{{Short description|Extinct clade of reptiles}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = Middle Jurassic - Late Miocene/Early Pliocene, {{fossilrange|167|5}} | image = Baurusuchus BW.jpg | image_caption = Life restoration of ''Baurusuchus salgadoensis'' | taxon = Sebecosuchia | authority = Simpson, 1937 | subdivision_ranks = Families | subdivision = *†''Baharijodon'' *†''Bergisuchus'' *†''Doratodon'' *†''Eremosuchus'' *†''Iberosuchus'' *†''Pabweshi'' *†''Pehuenchesuchus'' *†''Razanandrongobe''? *†''Tewkensuchus'' *†''Wanosuchus'' *†'''Baurusuchidae''' *†'''Sebecidae''' }}
'''Sebecosuchia''' (meaning "Sobek crocodiles") is an extinct group of mesoeucrocodylian crocodyliforms that includes the families Sebecidae and Baurusuchidae. The group was long thought to have first appeared in the Late Cretaceous with the baurusuchids, but ''Razanandrongobe'' pushes the origin of Sebecosuchia to the Middle Jurassic.<ref>Dal Sasso C, Pasini G, Fleury G, Maganuco S. (2017) Razanandrongobe sakalavae, a gigantic mesoeucrocodylian from the Middle Jurassic of Madagascar, is the oldest known notosuchian. PeerJ 5:e3481 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3481</ref> The last surviving members of the group, the sebecids, appear to have lasted until the late Miocene or early Pliocene on the Greater Antilles.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Viñola López |first1=Lázaro W. |last2=Velez-Juarbe |first2=Jorge |last3=Münch |first3=Philippe |last4=Almonte Milan |first4=Juan N. |last5=Antoine |first5=Pierre-Olivier |last6=Marivaux |first6=Laurent |last7=Jimenez-Vasquez |first7=Osvaldo |last8=Bloch |first8=Jonathan |date=2025 |title=A South American sebecid from the Miocene of Hispaniola documents the presence of apex predators in early West Indies ecosystems |journal=Proceedings. Biological Sciences |volume=292 |issue=2045 |article-number=20242891 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2024.2891 |issn=1471-2954 |pmc=12040450 |pmid=40300627}}</ref> Fossils have been found primarily from South America but have also been found in Europe, North Africa, Madagascar, and the Indian subcontinent.
==History and phylogeny== Sebecosuchia was first constructed in 1937 by George Gaylord Simpson.<ref>Simpson, G.G. 1937. "New reptiles from the Eocene of South America". ''American Museum Novitates'' '''967''': 1-20</ref> In 1946 the concept was again used by American paleontologist Edwin Colbert to include ''Sebecus'' and Baurusuchidae. ''Sebecus'', which had been known from South America since 1937, was an unusual crocodyliform with a deep snout and teeth that were ziphodont, or serrated and laterally compressed. The family Baurusuchidae was named the year before and included the newly described ''Baurusuchus'', which was also a South American deep-snouted form.<ref name=ATJC05>{{cite journal |last=Turner |first=A.H. |author2=Calvo, J.O. |year=2005 |title=A new sebecosuchian crocodyliform from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=87–98 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0087:ANSCFT]2.0.CO;2 |url=http://research.amnh.org/users/turner/Main/Publications_files/Turner%20%26%20Calvo%202005.pdf}}</ref> The clade Sebecosuchia was given a phylogenetic definition in the ''PhyloCode'' by Juan Leardi and colleagues in 2024 as "the least inclusive clade containing ''Sebecus icaeorhinus'' and ''Baurusuchus pachecoi'' provided that it doesn't include ''Araripesuchus gomesii'', ''Montealtosuchus arrudacamposi'', or ''Crocodylus niloticus'' (the Nile crocodile)".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Leardi |first1=J. M. |last2=Pol |first2=D. |last3=Montefeltro |first3=F. |last4=Marinho |first4=T. S. |last5=Ruiz |first5=J. V. |last6=Bravo |first6=G. G. |last7=Pinheiro |first7=A. E. P. |last8=Godoy |first8=P. L. |last9=Nicholl |first9=C. S. C. |last10=Lecuona |first10=A. |last11=Larsson |first11=H. C. E. |title=Phylogenetic nomenclature of Notosuchia (Crocodylomorpha; Crocodyliformes) |year=2024 |journal=Bulletin of Phylogenetic Nomenclature |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=44–82 |doi=10.11646/bpn.1.3.2 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This definition ensures that Sebecosuchia self destructs if peirosaurids, uruguaysuchids, or modern crocodylians fall within the last common ancestor and all descendants of baurusuchids and sebecids.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Leardi |first1=J. M. |last2=Pol |first2=D. |last3=Montefeltro |first3=F. |last4=Marinho |first4=T. S. |last5=Ruiz |first5=J. V. |last6=Bravo |first6=G. G. |last7=Pinheiro |first7=A. E. P. |last8=Godoy |first8=P. L. |last9=Nicholl |first9=C. S. C. |last10=Lecuona |first10=A. |last11=Larsson |first11=H. C. E. |title=Phylogenetic nomenclature of Notosuchia (Crocodylomorpha; Crocodyliformes) |year=2024 |journal=Bulletin of Phylogenetic Nomenclature |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=44–82 |doi=10.11646/bpn.1.3.2 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
More recently, other crocodyliforms have been assigned to Sebecosuchia that cannot be placed into either family. These include the genera ''Eremosuchus'', named in 1989, and ''Pehuenchesuchus'', named in 2005. They are usually considered to be more basal sebecosuchians than the sebecids and baurusuchids.<ref name=ATJC05/>
Below is a cladogram showing the possible phylogenetic position of Sebecosuchia modified from Turner and Calvo (2005). In this cladogram, Sebecidae is a paraphyletic assemblage of basal sebecosuchians while Baurusuchidae is monophyletic and includes the more derived sebecosuchians.
{{clade| style=font-size:80%;line-height:80% |label1=Crocodyliformes |1={{clade |1=''Hsisosuchus'' |label2=Mesoeucrocodylia |2={{clade |1=Thalattosuchia |label2=Metasuchia |2={{clade |label1=Neosuchia |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Araripesuchus'' |2={{clade |1=Trematochampsidae |2={{clade |1=Peirosauridae |2=Mahajangasuchidae}} }} }} |2={{clade |1=Atoposauridae |2={{clade |1=Goniopholididae |2={{clade |1=''Bernissartia'' |2=Crocodylia}} }} }} }} |2=''Libycosuchus'' |3={{clade |1=Notosuchia |label2='''Sebecosuchia''' |2={{clade |1=''Pehuenchesuchus'' |2={{clade |1=''Eremosuchus'' |2=''Sebecus'' |3={{clade |1=''Iberosuchus'' |2=''Bretesuchus'' |label3=Baurusuchidae |3={{clade |1=''Baurusuchus'' |2=''Pabwehshi'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
In a phylogenetic study of crocodyliforms, Benton and Clark (1988) split up Sebecosuchia, finding baurusuchids to be basal notosuchians while sebecids were basal neosuchians. Since that time, most studies have supported a monophyletic Sebecosuchia. In 2007, however, a phylogenetic study placed baurusuchids as basal metasuchians and sebecids as close relatives to a family of notosuchians called the Peirosauridae. Together, sebecids and peirosaurids made the new clade Sebecia. Below is a cladogram from that study, Larsson and Sues (2007):<ref name=LAS07>{{cite journal |last=Larsson |first=H. C. E. |author2=Sues, H.-D. |year=2007 |title=Cranial osteology and phylogenetic relationships of ''Hamadasuchus rebouli'' (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Cretaceous of Morocco |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=149 |pages=533–567 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00271.x |issue=4|doi-access=free }}</ref>
{{Barlabel|size=4|at1=1.5|label1=Sebecosuchians|bar1=green|at2=4.5|label2=Sebecosuchians|bar2=green|style=font-size:85% |cladogram= {{clade |label1=Metasuchia |1={{cladex |label1=Notosuchia |1={{cladex |1=''Notosuchus'' |2=''Malawisuchus''}} |2={{cladex |1=''Araripesuchus'' |2={{cladex |1={{cladex |1=''Baurusuchus'' |barbegin1=green |bar1=green |barend1 = green |2={{cladex |1=Neosuchia |label2=Sebecia |2={{cladex |1=''Pabwehshi'' |barbegin1=green |2={{cladex |label1=Sebecidae |1={{cladex |1=''Sebecus'' |bar1=green |2=''Bretesuchus'' |barend2=green}} |2=Peirosauridae }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
Two years later, Sereno and Larsson (2009) came to the same conclusion, except they placed baurusuchids as advanced notosuchians. More recently however, Turner and Sertich (2010) found support for Sebecosuchia in their analysis of notosuchian relationships. In their study, Sebecosuchia was a derived clade within Notosuchia. Iori and Carvalho (2011) came to similar conclusions, grouping ''Baurusuchus'' alongside Sebecidae. Below is the cladogram from Turner and Sertich (2010):<ref name=TS10>{{cite journal |last=Turner |first=Alan H. |author2=Sertich, Joseph J. W. |year=2010 |title=Phylogenetic history of ''Simosuchus clarki'' (Crocodyliformes: Notosuchia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=30 |issue=6, Memoir 10 |pages=177–236 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2010.532348|bibcode=2010JVPal..30S.177T }}</ref>
{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85% |label1=Notosuchia |1={{clade |1=''Anatosuchus'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=Mahajangasuchidae |1={{clade |1=''Kaprosuchus'' |2=''Mahajangasuchus'' }} |label2=Peirosauridae |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Peirosaurus'' |2=''Lomasuchus'' }} |2={{clade |1=''Hamadasuchus'' |2={{clade |1=''Montealtosuchus'' |2=''Uberabasuchus'' }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=''"Araripesuchus" wegeneri'' |2={{clade |1=''"Araripesuchus" tsangatsangana'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Araripesuchus buitreraensis'' |2={{clade |1=''Araripesuchus patagonicus'' |2=''Araripesuchus gomesii'' }} }} |2={{clade |1=''Uruguaysuchus'' |label2=Ziphosuchia |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Libycosuchus'' |2=''Simosuchus'' }} |2={{clade |1=''Malawisuchus'' |2={{clade |label1=Notosuchidae |1={{clade |1=''Notosuchus'' |2=''Mariliasuchus'' }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Chimaerasuchus'' |2={{clade |1=''Sphagesaurus huenei'' |2=''Sphagesaurus montealtensis'' }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Comahuesuchus'' |2={{clade |1=''Yacarerani'' |2={{clade |1=''Adamantinasuchus'' |2=''Armadillosuchus'' }} }} }} |label2='''Sebecosuchia''' |2={{clade |1=''Baurusuchus'' |2=Sebecia }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
Diego Pol and Jaime E. Powell (2011) came to the same conclusion, however their analysis couldn't find a monophyletic Baurusuchidae within Sebecosuchia. The following cladogram simplified after their analysis, with focus on Sebecosuchia.<ref name=Lorosuchus>{{cite journal |author=Diego Pol and Jaime E. Powell |year=2011 |title=A new sebecid mesoeucrocodylian from the Rio Loro Formation (Palaeocene) of north-western Argentina |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=163 |pages=S7–S36 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00714.x |doi-access=free |hdl=11336/69518 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85% |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Chimaerasuchus'' |2=''Sphagesaurus'' }} |label2='''Sebecosuchia''' |2={{clade |1=''Pehuenchesuchus'' |2={{clade |1=''Cynodontosuchus'' |label2=Baurusuchidae |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Pabwehshi'' |2=''Stratiotosuchus'' }} |2={{clade |1=''Baurusuchus pachecoi'' |2=''Baurusuchus salgadoensis'' }} }} |3={{clade |label1=Bergisuchidae |1=''Bergisuchus'' |label2=Iberosuchidae |2=''Iberosuchus'' |label3=Sebecidae |3={{clade |1=''Lorosuchus'' |2={{clade |1=''Barinasuchus'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Ayllusuchus'' |2=''Bretesuchus'' }} |2={{clade |1=Lumbrera form |2=''Langstonia'' |3=''Sebecus'' |4=''Zulmasuchus'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
==Paleobiology== thumb|''Sahitysuchus'' skull All sebecosuchians were carnivorous and terrestrial. The nares open at the very tip of the snout, suggesting that it lived on land rather than in water (in aquatic crocodyliforms, the nares usually open dorsally on top of the snout). The snout itself is laterally compressed, a feature shared with other terrestrial reptiles such as theropod dinosaurs. The eye sockets are opened laterally rather than dorsally as in aquatic crocodyliforms. Moreover, there is a prominent fourth trochanter on the femur for the attachment of muscles that would have aided in upright walking. Although they are now widely accepted to be terrestrial, sebecosuchians were once thought to be semiaquatic, spending part of their time in water.
The laterally compressed snout of sebecosuchians may have enabled them to withstand high forces during biting. The teeth are also laterally compressed, pointed, and serrated. Their shape would have allowed them to easily penetrate and slice flesh. The pterygoid bone in the skull is strongly bent, allowing for a larger jaw adductor muscle to quickly close the jaws and give sebecosuchians a powerful bite.<ref name=Cetal05>{{cite journal |last=Carvalho |first=I.S. |author2=Campos, A.C.A. |author3=Nobre, P.H. |year=2005 |title=''Baurusuchus salgadoensis'', a new Crocodylomorpha from the Bauru Basin (Cretaceous), Brazil |journal=Gondwana Research |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=11–30 |url=http://www.igeo.ufrj.br/ismar/3/3_14.pdf |doi=10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70259-8 |bibcode=2005GondR...8...11C |archive-date=2011-07-06 |access-date=2010-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162337/http://www.igeo.ufrj.br/ismar/3/3_14.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==References== {{Reflist|33em}}
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{{Notosuchia|S.}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q7442744}}
Category:Notosuchia Category:Terrestrial crocodylomorphs Category:Late Cretaceous crocodylomorphs Category:Paleogene crocodylomorphs Category:Neogene crocodylomorphs Category:Late Cretaceous first appearances Category:Miocene extinctions