Seven readers

{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=ar|otherarticle=القراء السبعة|date=January 2021}}

The '''Seven readers''' ({{langx|ar|القراء السبعة}}) are seven Qāriʾs who mastered the Qira'at and historically transmitted the Quran recitations in an approved and confirmed manner.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjFxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT0|title=مختصر في مذاهب القراء السبعة بالأمصار|date=January 2000|publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية |isbn=9782745129314}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o8BKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|title=المفردات السبع (وهي مفردات القراء السبعة)|date=January 2011|publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية |isbn=9782745169334}}</ref>

==Presentation== The ''seven readers'' are the most famous Qāriʾs (reciters) from whom the reading of the Quran has been transmitted, so that the reading of the words differed in some of the resources of the Quranic verses.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lS90DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT0|title=غاية النهاية في طبقات القراء 1-2 ج1|date=January 2006|publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية |isbn=9782745149695}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5y10DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT0|title=المبهج في القراءات السبع المتممة بقراءة ابن محيصن الأعمش ويعقوب وخلف 1-3 ج1|isbn=9782745139870|last1=السبع|first1=سبط الخياط|date=January 2006|publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية }}</ref>

They belong to the third class of recitation ({{langx|ar|طَبَقَاتُ الْقُرَّاءِ}}).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=779KDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT0|title=جمال القراء وكمال الإقراء (في علوم القرآن الكريم)|date=January 2011|publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية |isbn=9782745166814}}</ref>

==History== There are ten recitations following different schools of qira'ates, each one deriving its name from a noted Quran reciter called ''qāriʾ''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQYVAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA171|title = الاتقان في علوم القرآن للسيوطي|author1 = Suyūṭī|year = 1857}}</ref>

These ''ten qira'ates'' are issued from the original seven which are confirmed (mutawatir) ({{langx|ar|قِرَاءَاتٌ مُتَوَاتِرَةٌ}}) by these seven Quran readers who lived in the second and third century of Islam.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xp9uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA0|title=تاريخ القراءات في المشرق والمغرب|date=January 2008|isbn=9782745161956}}</ref>

It is the scholar Abu Bakr Ibn Mujāhid, who lived in the fourth century of Islam, who first approved of these seven ''qira'at'', so that the actual versions of Quran readings transmitted to us are part of the system of ''qira'at'' consisting in a hierarchy passing from ''qira'ates'' to ''riwayates'' who have ''turuq'' or lines of transmission, and passed down to ''wujuh''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GeZhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA0|title=النشر في القراءات العشر|date=January 2016|isbn=9782745136954}}</ref>

The ''seven readings'' of the Qira'at were first limited and noted by Abu Bakr Ibn Mujāhid, who canonized them in the 8th century CE, in his book called ''Kitab al-Sab’ fil-qirā’āt.''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ETHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA0|title=القواعد والإشارات في أصول القراءات|date=January 2019|isbn=9782745166753}}</ref>

Before ''Ibn Mujāhid'', there was Abu Ubaid al-Qasim bin Salam, who was the first to gather the recitations of the seven mutawatir reciters.<ref>kf1sDwAAQBAJ</ref>

In a poem with 1173 lines, the scholar Qasim ibn Firrū ibn Khalaf Al-Shatibi Al Andalusi, outlined the two most famous ways passed down from each of seven readers, whose title is ''{{illm|Ash-Shatibiyyah|ar|متن الشاطبية}}'' and where he documented the rules of recitation of each one of these seven readers.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Df1sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA0|title=الكافي في القراءات السبع|date=January 2009|isbn=9782745130105}}</ref>

In addition, the scholar Ibn al-Jazari, wrote two other poems ''Al-Durra Al-Maa'nia'' ({{langx|ar|الدرة المعنية}}) and ''Tayyibat Al-Nashr'' ({{langx|ar|طيبة النشر}}), dealing with these seven readings in great detail.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=neVhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT0|title=الموضح لمذاهب القراء واختلافهم في الفتح والإمالة|date=January 2010|isbn=9782745163004}}</ref>

==Readers== The seven confirmed Qāriʾs in the recitations are in chronological order by birth year:<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZ5uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT0|title=شرح قواعد البقري في أصول القراء السبعة ويليه الإدغام الكبير لأبي عمرو بن العلاء|date=January 2003|isbn=9782745100023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_FHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT0|title=الشمعة في انفراد الثلاثة عن السبعة|date=January 2017|isbn=9782745130648}}</ref> # Ibn Amir ad-Dimashqi (640 - 736 CE).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzasDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3|title=مدخل إلى علوم القرآن الكريم و السنة النبوية|isbn=9796500040301|last1=المفتي|first1=محمد|last2=عطا|first2=سامي|date=January 2012}}</ref> # Ibn Kathir al-Makki (665 - 737 CE).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vcBKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT0|title=شرح الشاطبية|first=جلال الدين عبد الرحمن بن أبي|last=بكر/السيوطي|date=January 1, 2011|publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية|isbn=9782745163769|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfJHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT0|title=التمهيد في علم التجويد|first=شمس الدين أبي الخير محمد بن محمد/ابن|last=الجزري|date=January 1, 2016|publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية|isbn=9782745163752|via=Google Books}}</ref> # Nafiʽ al-Madani (689 - 785 CE).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h_RHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA0|title=هداية اللطيف إلى طرق نافع العشرة من كتاب التعريف|first=إسماعيل بن إبراهيم|last=الشرقاوي|date=January 1, 2017|publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية|isbn=9782745187086|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OfdECwAAQBAJ&pg=PT0|title=الحجة للقراء السبعة - ج 1 - الفاتحة - البقرة 30|publisher=IslamKotob|via=Google Books}}</ref> # Abu Amr of Basra (689 - 771 CE).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TIRxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT0|title=أشهر المصطلحات في فن الأداء وعلم القراءات ويليه متن الدرة المضية في القراءات الثلاث المتممة للعشرة|first=أحمد محمود عبد السميع الشافعي|last=الحفيان|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية|isbn=9782745132543|via=Google Books}}</ref> # Hamzah az-Zaiyyat (699 - 772 CE).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nIdxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT0|title=المفتاح في القراءات السبع|first=أبي القاسم عبد الوهاب بن محمد القرطبي|last=المغربي|date=January 1, 2006|publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية|isbn=9782745145727|via=Google Books}}</ref> # Aasim ibn Abi al-Najud (700 - 745 CE).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFvIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA0|title=الدر الناظم لرواية حفص عن عاصم|first=عفيف الدين عثمان بن عمر بن أبي بكر الشافعي|last=الناشري|date=January 1, 2016|publisher=Al Manhal|isbn=9796500325675|via=Google Books}}</ref> # Al-Kisa'i (737 - 805 CE).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U55uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT0|title=قراءة الكسائي من القراءات العشر المتواترة ويليه إدغام القراء للسيرافي|first=أحمد محمود عبد السميع الشافعي|last=الحفيان|date=January 1, 2002|publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية|isbn=9782745135018|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQYVAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA0|title=الاتقان في علوم القرآن للسيوطي|date=January 2, 1857|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal|via=Google Books}}</ref>

==Rouwates== Each of the ''seven readers'' had disciples called ''Rouwates'' ({{langx|ar|رُوَاة}}) who noted, narrated and transmitted the teachings of Qari in a version called ''Riwayah'' ({{langx|ar|رِوَايَة}}).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IdxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT0|title=معرفة القراء الكبار على الطبقات والأعصار|first=أبي عبد الله محمد بن أحمد/شمس الدين|last=الذهبي|date=January 1, 1997|publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية|isbn=9782745114518|via=Google Books}}</ref>

The ''Rawi'' ({{langx|ar|رَاوِي}}) or ''transmitter'' in turn had other disciples who traced secondary routes of transmission called "Tourouq" of recitation ({{langx|ar|طَرِيق}}) or ''Ways''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kf1sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT0|title=كتاب التيسير في القراءات السبع|first=أبي عمرو عثمان بن|last=سعيد/الداني|date=January 1, 2016|publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية|isbn=9782745106445|via=Google Books}}</ref>

Theologians have counted a number approaching the 850 validated and confirmed ''Tourouq'' of Quranic recitation.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8b9KDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT0|title=شرح الدرة المضية في القراءات الثلاث المروية (وهو شرح لمنظومة الإمام ابن الجزري)|first=أبي القاسم محمد بن|last=محمد/النويري|date=January 1, 2011|publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية|isbn=9782745166807|via=Google Books}}</ref>

==See also== *Ahruf *Qira'at *Ten recitations *{{illm|Special recitations|ar|قراءات شاذة}}

==References== {{Reflist}}

{{Quranic qira'ates}}

Category:Quranic readings Category:Islamic terminology Category:Warsh recitation