} || || style="background: red"| Poor<ref name=jeep/><ref name=fool2014/> || {{NA}} |- | 2012 || Chrysler || 200<ref>"[http://www.safercar.gov/Vehicle+Shoppers/5-Star+Safety+Ratings/2011-Newer+Vehicles/Vehicle-Detail?vehicleId=8177 2014 Chrysler 200 4 DR FWD]" ''NHTSA'' (click Side Crash)</ref> || Mid || || align=right | 202 mm || align=right | <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105552/http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/database/MEDIA/GetMedia.aspx?tstno=7484&index=1&database=V&type=R NCAP Moving Deformable Barrier Side Impact Test #7484 at 62 km/h (38 mph), 2012 Chrysler 200 LX Four Door Sedan] ''Calspan'', 17 November 2011. 279 pages in 50MB</ref> || {{rating|5|5}} || align=right | 392 mm || align=right | 1987 || align=right | 51 g<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193936/http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/database/MEDIA/GetMedia.aspx?tstno=7477&index=1&database=V&type=R NCAP Side Impact Pole Test #7477 at 32 km/h (20 mph), 2012 Chrysler 200 LX Four Door Sedan] ''Calspan'', 17 November 2011. 158 pages in 20MB</ref> || {{rating|1|5}} || Head injury criterion above threshold. || style="background: lightgreen"| Good<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihs.org/iihs/ratings/vehicle/v/chrysler/200-4-door-sedan/2012 |title=Chrysler 200 |work=iihs.org}}</ref> || {{NA}} |- | 2015 || Toyota || Hilux/Tacoma<ref>"[http://www.safercar.gov/Vehicle+Shoppers/5-Star+Safety+Ratings/2011-Newer+Vehicles/Vehicle-Detail?vehicleId=9789 2015 Toyota Tacoma PU/EC 4WD]" ''NHTSA'' (click Side Crash)</ref> || Truck || 5+ million<ref>[https://www.topspeed.com/cars/toyota/2010-toyota-land-cruiser/ 2010 Toyota Land Cruiser - Top Speed], Top Speed</ref> || align=right | 305 mm || align=right | 125+292<ref>[http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/database/MEDIA/GetMedia.aspx?tstno=8992&index=1&database=V&type=R NCAP Moving Deformable Barrier Side Impact Test #8992 at 62 km/h (38 mph), 2015 Toyota Tacoma PU-EC]{{dead link|date=July 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} ''KARCO Engineering'', 11 November 2014. 162 pages in 8MB</ref> || {{rating|4|5}} || align=right | 516 mm || align=right | 451 || align=right | 57 g<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160810073942/http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/database/MEDIA/GetMedia.aspx?tstno=8994&index=1&database=V&type=R NCAP Side Impact Pole Test #8994 at 32 km/h (20 mph), 2015 Toyota Tacoma PU-EC] ''KARCO Engineering'', 12 November 2014. 106 pages in 6MB</ref> || {{rating|3|5}} || |- | 2013 || Fiat || 500<ref>"[http://www.safercar.gov/Vehicle+Shoppers/5-Star+Safety+Ratings/2011-Newer+Vehicles/Vehicle-Detail?vehicleId=10135 2016 Fiat 500 3 HB FWD]" ''NHTSA'' (click Side Crash)</ref> || Supermini || 1+ million<ref>{{cite web | url=http://left-lane.com/european-car-sales-data/fiat/fiat-500/ | title=Fiat 500 European sales | work=Left-Lane.com | access-date=2014-05-23 | archive-date=2014-06-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603113210/http://left-lane.com/european-car-sales-data/Fiat/Fiat-500/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> || align=right | 164 mm || align=right | 166+382<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151003161050/http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/database/MEDIA/GetMedia.aspx?tstno=8044&index=1&database=V&type=R NCAP Moving Deformable Barrier Side Impact Test #8044 at 62 km/h (38 mph), 2013 Fiat 500 3-Door Hatchback] ''Medical College of Wisconsin'', 15 November 2012. 165 pages in 13MB</ref> || {{rating|5|5}} || align=right | 354 mm || align=right | 224 || align=right | 54 g<ref name=fiat500pole>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151003140437/http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/database/MEDIA/GetMedia.aspx?tstno=7511&index=1&database=V&type=R NCAP Side Impact Pole Test #7511 at 32 km/h (20 mph), 2012 Fiat 500 Pop 3-Dr Hatchback] ''KARCO Engineering'', 24 November 2011. 101 pages in 11MB</ref> || {{rating|3|5}} || MDB: Pelvic force and pax RLSA within threshold. || style="background: lightgreen"| Good<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iihs.org/iihs/ratings/vehicle/v/fiat/500-2-door-hatchback?print-view |title=2015 Fiat 500, Minicar |work=iihs.org |access-date=2016-08-09 |archive-date=2016-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506195411/http://www.iihs.org/iihs/ratings/vehicle/v/fiat/500-2-door-hatchback?print-view |url-status=dead }}</ref> || {{NA}} |- | 2012 || Fiat || 500<ref>"[http://www.safercar.gov/Vehicle+Shoppers/5-Star+Safety+Ratings/2011-Newer+Vehicles/Vehicle-Detail?vehicleId=6325 2012 Fiat 500 3 HB FWD Early Release]" ''NHTSA'' (click Side Crash)</ref> || Supermini || || align=right | 160 mm || align=right | 127+410<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151003152742/http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/database/MEDIA/GetMedia.aspx?tstno=7507&index=1&database=V&type=R NCAP Moving Deformable Barrier Side Impact Test #7507 at 62 km/h (38 mph), 2012 FIAT 500 POP 3-DOOR HATCHBACK] ''KARCO Engineering'', 23 November 2011. 154 pages in 8MB</ref> || {{rating|3|5}} || align=right | 354 mm || align=right | 224 || align=right | 54 g<ref name=fiat500pole/> || {{rating|3|5}} || MDB: Pax pelvic force over threshold, and RLSA near. |- | 2013 || Dodge || Ram 1500<ref>"[http://www.safercar.gov/Vehicle+Shoppers/5-Star+Safety+Ratings/2011-Newer+Vehicles/Vehicle-Detail?vehicleId=10148 2016 Ram 1500 Quad PU/EC 4WD]" ''NHTSA'' (click Side Crash)</ref> || Truck || || align=right | 365 mm || align=right | 16+30<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151003163829/http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/database/MEDIA/GetMedia.aspx?tstno=8074&index=1&database=V&type=R NCAP Moving Deformable Barrier Side Impact Test #8074 at 62 km/h (38 mph), 2013 Ram 1500 4-Door Quad Cab Pickup] ''Medical College of Wisconsin'', 20 December 2012. 156 pages in 14MB</ref> || {{rating|5|5}} || align=right | 603 mm || align=right | 483 || align=right | 48 g<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151003183406/http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/database/MEDIA/GetMedia.aspx?tstno=8076&index=1&database=V&type=R NCAP Side Impact Pole Test #8076 at 32 km/h (20 mph), 2013 Ram 1500 4-Door Quad Cab Pickup] ''Medical College of Wisconsin'', 26 December 2012. 106 pages in 8MB</ref> || {{rating|5|5}} || All parameters within limits.  || {{NA}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iihs.org/ratings/vehicle/dodge/ram-1500-crew-cab-pickup/2012|title=2012 Dodge Ram 1500 Crew cab pickup|website=IIHS-HLDI crash testing and highway safety}}</ref> || {{NA}} |- | 2011 || Dodge || Ram 1500<ref>"[http://www.safercar.gov/Vehicle+Shoppers/5-Star+Safety+Ratings/2011-Newer+Vehicles/Vehicle-Detail?vehicleId=6592 2012 Ram 1500 Regular PU/RC 4WD]" ''NHTSA'' (click Side Crash)</ref> || Truck || || align=right | mm || align=right | || {{rating|5|5}} || align=right | 462 mm || align=right | 519|| align=right | 87 g<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151003161747/http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/database/MEDIA/GetMedia.aspx?tstno=7065&index=1&database=V&type=R NCAP Side Impact Pole Test #7065 at 32 km/h (20 mph), 2011 Ram 1500 ST Quad Cab 4X2] ''Transportation Research Center, Ohio'', 20 September 2010. 118 pages in 11MB</ref> || {{rating|1|5}} || Pole Test: Pelvic force and RLSA over threshold. |- | 2014 || Mercedes-Benz || E-Class<ref>"[http://www.safercar.gov/Vehicle+Shoppers/5-Star+Safety+Ratings/2011-Newer+Vehicles/Vehicle-Detail?vehicleId=10208 2016 Mercedes-Benz E-Class 4 DR RWD]" ''National Highway Traffic Safety Administration'' (click Side Crash)</ref> || Sedan || || align=right | 129 mm || align=right | 92+244<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201001/http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/database/MEDIA/GetMedia.aspx?tstno=8445&index=1&database=V&type=R NCAP Moving Deformable Barrier Side Impact Test #8445 at 62 km/h (38 mph), 2014 Mercedes-Benz E-350 4-Door Sedan] ''Transportation Research Center, Ohio'', 19 December 2013. 210 pages in 23MB</ref> || {{rating|5|5}} || align=right | 343 mm || align=right | 492 || align=right | 53 g<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305130336/http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/database/MEDIA/GetMedia.aspx?tstno=8443&index=1&database=V&type=R NCAP Side Impact Pole Test #8443 at 32 km/h (20 mph), 2014 Mercedes-Benz E-350 4-Door Sedan] ''Transportation Research Center, Ohio'', 19 December 2013. 121 pages in 17MB</ref> || {{rating|3|5}} || Pole Test: Pelvic force 4770 N of a threshold of 5525 N |- | 2012 || Chrysler || Town & Country<ref>"[http://www.safercar.gov/Vehicle+Shoppers/5-Star+Safety+Ratings/2011-Newer+Vehicles/Vehicle-Detail?vehicleId=10140 2016 Chrysler Town And Country VAN FWD]" ''National Highway Traffic Safety Administration'' (click Side Crash)</ref> || Minivan || || align=right | 298 mm || align=right | 51+135<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185537/http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/database/MEDIA/GetMedia.aspx?tstno=7461&index=1&database=V&type=R NCAP Moving Deformable Barrier Side Impact Test #7461 at 62 km/h (38 mph), 2012 Chrysler Town & Country Minivan] ''MGA Research'', 21 October 2011. 206 pages in 11MB</ref> || {{rating|5|5}} || align=right | 389 mm || align=right | 294 || align=right | 47 g<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160810140248/http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/database/MEDIA/GetMedia.aspx?tstno=7455&index=1&database=V&type=R NCAP Side Impact Pole Test #7455 at 32 km/h (20 mph), 2012 Chrysler Town & Country Minivan] ''MGA Research'', 21 October 2011. 130 pages in 8MB</ref> || {{rating|5|5}} || Pole Test: Pelvic force 3503 N of a threshold of 5525 N || style="background: lightgreen"| Good<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihs.org/iihs/ratings/vehicle/v/chrysler/town--n--country-minivan?print-view |title=2015 Chrysler Town & Country, Minivan |work=iihs.org}}</ref> || {{NA}} |- | 2014 || Audi || Q5<ref>"[http://www.safercar.gov/Vehicle+Shoppers/5-Star+Safety+Ratings/2011-Newer+Vehicles/Vehicle-Detail?vehicleId=10089 2016 Audi Q5 SUV AWD ]" ''NHTSA'' (click Side Crash)</ref> || CUV || || align=right | 188 mm || align=right | 59+166<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170905002329/https://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/database/MEDIA/GetMedia.aspx?tstno=8536&index=1&database=V&type=R NCAP Moving Deformable Barrier Side Impact Test #8536 at 62 km/h (38 mph), 2014 Audi Q5 Hybrid Quattro 5DR MPV] ''KARCO Engineering'', 18 February 2014. 159 pages in 8MB</ref> || {{rating|5|5}} || align=right | 467 mm || align=right | 253 || align=right | 54 g<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105950/http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/database/MEDIA/GetMedia.aspx?tstno=8532&index=1&database=V&type=R NCAP Side Impact Pole Test #8532 at 32 km/h (20 mph), 2014 Audi Q5 2.0T Quattro 5DR MPV] ''KARCO Engineering'', 17 February 2014. 104 pages in 6MB</ref> || {{rating|5|5}} || |- | 2011 || Volvo || XC60<ref>"[http://www.safercar.gov/Vehicle+Shoppers/5-Star+Safety+Ratings/2011-Newer+Vehicles/Vehicle-Detail?vehicleId=10069 2016 Volvo XC60 SUV AWD]" ''NHTSA'' (click Side Crash)</ref> || CUV || ½ million<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.responsejp.com/article/2014/05/10/222882.html |title=Volvo XC60, global cumulative sales of 500000 units. Released five years in achieving | Responsejp (Automotive business and overseas market ) |website=en.responsejp.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191649/http://en.responsejp.com/article/2014/05/10/222882.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> || align=right | 170 mm || align=right | 60+231<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151003183339/http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/database/MEDIA/GetMedia.aspx?tstno=7118&index=1&database=V&type=R NCAP Moving Deformable Barrier Side Impact Test #7118 at 62 km/h (38 mph), 2011 VOLVO XC60] ''KARCO Engineering'', 20 October 2010. 134 pages in 8MB</ref> || {{rating|5|5}} || align=right | 462 mm || align=right | 242 || align=right | 45 g<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122319/http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/database/MEDIA/GetMedia.aspx?tstno=7114&index=1&database=V&type=R NCAP Side Impact Pole Test #7114 at 32 km/h (20 mph), 2011 VOLVO XC60] ''KARCO Engineering'', 18 October 2010. 87 pages in 5MB</ref> || {{rating|5|5}} || |}  {{Reflist|group=N}}

Limits are:<ref name=simdb/><ref name=sirp/> Moving Deformable Barrier (MDB): HIC max. 1000, Chest injury max. 44mm, abdominal injury max. 2500 Newton, pelvis injury max. 6000 N. There are additional limits for passenger similar to pole test. Rigid Pole: HIC max. 1000, Lower Spine acceleration max. 82g, Pelvis sum max. 5525 N

===List of cars before 2011=== Sorted roughly by rating.    {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Side impact safety of older cars (before 2011) by NHTSA, IIHS and Euro NCAP. Click <> to sort by parameter. ! Year {{#tag:ref|Model Year of car crash-tested, not year of Overall Rating. Older crash tests usually carry over to newer car models; easily checked by comparing ratings and document numbers for different years.|group=M}} ! Manufacturer ! class="unsortable" | Model ! class="unsortable" | Type ! Number produced {{#tag:ref|Number of cars produced of this model.|group=M}} ! NHTSA rating ! IIHS side rating  ! Euro NCAP side rating ! class="unsortable" | Comment  |- | 2003-2006 || Ford || Crown Victoria || Full-size || || {{rating|4.5|5}}<ref>"[http://www.safercar.gov/Vehicle+Shoppers/5-Star+Safety+Ratings/1990-2010+Vehicles/Vehicle-Detail?vehicleId=4838 2003 Ford Crown Victoria 4-DR]" ''National Highway Traffic Safety Administration'' (click Side Crash)</ref> || style="background: red"| Poor<ref name=iihs2006report>[http://www.iihs.org/media/cf6fa1c2-8b35-4d7e-9a4b-5cc23bb967d4/-651149605/NewsAttachments/061806_attachment.pdf Large family car side crash test ratings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055811/http://www.iihs.org/media/cf6fa1c2-8b35-4d7e-9a4b-5cc23bb967d4/-651149605/NewsAttachments/061806_attachment.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} IIHS, 18 June 2006</ref><ref name=iihs2006/> || {{NA}} || Structure rated "Poor" |- | 2008-2015 || || Jeep Wrangler || SUV || 1 million<ref name="Chrysler Group LLC"/> || {{NA}}<ref name="2016 Jeep Wrangler 2DR 4WD"/> || style="background: red"| Poor<ref name=jeep>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihs.org/iihs/ratings/vehicle/v/jeep/wrangler-2-door-suv?print-view |title=2015 Jeep Wrangler, Small SUV |work=iihs.org}}</ref><ref name=fool2014>{{cite web|url=http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2014/03/16/5-auto-brands-that-fared-the-worst-in-the-iihs-cra.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117111552/http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2014/03/16/5-auto-brands-that-fared-the-worst-in-the-iihs-cra.aspx |title=5 Auto Brands That Fared the Worst in the IIHS Crash Safety Tests -- No. 2 Is a Real Shock! |author=Sean Williams|date=16 March 2014 |archive-date=17 January 2015|work=The Motley Fool}}</ref> || {{NA}} || Structure rated "Acceptable" |- | 2004 || Mitsubishi || Galant || Sedan || || {{rating|4.5|5}}<ref>"[http://www.safercar.gov/Vehicle+Shoppers/5-Star+Safety+Ratings/1990-2010+Vehicles/Vehicle-Detail?vehicleId=1225 2004 Mitsubishi Galant 4-DR]" ''NHTSA'' (click Side Crash)</ref> || style="background: red"| Poor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihs.org/iihs/ratings/vehicle/v/mitsubishi/galant-4-door-sedan/2004 |title=2004 Mitsubishi Galant, Midsize |work=iihs.org}}</ref> || || 2005 with airbag is Good at IIHS |- | Year || Manufacturer || Model || Type || Produced || {{rating|4.5|5}} || style="background: lightgreen"| Good || {{rating|5|5}} || Comment {{NA}} |}  {{Reflist|group=M}}

== See also == *Road collision types *Side Impact Protection System (SIPS)

==References== {{reflist}}

==External links== *[http://www.car-accidents.com/side-impact-collisions.html Side Impact Collision Images]

Category:Road collisions by type