Sentō

{{Short description|Type of Japanese communal bathhouse}} {{Italic title}} [[File:Kodakara-yu.jpg|thumb|260px|Entrance to the ''sentō'' at the Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum]] thumb|1901 image of ''sentō''

{{Nihongo|2=銭湯|3='''Sentō'''}} is a type of Japanese communal bathhouse where customers pay for entrance. Traditionally these bathhouses have been quite utilitarian, with a tall barrier separating the sexes within one large room, a minimum of lined-up faucets on both sides, and a single large bath for the already washed bathers to sit in among others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Organization |first=Japan National Tourism |title=Japanese Bathhouses {{!}} Guide {{!}} Travel Japan - Japan National Tourism Organization (Official Site) |url=https://www.japan.travel/en/guide/japanese-bathhouses/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Travel Japan |language=en-us}}</ref> Since the second half of the 20th century, these communal bathhouses have been decreasing in numbers as more and more Japanese residences now have baths.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-12 |title=Lamenting the decline of Japanese bathhouses |url=https://www.worldofinteriors.com/story/japanese-bathhouses |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=The World of Interiors |language=en-GB}}</ref> Some Japanese find social importance in going to public baths, out of the theory that physical proximity/intimacy brings emotional intimacy, which is termed ''skinship'' in pseudo-English Japanese. Others go to a ''sentō'' because they live in a small housing facility without a private bath or to enjoy bathing in a spacious room and to relax in saunas or jet baths that often accompany new or renovated sentōs.

Another type of Japanese public bath is ''onsen'', which uses hot water from a natural hot spring. In general, the word onsen means that the bathing facility has at least one bath filled with natural hot spring water. However, throughout the Kansai region of Japan, the word "onsen" is also a commonly used naming scheme for sentō. Sentō and supersentō{{Specify|date=December 2023}} in Kansai that do have access to a hot spring will often differentiate themselves by having "natural hot spring" (天然温泉) somewhere on their signage.

==Layout and architectural features== thumb|General floor layout of a sentō with a ''bandai'' configuration

===Entrance area=== There are multiple different layouts for a Japanese ''sentō'' or public bath. Most traditional ''sentō'', however, are similar to the layout shown adjacent. The entrance from the outside looks somewhat similar to a temple, with a Japanese curtain (暖簾, ''noren'') across the entrance. The curtain is usually blue and shows the kanji 湯 (''yu'', lit. hot water) or the corresponding hiragana ゆ. After the entrance, there is an area with shoe lockers, followed by two long curtains or doors, one on each side. These lead to the ''datsuijo'' (脱衣場, changing room), also known as ''datsuiba'', for the men and women respectively. The men's and the women's sides are similar and differ only slightly.

===Changing room=== [[File:KodakaraYuBandai.jpg|thumb|left|Bandai in the Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum]]

A public bathing facility in Japan typically has one of two kinds of entrances. One is the front desk variety, where a person in charge sits at a front desk, abbreviated as "front". The other entrance variety is the bandai style. In Tokyo, 660 sentō facilities have a "front"-type entrance, while only 315 still have the more traditional bandai-style entrance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.1010.or.jp/search/dsearch.html |title=設備で検索 |publisher=1010.or.jp |access-date=2014-07-31}}</ref>

Inside, between the entrances is the ''bandai'' (番台), where the attendant sits. The ''bandai'' is a rectangular or horseshoe-shaped platform with a railing, usually around 1.5 to 1.8&nbsp;m high. Above the ''bandai'' is usually a large clock. Immediately in front of the ''bandai'' is usually a utility door, to be used by the attendants only. The dressing room is approximately 10&nbsp;m by 10&nbsp;m, sometimes partly covered with tatami sheets and contains lockers for clothes. Often, there is a large shelf storing equipment for regular customers.

The ceiling is high, at 3 to 4&nbsp;m. The separating wall between the men's and the women's side is about 1.5&nbsp;m high. The dressing room also often has access to a small Japanese garden with a pond and a Japanese-style toilet. There are a number of tables and chairs, including some coin-operated massage chairs. Usually, there is also a scale to measure weight, and sometimes height. In some old ''sentō'', this scale may use the traditional Japanese measure ''monme'' (匁, 1 monme = 3.75&nbsp;g) and ''kan'' (1 kan = 1000 monme = 3.75&nbsp;kg). Similarly, in old ''sentō'' the height scale may go only to 180&nbsp;cm. Local business often advertises in the ''sentō''. The women's side usually has some baby beds and may have more mirrors. The decoration and the advertising are often gender-specific on the different sides. There is usually a refreshment cooler there where the customers can self-serve and pay the attendant. Milk drinks are traditional favorites and sometimes there is ice cream.

===Bathing area=== thumb|Men's section thumb|View from ''bandai''

The bathing area is separated from the changing area by a sliding door to keep the heat in the bath. An exception are baths in Okinawa, where the climate is warmer and there is no need to keep the hot air in the bath. Sentō in Okinawa usually have no separation between the changing room and the bathing area or only a small wall with an opening to pass through.

The bathing area is usually tiled. Near the entrance area is a supply of small stools and buckets. There are a number of washing stations at the wall and sometimes in the middle of the room, each with usually two faucets (''karan'', カラン, after the Dutch word ''kraan'' for faucet), one for hot water and one for cold water, and a showerhead.

At the end of the room are the bathtubs, usually at least two or three with different water temperatures, and maybe a 'denki buro'<!-- Generally pronounced with rendaku, as denki buro, not denki furo --> (電気風呂, electric bath). In the Osaka and Kansai area the bathtubs are more often found in the center of the room, whereas in Tokyo they are usually at the end of the room. The separating wall between the men and the women side is also about 1.5 m high. The ceiling may be 4 m high, with large windows in the top. On rare occasions, the separating wall also has a small hole. This was used to pass soap. At the wall on the far end of the room is usually a large ceramic tile mural or painting<ref>{{cite web|author=Ryoko |url=http://pingmag.jp/2007/06/28/public-bath-painter/ |title=Sento Art: Public Bath House Paintings &#124; PingMag : Art, Design, Life – from Japan |publisher=Pingmag.jp |access-date=2014-07-31}}</ref> for decoration. Most often this is Mount Fuji, but it may be a general Japanese landscape, a (faux) European landscape, a river or ocean scene. On rarer occasions, it may also show a group of warriors or a female nude on the male side. Playing children or a female beauty often decorates the women's side.

===Boiler room=== Behind the bathing area is the boiler room (釜場, ''kamaba''), where the water is heated. The boiler may be powered by heating oil, electricity, or be fuelled by wood chippings or any other suitable fuel source. The tall chimneys of the boilers are often used to locate the ''sentō'' from far away. After World War II, Tokyo often had power outages when all bathhouse owners turned on the electric water heating at the same time.

===Sauna=== Many modern ''sentō'' have a sauna with a bathtub of cold water (around 17 degrees Celsius) just outside it for cooling off afterward. Visitors are sometimes expected to pay an extra fee to use the sauna and are often given a wristband to signify this payment.

==Etiquette== {{More citations needed section|date=July 2019}}

The Japanese public bath is one area where the uninitiated can upset regular customers by not following correct bathing etiquette designed to respect others; in particular, not washing before bathing, dipping your towel into the water, introducing soap into the bathwater, and horseplay. ''Sentō'' commonly displays a poster,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.1010.or.jp/wp/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/th_C5-3-%E9%8A%AD%E6%B9%AF%E3%83%9D%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC.jpg|title=Please enjoy Japanese public bath.|format=JPEG |publisher=Tokyo Sento Association |accessdate=2023-05-11}}</ref> a leaflet,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.1010.or.jp/wp/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/th_C5-3-%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7%E8%8B%B1%E3%83%BB%E4%B8%AD%E3%83%BB%E9%9F%93.jpg|title=Look! Before you go in...|format=JPEG |publisher=Tokyo Sento Association |accessdate=2023-05-11}}</ref> and/or a brochure describing bathing etiquette and procedures in Japanese or occasionally in other languages for international customers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.1010.or.jp/inbound/tokyo_sento_guide_book.pdf |title=Tokyo Sento Guide Book |publisher=Tokyo Sento Association |language=en |date=2019-11-15 |accessdate=2023-05-11}}</ref>

Some ports in Hokkaidō, frequently used by foreign fishing fleets, had problems with drunken sailors misbehaving in the bath. Subsequently, a few bathhouses chose not to allow foreign customers at all.

It is common to hear people say, "''gokuraku, gokuraku''" when they get into the bath. It means something to the level of divine pleasure; it is a good feeling for the body and the soul.

===Equipment=== Taking a bath at a public ''sentō'' requires at a bare minimum a small towel and some soap/shampoo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=experience SUGINAMI |url=https://experience-suginami.tokyo/2017/11/how-to-use-the-sento/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=experience-suginami.tokyo}}</ref> Attendants usually sell these items for 100-200 yen. A number of people bring two towels; a hand towel for drying and a hand towel or washcloth for washing. A nylon scrubbing cloth or scrub brush with liquid soap is normally used for washing. Other body hygiene products may include a pumice stone, toothbrush, toothpaste, shaving equipment, combs, shower caps, pomade, makeup products, powder, creams, etc. Some regular customers store their bucket of bathing equipment on open shelves in the dressing room.

===Entrance and undressing=== In Japan, it is customary to remove one's shoes when entering a private home. Similarly, shoes are removed before entering the bathing area in a ''sentō''. They are kept in a shoe locker. The locker is usually available free of charge. In a gender-segregated sentō, bathers go through one of the two doors. The men's door usually has a blue color and the kanji for {{Nihongo|man|男|otoko}} and the women's door usually has a pink color and the kanji for {{Nihongo|woman|女|onna}}. The attendant usually provides at extra cost a variety of bath products including towels, soap, shampoo, razors, and combs; ice cream, milk, or juice from the freezer can also be paid for here. There are usually free lockers with keys (that may be worn on the wrist into the baths) or large baskets provided to store personal effects.

===Bathing area=== At ''onsen'' or hot springs, the water contains minerals and a number of people do not rinse off the water from the skin, to increase exposure to the minerals. In a regular ''sentō'', people usually rinse off at the faucets.

===Tattoos=== Some public baths have signs refusing entry for people with tattoos. However, one may be allowed in if the tattoos are not too obvious. If one ventures to a public bathing place that is publicly owned, this should not present a problem as they have a duty to let all tax-paying citizens in. The original reason behind the ban was to keep out the ''yakuza'' (officially called the "violence groups" by the police).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://japan-onsen.com/japan_onsen.htm#onsen_warnings |title=Onsen Warnings and Hassles |publisher=Japan-onsen.com |access-date=2014-07-31}}</ref>

==Sanitation== Japanese public baths have experienced infrequent outbreaks of dangerous ''Legionella'' bacteria. In order to prevent such problems, the ''sentō'' union adds chlorine to its baths. At the cost of higher levels of chlorine, bacteria outbreaks are practically non-existent at sentō facilities of today. {{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}

==Pricing== thumb|Interior of a modern sentō Rules and pricing are regulated per prefecture based on local committees. {{As of|March 2026}}, basic admission in Tokyo is ¥550 for ages 12 and up, ¥200 for ages 6-11, and ¥100 for people under 6.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.1010.or.jp/guide/%e5%85%a5%e6%b5%b4%e6%96%99%e9%87%91%e3%81%ae%e3%81%8a%e7%9f%a5%e3%82%89%e3%81%9b/|title=入浴料金のお知らせ|language=ja|date=2022-07-15|accessdate=2026-03-15}}</ref> Citing a rise in oil prices, the price rose from ¥400 (2000&ndash;2006), to ¥430 (2006&ndash;2008) and again to ¥450 in 2008 <!-- do we really need to document every single price increase? -->.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://d.hatena.ne.jp/heimin/20060510/p1 |title=都内の銭湯４３０円に−原油高騰で６年ぶり値上げ - 平民新聞 |publisher=D.hatena.ne.jp |date=2006-05-10 |access-date=2014-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nikkeibp.co.jp/news/biz08q2/573522/|title=東京都内の銭湯、入浴料金が450円に20円の値上げ|work=nikkeibp.co.jp}}</ref> The price for child admission was unchanged until 2022 when the price for 6- to 11-year-olds rose to ¥200 and that for younger children to ¥100.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.1010.or.jp/guide/%e9%83%bd%e5%86%85%e5%85%a5%e6%b5%b4%e6%96%99%e9%87%91%e3%81%ae%e6%8e%a8%e7%a7%bb/|title=都内入浴料金の推移|language=ja|accessdate=2023-05-11}}</ref>

Girls 13 years or younger and boys 8 or younger are usually permitted to enter the baths of either gender. In other prefectures, the cut-off age can be as high as 16 in Hokkaidō or as low as 5 in Hyōgo.

Most sentō in Tokyo also offer a premium service for which each facility sets its own price, usually around ¥1,000. This option is usually called a sauna since at least a sauna is included. At Civic Land Nissei, for example, the sauna option includes access to more than half the facilities available.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.supersento.com/kanto/tokyo/shibikku.html |title=シビックランド日成 (Civic Land Nissei) |publisher=Supersento.com |access-date=2014-07-31}}</ref>

Larger-scale public bathing facilities are called super sentō and kenkō land, both more expensive than sentō, though super sentō offer a more modest price compared to kenkō.

At ¥300 per adult, the cheapest prefectures for sentō baths are Yamagata, Tokushima, Nagasaki, Ōita, and Miyazaki.

==History== The origins of the Japanese sentō and the Japanese bathing culture, in general, can be traced to the Shinto ritual purification of kegare. This condition can be remedied through purification rites called misogi and harae.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Terry|first=Milton Spenser|title=The Shinto Cult: A Christian Study of the Ancient Religion of Japan|date=2013|publisher=Project Gutenberg|language=English|oclc=1191736966}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kasulis|first=Thomas P|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780824864309/|title=Shinto: the way home|date=2004|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-6430-9|location=Honolulu|language=English|oclc=1126183663}}</ref>

===Nara period to Kamakura period=== Baths in Japan were usually found in Buddhist temples. These baths were called ''yuya'' ({{linktext|湯|屋}}, lit. hot water shop), or later when they increased in size ''ōyuya'' ({{linktext|大|湯|屋}}, lit. big hot water shop). These baths were most often steam baths ({{linktext|蒸し風呂}}, ''mushiburo'', lit. steam bath). While initially these baths were only used by priests, sick people gradually also gained access, until in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) sick people were routinely allowed access to the bathhouse. Wealthy merchants and members of the upper class soon also included baths in their residences.

===Kamakura period=== The first mentioning of a commercial bathhouse is in 1266 in the ''Nichiren Goshoroku'' ({{linktext|日|蓮|御|書|録}}). These mixed-sex bath houses were only vaguely similar to modern bathhouses. After entering the bath, there was a changing room called ''datsuijo'' ({{linktext|脱|衣|場}}). There the customer also received his/her ration of hot water, since there were no faucets in the actual bath. The entrance to the steam bath was only a small opening with a height of about 80&nbsp;cm, so that the heat did not escape. Due to the small opening, the lack of windows, and the thick steam, these baths were usually dark, and customers often cleared their throats to signal their position to others.

===Edo period=== [[File:Kiyonaga bathhouse women-2.jpg|thumb|270px|''Onna yu'' ("Bathhouse Women") by Torii Kiyonaga (1752–1815)]]

At the beginning of the Edo period (1603–1867), there were two types of baths common to the eastern and western regions of Japan respectively. In Edo (present-day Tokyo), bathhouses contained sizable pools and were called ''yuya'' (湯屋, lit. hot water shop). In Osaka, however, bathing establishments were primarily steam baths called ''mushiburo'' (蒸し風呂, lit. steam bath) that had only shallow pools.

At the end of the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate (1603–1868) at different times required baths to segregate by sex in order to ensure public moral standards. However, multiple bathhouse owners merely partitioned their baths with a small board, allowing some voyeurism to persist. Other baths avoided this problem by having men and women bathe at different times of day, or by catering to one gender exclusively. In spite of this, laws regarding mixed-sex bathing were soon relaxed again.

Contributing to the popularity of public baths in the Edo period were female bathing attendants known as ''yuna'' (湯女, lit. hot water women). These attendants helped cleanse customers by scrubbing their backs. After official closing hours, however, a number of these women would perform additional services by selling sex to male customers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.excite.co.jp/news/article/BestTimes_8132/|title=人気は吉原以上！ 江戸で激増した性的サービスを行う銭湯「湯女風呂」 (2018年1月24日)|website=エキサイトニュース|date=24 January 2018 |language=ja|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref> Similarly, some brothels in contemporary Japan have women who specialize in bathing with and cleansing male clientele. Such establishments are often called ''sōpu rando'' (ソープランド, soapland).

As a preventive measure against prostitution, the Tokugawa shogunate stipulated that no more than three yuna serve at any given bathhouse. However, this rule was widely ignored, causing the shogunate to ban female attendants from bathhouses altogether and once again prohibit the practice of mixed-sex bathing. Large numbers of unemployed yuna thereafter moved to official red-light districts, where they could continue their services. Up until 1870, there were also male washing assistants called ''sansuke'' (三助, lit. three bits of help) who would wash and massage customers of both genders. Unlike the yuna, these male attendants were not known to engage in prostitution.

Mixed-sex bathing was prohibited once again after Commodore Perry visited Japan in 1853 and 1854—drawing question to the morality of the practice.

===Meiji period=== thumb|250px|Bathing in an Agricultural School in Japan around 1920 During the Meiji period (1867–1912), the design of Japanese baths changed considerably. The narrow entrance to the bathing area was widened considerably to a regular-sized sliding door, the bathtubs were sunk partially in the floor so that they could be entered more easily, and the height of the ceiling of the bathhouse was then doubled. Since the bath now focused on hot water instead of steam, windows could be added, and the bathing area became much brighter. The only difference between these baths and the modern bath was the use of wood for the bathing area and the lack of faucets.

Furthermore, another law for segregated bathing was passed in 1890, allowing only children below the age of 8 to join a parent of the opposite sex.

===Rebuilding=== At the beginning of the Taishō period (1912–1926), tiles gradually replaced wooden floors and walls in new bathhouses. On September 1, 1923, the great Kantō earthquake devastated Tokyo. The earthquake and the subsequent fire destroyed most baths in the Tokyo area. This accelerated the change from wooden baths to tiled baths, as almost all new bathhouses were now built in the new style using tiled bathing areas. At the end of the Taishō period, faucets also became more common, and this type of faucet can still be seen today. These faucets were called ''karan'' (カラン, after the Dutch word ''kraan'' for faucet). There were two faucets, one for hot water and one for cold water, and the customer mixed the water in their bucket according to their personal taste.

===Golden era=== thumb|Entrance of a typical ''sentō'' in Tokyo

During World War II (for Japan, 1941–1945), a number of Japanese cities were damaged. Subsequently, most bathhouses were destroyed along with the cities. The lack of baths caused the reappearance of communal bathing and temporary baths were constructed with the available material, often lacking a roof. Furthermore, as most houses were damaged or destroyed, few people had access to a private bath, resulting in a great increase in customers for the bathhouses. New buildings in the post-war period also often lacked baths or showers, leading to an increase in the number of public baths. In 1965, a number of baths also added showerheads to the faucets in baths. The number of public baths in Japan peaked around 1970.

===Decline=== thumb|A group of young men walk past a typical community bath in the Kitakagaya neighborhood of Osaka, Japan. Immediately after World War II, resources were scarce and few homeowners had access to a private bath. Private baths began to be more common around 1970, and most new buildings included a bath and shower unit for every apartment. Easy access to private baths led to a decline in customers for public bathhouses, and subsequently, the number of bathhouses is decreasing. Some Japanese young people today are embarrassed to be seen naked and avoid public baths for this reason. Some{{Who|date=October 2010}} Japanese are concerned that without the "skinship" of mutual nakedness, children will not be properly socialized.

===Future=== While the traditional ''sentō'' is in decline, multiple bathhouse operators have adjusted to the new taste of the public and are offering a wide variety of experiences. Some bathhouses emphasize their tradition and run traditionally-designed bathhouses to appeal to clientele seeking lost Japan. These bathhouses are also often located in scenic areas and may include an open-air bath. Some also try drilling in order to gain access to a hot spring, turning a regular bathhouse into a more prestigious ''onsen''.

Other bathhouses with less pristine buildings or settings change into so-called super ''sentō'' and try to offer a wider variety of services beyond the standard two or three bathtubs. They may include a variety of saunas, reintroduce steam baths, include jacuzzis and may even have a water slide. They may also offer services beyond mere cleansing, and turn into a spa, offering medical baths, massages, mud baths, fitness centers, etc., as for example the ''Spa LaQua'' at the Tokyo Dome City entertainment complex. There are also entire bathhouse-themed parks, including restaurants, karaoke and other entertainment, for example the ''Ōedo Onsen Monogatari'' (大江戸温泉物語, Big Edo Hot Spring Story) in Odaiba, Tokyo. (Note: The ''Ōedo Onsen Monogatari'' is not a ''sentō''.) Some of these modern facilities may require swimsuits and are similar in size and function to an indoor water park.

==See also== * Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum * Furo * Hot springs in Japan * Jjimjilbang/Mogyoktang * Mikveh * Onsen * Taiwanese hot springs

==References== {{reflist}}

==Further reading== * Aaland, Mikkel. ''Sweat: The Illustrated History and Description of the Finnish Sauna, Russian Bania, Islamic Hammam, Japanese Mushi-Buro, Mexican Temescal, and American Indian & Eskimo Sweat Lodge''. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Capra Press, 1978. {{ISBN|0-88496-124-9}}. ** (Reprint) San Bernardino, Calif.: Borgo Press, 1989. {{ISBN|0-8095-4023-1}}. * Brue, Alexia. ''Cathedrals of the Flesh: In Search of the Perfect Bath''. New York: Bloomsbury USA, 2003. {{ISBN|1-58234-116-8}}. * Clark, Scott. ''Japan, a View from the Bath''. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1994. {{ISBN|0-8248-1657-9}}. * Koren, Leonard. ''How to Take a Japanese Bath''. Berkeley, Calif.: Stone Bridge Press, 1992. {{ISBN|0-9628137-9-6}}. * Smith, Bruce, and Yoshiko Yamamoto. ''The Japanese Bath''. Layton, Utah: Gibbs Smith, Publisher, 2001. {{ISBN|1-58685-027-X}}. * Talmadge, Eric. ''Getting Wet: Adventures in the Japanese Bath''. Tokyo; New York: Kodansha International, 2006. {{ISBN|4-7700-3020-7}}.

==External links== {{Commons category|Sento}} * [https://www.sentoguide.info Sento Guide]—Guide to public baths in Japan * [http://japanbaths.info Japan Baths]—Public bathhouses in Japan * [https://www.onsenjapan.net www.OnsenJapan.net]—Interactive Google map of Japanese baths with easy-to-read icons, pictures, and reviews * [http://www.sunnypages.jp/search/traditional_tokyo/sento_public_bath Search for Sento (Public Bath)]—Tokyo Travel Guide, Sunnypages.jp * [http://www.supersento.com Super Sento Guide]—Guide to super sento in Japan * [http://www.o-2.jp/navi/index.cgi?c=list&cate_1=2&cate_2=34 OTA Navi]—Ota Tourist Association

{{Japanese architectural elements}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sento}} Category:Architecture in Japan Category:Bathing in Japan Category:Culture of Japan Category:Public baths in Japan