{{Short description|Religious title in ancient Egypt}} [[file:Egyptian priest.svg|thumb|Typical depiction of a sem priest with a Leopard skin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Budge |first=Sir Ernest Alfred Wallis |url=https://books.google.com.eg/books?id=ZwlFAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA202&dq=sem+priest+leopard&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB777W5MqUAxUYP_sDHU5dDg4Q6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=sem%20priest%20leopard&f=false |title=A Short History of the Egyptian People: With Chapters on Their Religion, Daily Life, Etc |date=1914 |publisher=J.M. Dent |pages=202 |language=en}}</ref> They had shaved heads or a sidelock wig.]] The '''sem priest''' (also written as '''setem''' or '''stm'''; Egyptian: ''sm'') was one of the religious occupational titles in ancient Egypt, with its earliest attested usage dating back to the Early Dynastic Period. While initially a title used exclusively by royal princes who acted on behalf of the pharaoh, it gradually evolved over into a role assumed by high-ranking officials, viziers, and the Egyptian clergy of major temples.
The sem priest functioned as the chief priest in ancient Egyptian funerary traditions. They were responsible for presiding over mortuary rituals, most notably the Opening of the mouth ceremony, where they acted out the mythological role of Iunmutef (the "pillar of his mother") to restore the senses and physical capabilities of the deceased. They were visually distinguished from other priests by wearing a leopard skin and a sidelock wig or shaved head.
== Etymology == ''Sem'' (historical variants include ''setem'' or ''stm'') is derived from ancient Egyptian roots, with its primary written form consisting of the biliteral phonogram ''sm'':<ref>{{Cite web |last=ancientegyptblog7 |date=2022-12-10 |title="Sem Priest" in Hieroglyphs |url=https://www.ancientegyptblog.com/?p=1821 |access-date=2026-05-21 |website=Ancient Egypt Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> <hiero>s-m</hiero>In its earliest attested forms during the Early Dynastic Period and the Old Kingdom, scribes historically wrote the title using only its phonetic core signs, notably omitting the sign-determinatives that typically indicated the category or nature of a job.<ref name="Saadallah1999" /> The title of ''Sem'' has no definitive meaning.
==== Late Period Developments ==== By the Ptolemaic period, the orthography of the title underwent a development in late temple inscriptions. Scribes during this era frequently recorded the title with distinct, visually complex variants preserved on late temple walls.<ref name="Saadallah1999" /> * '''Linguistic Association with "Hearing":''' Egyptologist Alan Gardiner proposed a direct connection between the title ''sem'' and the ancient Egyptian verb ''sḏm'' <hiero>s-ḏ-m-m</hiero>meaning "to hear" or "to listen." Under this interpretation, the ''sem'' priest is understood as "the listener" or "the one who hears" on behalf of the gods or the king.<ref name="Saadallah1999" />
== History ==
=== Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom === [[File:Narmer-Tjet2.JPG|thumb|A man wearing leopard skin stands before Narmer with the title "tt".<ref>{{Cite book |last=García |first=Juan Carlos Moreno |url=https://books.google.com.eg/books?id=_FBK8IDEE-kC&pg=PA32&dq=narmer+palette+sem+priest&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjx9NOv2syUAxWGRqQEHQWqDjwQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=narmer%20palette%20sem%20priest&f=false |title=Ancient Egyptian Administration |date=2013-06-03 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-25008-6 |page=32 |language=en}}</ref>]] An ivory tablet of Den represents the oldest iconographic evidence for the function of the title Sem.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Staehelin |first=Elisabeth |url=http://archive.org/details/untersuchungenzu0000stae |title=Untersuchungen zur ägyptischen Tracht im Alten Reich |date=1966 |publisher=Berlin, Hessling |others=Internet Archive |pages=66–67}}</ref> Additionally, a bowl was inscribed for “the sem priest of temple of Qa'a” in Abydos.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrie |first=Sir William Matthew Flinders |url=https://books.google.com.eg/books?id=DvlAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA19-IA7&dq=sem+priest+of+temple+of+%22Qa%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwju57C74cqUAxVyRv4FHZUeAlkQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=sem%20priest%20of%20temple%20of%20%22Qa%22&f=false |title=A History of Egypt: From the earliest kings to the XVIth dynasty, by W. M. F. Petrie |date=1897 |publisher=C. Scribner's |page=19 |language=en}}</ref> A man named Nedjemankh also held the title Sem during Early Dynatsic Egypt, whose connection to the Royal family is not attested.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garstang |first=John |url= |title=Maḥâsna and Bêt Khallâf |date=1903 |location=London |pages=26}}</ref>
The Egyptologist Wolfgang Helck suggested that King Qa'a may have held the sem title before ascending the throne.<ref>Kaplony, P., *Die Inschriften der ägyptischen Frühzeit*, Vol. III, Pl. 191; Vol. II, p. 537, Wiesbaden, 1963–1964.</ref> In early representations, such as the Narmer Palette, a court official is depicted wearing garments highly resembling later sem priestly attire (such as those seen at Beni Hasan); this official is designated by the title "ṯt", which Raymond Weill argued was an early symbolic precursor to the "sem" priest.<ref>عبد العزيز صالح، *حضارة مصر القديمة وآثارها*، ج 1، القاهرة، 1980، ص 225. (Ar)</ref><ref>Kees, H., "Archaisches ṯt = Erzieher", Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, Vol. 82, 1958, pp. 58–61.</ref>
The earliest explicit textual mention of the sem title occurs in the Pyramid Texts of the Old Kingdom, specifically in utterance 848.<ref>The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts*, Oxford, 1969, p. 151 (Pyr. 848)</ref>
Helck noted that the sem priest uniquely personified the royal son, acting on the king's behalf to execute funeral rituals and recitations. Because the king was mythologically identified with Osiris upon death, his son would act as Horus to perform the funerary rites, therefore the role was mainly dominated by royal princes.<ref>Helck, W., *Untersuchungen zu den Beamtentiteln des ägyptischen Alten Reiches*, Glückstadt, 1954, p. 16.</ref><ref>Spencer, A. J., *Death in Ancient Egypt*, London, 1982, p. 54.</ref> Old kingdom king's sons who held the sem title include: Prince Seneferuseneb and Prince Kaninesut.<ref>Porter, B. and Moss, R.L.B., *Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings* (PM), Vol. III, p. 125</ref><ref>Junker, H., *GÎZA II: Die Mastabas der Ma'at- und t-en-Ankh-Anlage auf dem Friedhof in Gîza*, Wien/Leipzig, 1934, pp. 159–160</ref>
By the second half of the Old Kingdom, the office of the sem priest started to be held by nobles rather than King's sons.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spencer |first=A. Jeffrey |url=http://archive.org/details/deathinancienteg0000spen |title=Death in ancient Egypt |date=1982 |publisher=Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England ; New York, N.Y., U.S.A. : Penguin Books |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-14-022294-4 |page=54}}</ref> Notable holders included: Rawer, a Fifth Dynasty official who held an array of titles including sem priest, lector priest, and overseer of the shendyt (royal apron). Mereruka, a sixth Dynasty official at Giza also held the title Sem priest.<ref>Hassan, S., *Excavations at Giza*, Vol. I (1929–1930), Oxford, 1932, p. 62.</ref>
=== Middle Kingdom ===
In the Old Kingdom, the title sem (Sm) was written without a determinative (a symbol at the end of a word that explains its meaning). This likely meant the title was secretive and restricted to the Royal elite. In the Middle Kingdom, scribes began adding a human hieroglyphic symbol at the end of the word. This change may interpret that the title was becoming more official and standardized in public records.<ref>Gardiner, A. H., *Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs*, 3rd ed., Oxford, 1957, p. 483 (Sign-list M21).</ref><ref>Helck, W., *Untersuchungen zu den Beamtentiteln des ägyptischen Alten Reiches*, Glückstadt, 1954, s. 16.</ref>
The social changes from the late Old Kingdom became permanent during this era. The title was no longer reserved for royal princes.<ref name="Saadallah1999" /> Instead, it became a regular job in the government held by viziers, governors, and elite court officials.<ref name="Saadallah1999" /> An example is Amenemhat-ankh whose records show that top government ministers continued to act as the symbolic "son" who performed the necessary funeral rituals for deceased officials. At the same time, the title became connected to local temples. It was regularly given to the High Priests of the gods Ptah and Sokar.<ref name="Saadallah1999">{{cite journal |last=Saadallah |first=Mohamed Ali |title=Dirāsah Tārīkhīyah li-Laqab al-Kāhin Sem fī Miṣr al-Qadīmah [A Historical Study of the Title of the Sem Priest in Ancient Egypt] |journal=Bulletin of the Faculty of Arts, Benha University |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=441–462 |language=ar}}</ref>
=== New Kingdom and third intermediate period ===
[[File:Pharaoh Ay.jpg|thumb| Ay performing opening of the mouth ceremony as sem priest.]] By the New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period, the title was still held by nobles and priests, but there was a notable revival of prominent royal princes reclaiming the office due to its religious authority. Among them was Khaemwaset, a son of Ramesses II in the Nineteenth Dynasty, who became the High Priest of Ptah at Memphis and bore the sem title.<ref>Gardiner, A. H., ''Ancient Egyptian Onomastica'' (AEO), Vol. I, Oxford, 1947, p. 41; Gomaa, F., ''Chaemwese, Sohn Ramses' II. und Hoherpriester von Memphis'', Wiesbaden, 1973, p. 21.</ref> Later, in the Twenty-second Dynasty, Prince Shoshenq, a son of Osorkon II, similarly held the title.<ref>Schmitz, B., "Sem (priester)", ''Lexikon der Ägyptologie'' (LÄ), Vol. V, Fasc. 6, Wiesbaden, 1984, p. 835; Gauthier, H., ''Le Livre des Rois d'Égypte'' (LR), Vol. III, Le Caire, 1914, p. 344.</ref> The importance of the sem role in the New Kingdom is shown by pharaohs who personally assumed the role of the sem priest to bury their predecessors.<ref>Gardiner, A. H., ''Egypt of the Pharaohs'', Oxford, 1961, p. 267.</ref> An example is depicted on the northern wall of Tutankhamun's burial chamber, which shows the Pharaoh Ay personally carrying "Opening of the Mouth" ritual on Tutankhamun's mummified form while dressed in the traditional attire of a sem priest.<ref>Otto, E., ''Osiris und Amun'', München, 1966, p. 25.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Doherty |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com.eg/books?id=QxssxV9t3MsC&pg=PT102&dq=Ay+sem+priest&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf18ag-8qUAxV2g_0HHXeENGYQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Ay%20sem%20priest&f=false |title=The Mysterious Death of Tutankhamun: Re-opening the case of Egypt's boy king |date=2013-06-06 |publisher=Headline |isbn=978-0-7553-9579-8 |language=en}}</ref>
=== Greco-Roman period === The sem title remained in usage in Greco-Roman period but was written differently in hieroglyphics.<ref name="Saadallah1999" /> Papyrus Jumilhac, dating to the Ptolemaic Period (ca. 300 BC), attempts to explain the significance of the leopard skin through a myth. In the myth, Seth attacked Osiris and then transformed himself into a leopard. Anubis defeated Seth and branded his pelt with spots. The leopard robe commemorates victory over Seth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Teeter |first=Emily |url=https://books.google.com.eg/books?id=uK7bc6QPbwAC&pg=PA24&dq=%22sem+priest%22+%22Ptolemaic%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLgYKH_cqUAxWuUqQEHeb0IccQ6AF6BAgQEAM#v=onepage&q=%22sem%20priest%22%20%22Ptolemaic%22&f=false |title=Religion and Ritual in Ancient Egypt |date=2011-06-13 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-84855-8 |pages=24–25 |language=en}}</ref>
The funerary stela of the noblewoman Taimhotep (BM 147), dated to 42 BC, records her father, Khahapi, holding the title of sem priest. He was additionally designated as a "god's father," "beloved of the god," and "prophet of Ptah".<ref name="Panov2018">{{cite book | last = Panov | first = Maxim | year = 2018 | title = Women in the Inscriptions of the Late Period | series = Egyptian Texts series, Vol. X | location = Novosibirsk | publisher = M. Panov | isbn = 978-5-6040692-1-9 |page=119|url=https://www.academia.edu/36589233/Women_in_the_Inscriptions_of_the_Late_Period_ET_X_Novosibirsk_2018_160_pages_ed_by_M_Panov}}</ref> == Role and function == thumb|The Sem priest pouring water from a libation vase into a libation bowl held by a ministrant.<ref>{{Cite book |last=BUDGE |first=E. A. WALLIS |url=https://books.google.com.eg/books?id=BUlaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT13&dq=sem+priest+pour+libations&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwij_tyPiMuUAxWnTaQEHRcqHzwQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=sem%20priest%20pour%20libations&f=false |title=Revival: The Liturgy of Funerary Offerings (1909): The Egyptian Texts with English Translations |date=2018-05-08 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-33846-2 |language=en}}</ref> The Sem priest primarily symbolizes the caring son of deceased Osiris as in Horus. Thus, the Sem priest represents the character of a son assisting his deceased father. An 18th dynasty statue of Ptahmose, son of Menkheper as a sem priest was accompanied by the inscription "Image of [Horus]-Iunmutef." He bore the designation "King's Son" in reference to Horus as King's son.<ref name=":0">Selke-Susan Eichler: ''The Administration of the “House of Amun” in the 18th Dynasty'' . Buske, Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-87548-232-8 , pp. 191–192. </ref> Sem priests engaged in funeral rituals such as pouring libations and reciting prayers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gage |first=Matilda Joslyn |url=https://books.google.com.eg/books?id=MRA-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=sem+priest+pour+libations&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj3wO6qiMuUAxUeZaQEHaPxMzY4ChDoAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q=sem%20priest%20pour%20libations&f=false |title=Woman, Church and State: A Historical Account of the Status of Woman Through the Christian Ages: with Reminiscences of the Matriarchate |date=1893 |publisher=Truth Seeker |page=33 |language=en}}</ref>
Duties of sem priests included dressing the king, offering sacrifices to the gods and their statues as illustrated by an inscription of Neb-waui, high priest of Osiris and Sem priest:<ref name=":0" /> <blockquote> “I performed my first office in the temple of Father Osiris...I was skilled regarding the arms in adorning the god's statue : [I] a Sem priest with clean fingers. All the craftsmen were under my supervision: they were done through me.” </blockquote>
=== Opening of mouth ceremony === {{main|Opening of the mouth ceremony}} [[File:Opening of the mouth ceremony.jpg|thumb|A sem priest performing the opening of mouth ceremony on the deceased, from the Papyrus of Hunefer.]]
This ceremony was the most significant ritual carried out by sem priests. It was believed to give the deceased their fundamental senses to carry out tasks in the afterlife. According to the book of dead the Sem priest, addresses the deceased with the following:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pub |first=British museum Department of Egyptian and Assyrian antiquities |url=https://books.google.com.eg/books?id=4VuZbR1ROSsC&pg=PA267&dq=Sem+priests+opening+of+the+mouth+ceremony&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_tfKpi8uUAxVo_7sIHf_nI_gQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=Sem%20priests%20opening%20of%20the%20mouth%20ceremony&f=false |title=The Book of the Dead: The Papyrus of Ani in the British Museum |date=1895 |publisher=order of the Trustees, sold at the British Museum |pages=266–267 |language=en}}</ref>
{{Blockquote |text=I have come to embrace you, I am your son Horus, I have pressed your mouth; I am your son, I love you. His mother beats her breast and weeps for him, and those who are in chains with him (i.e., Isis and Nephthys) beat their breasts. Your mouth was closed, but I have set in order for you, your mouth and your teeth.}}
== See also == *High priest of Amun *Lector priest
== References == {{Reflist}} {{Ancient Egyptian royal titulary}}
Category:Ancient Egyptian titles